Sat ek et Rae es ie Rit A? Aap a SS 3 RY ei aN Br Boni Rots Bits Wy etics SS seth Bate 8 PecniaR ‘ . ioe oy na Sune REN 4 Bak Peers raps 5 * gcoin hee earn aay er aih erate oats ce beat ates bil tae i AURORA SNe ISRO SEAS ea SOG Sa Shanty gxbe) Rares aes u 5 teats oi res Hain toa eau fh eS CO es SSeS 2 ay eae t, oo Rec OY i ae pit pte NU taiet nal eae eRe Bayt “ a Ox « iN . Fe Aw i iG 2 0 eae con BULLETIN OF THE No. 50.. THE BIRDS NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ROBERT RIDGway, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. ° Part VI. oe ‘WASHINGTON: _ GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1914, SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. INfeas:DO: Part VI. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE, 1914, BULLETIN OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. IssuEeD Aprix 8, 1914. ii Peder body Le OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA: A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF THE HIGHER GROUPS, GENERA, SPECIES, AND SUBSPECIES OF BIRDS KNOWN TO OCCUR IN NORTH AMERICA, FROM THE ARCTIC LANDS TO THE ISTHMUS OF PANAMA THE WEST INDIES AND OTHER ISLANDS OF THE CARIBBEAN SEA, AND THE GALAPAGOS ARCHIPELAGO BY ROBERT RIDGWAY, CURATOR, DIVISION OF BIRDS. Pane ye Family PICIDA—The Woodpeckers. Family TODIDA—The Todies. Family CAPITONIDM—The Barbets, Family MOMOTIDA—The Moimots, Family RAMPHASTIDH—The Toucans. Family CAPRIMULGIDA—The Goatsuckers. Family BUCCONIDH—The Puff Birds. Family NYCTIBIIDA—The Potoos, Family GALBULIDH—The Jacamars. Family TYTONIDA—The Barn Owls. Family ALCEDINIDA—The Kingfishers. Family BUBONIDA--The Eared Owls. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1914. ie sk & ¥ ey eh er oe PREFACE, More than one-third of the present volume (pp. 1-309, inclusive) was printed in 1911, having been intended for Part V; but, as stated in the Preface to that volume, could not be included therein without unduly increasing the bulk. The matter has, however, been revised, and to a large extent reset, in order to bring the subject up to date. A similar fate has befallen two large groups intended for the present volume, namely, the Coccygiformes (Cuckoo-like Birds) and Psitta- ciformes (Parrots); the former having been left out at the last moment (for the same reason as were the Woodpeckers from Part V), after having been entirely put in type,' the latter in large part com- pleted in manuscript. The Families of birds included in the present and preceding vol- umes are as follows: Part I, issued October 24, 1901, included the Fringillide (Finches) alone. Part II, issued October 16, 1902, included the Tanagridz(Tanagers), Icteride (Troupials), Coerebide (Honey Creepers), and Mniotiltide (Wood Warblers). Part III, issued December 31, 1904, included the Motacillide (Wag- tails and Pipits), Hirundinide (Swallows), Ampelide (Waxwings), Ptilogonatide (Silky Flycatchers), Dulide (Palm Chats), Vireonide (Vireos), Laniide (Shrikes), Corvidee (Crows and Jays), Paride (Tit- mice), Sittide (Nuthatches), Certhiide (Creepers), Troglodytide (Wrens), Cinclidz (Dippers), Chameide (Wren-Tits), and Sylviide (Warblers). Part IV, issued July 1, 1907, contained the remaining groups of Oscines, namely, the Turdide (Thrushes), Zeledoniide (Wren- Thrushes), Mimidz (Mockingbirds), Sturnide (Starlings), Ploceide (Weaverbirds), and Alaudide (Larks), together with the Haploo- phone or Oligomyodian Mesomyodi, comprising Oxyruncide (Sharp- bills), Tyrannide (Tyrant Flycatchers), Pipride (Manakins), and Cotingids (Chatterers). Part V, issued November 29, 1911, includes the Tracheophone Mesomyodi, represented by the Pteroptochide (Tapaculos), Formi- carlide (Antbirds), Furnariide (Ovenbirds), and Dendrocolaptide 1 This matter, comprising 101 printed pages, will appear in Part VIT. VI PREFACE, (Woodhewers); the Macrochires, containing the Trochilide (Hum- ming Birds) and Micropodide (Swifts), and the Heterodactyle, repre- sented only by the Trogonide (Trogons). Part VI (the present volume) contains the Picariz, comprising the families Picidee (Woodpeckers), Capitonide (Barbets), Ramphastidee (Toucans), Bucconide (Puff Birds), and Galbulide (Jacamars); the Anisodactyle, with families Alcedinide (Kingfishers), Todide (Todies), and Momotide (Motmots) ; the Nycticoracie, with families Caprimulgide (Goatsuckers) and Nyctibiide (Potoos), and the Striges, consisting of families Tytonide (Barn Owls) and Bubonide (Eared Owls). In these six volumes are treated, in detail (that is, with full synony- mies and descriptions), besides the Families above mentioned and the higher groups to which they, respectively, belong, 520 genera, 2111 species and subspecies, besides 155 extralimital genera and 478 extralimital species and subspecies whose diagnostic characters are given in the ‘‘keys’’, and their principal synonymy (full synonymy in case of the genera) given in footnotes. Acknowledgments are due to the same individuals and institu- tions as those mentioned in previous volumes for the loan of speci- mens needed in the preparation of the present one; also to Dr. Jonathan Dwight, jr., of New York City; Dr. L. C. Sanford, of New Haven, Connecticut; Mr. Harry 8. Swarth, of Los Angeles, California; Mr. A. B. Howell, of Covina, California, and the Museum of Verte- brate Zoology (University of California), the latter through Mr. Joseph Grinnell, Director. To Dr. Charles W. Richmond, Acting Curator of the Division of Birds, U.S. National Museum, the author is indebted for the privilege -of free access to his unique and extremely valuable card-catalogue collection of references to the first publication of generic, specific, and subspecific names, for information concerning puzzling questions of nomenclature, and invaluable help in reading proof sheets; and to Mr. J. H. Riley, Aid in the Division of Birds, for assistance in various ways, especially the measuring of several thousands of specimens. The original drawings of the outline figures illustrating generic details (Pls. I-XX XVI), except those previously published, were made by Miss Ruth G. Collette, of Washington, D. C. Ropert Ripeway. Frsruary 4, 1914. TAPE. OF CON TEM TS. pnEEM ET ICARYAt;) SPICARTAN “DIRDS So! 5. 2.5 2'5 shee e Hoje cee iajelsie' se biatele oe Key to the Superfamilies of Picarie...............-.---- EUs sblahdaratarsiatpneyetan 2 SupERFAMILY Pict. WoopPECKERS and WRYNECKS.........--.------------ SeemreNe Hamilter Gr Pick ble eae ale eitiaigeie alaeld abate hackers s Peper sewers.) hak WOODPECKERS. <0 5602 secu. be 2 sj. esn sae s iiss cise sto BPN te CHET OF P1CIGIG oS ogi oc ene n al-nin o's wien dieiteien tw ena webelainc agen 2 ReMn RC MNLCS WIN OUT o le aisine cuss Se ceisi st hee sek be ae puree eels we abe pep Key to the Species and Subspecies of Colaptes...............-..------------ LS i Colaptesatrais lutetis Bangess so). os cee stcbin- a peadeetict ld id MUO pLes Hurts borealis MAdoWway 3 62. hoe Ue vead oaebtnwanie dae yicolapters auratus luteus X cater collaris..... 1. 2ci-% see sche - . Colaptes chrysocaulosus chrysocaulosus Gundlach........-.-. eens cee . Colaptes chrysocaulosus gundlachi (Cory). ......-.-...-------------- . Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (Malherbe)...............--....------- . Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens Anthony................-..--------- 9. 10. de 12. 13. 14. COmI oO Ole CH bo Colaptet auratus auratuead( Linnie): J.scogeiss eetok gokart cate 2s Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi Ridgway ........-.-..---------+--------- Wometedeurer enter: (Gmelin): -f 25.23. 4e aes. ye ceee eeotele s Settaela a= eoavoves euler colluris ( Vigots): 62-2 6.52c66 808. Sees ossdeedeep es. Colnwies eater saturation (Ridsway ies oo. a sediweie oS: she ee ak Colsptes cater rulipileus (Ridgway)s-'= 2s... v222o dans eed eet oa. Calagies) mexicinoides Lafrosaye yi. i q.n.o5.4.seemscithceecen el? isons? a Nesoceleusisclater and alvam sets 5 ia ee se oe ie tee ek 15. menoceleus fermancines ( VIBOM):! 5522) sio= bee op wean one geen =: Py a oMnerpes WwWailnon..o5 582. 20s 22), we eee coos ete Sa meine ppecies oO: Melanerpes: tl... S2 So bg eh lesen ees 16. 17. Melanerpes erythrocephalus (Linnzeus)...........-.--.-.--.--------- Melanerpes portoricensia (Daudin)s. 22.5 2.c dyed eeege ho eneees ont see PBR OHGHTUA MWAITIAOH .Sa0hi2 ooo ul SL ae hed alate oh oe ee tee Se = Key to the Species and Subspecies of Centurus...........--.---+---+-----+----- 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24, 25. 26. 27. 28, 29. 30. 31. 32. Caanarer Carini (Eimseelis 668 oni o2.c.e ile vy se ee ee Se OES. S Centurus superciliaris superciliaris (Temminck)...............--.--- Centurus superciliaris murceus Bangs.............-.-.--------+------- Contra binker blake: Ridgway. ging on: - esis: eGo ee eee neta Centuras binket bahamonsis (Cory)... 2... 2s os 2 = Sac ehiga'e Sub . 2 4- PeeGR NVCAHUS PGE WHY: onsets cise ko bn weinatals atin gucs wabine’saenee's Peunuras eapinaencin) OOF. 225426283 .2enbwit (Aste Shae ss awa diiee Centurasdubius dubiusi(Cabot). 2.225.202 2. bee weese. bt at Peniurus dublus verecrucia (Nelson): . 220.25 2 ied en Seedect ee nitelte - Menturud/deubias deci (Bidewny).ts2n ac. Scloe jects 2k ede neesete')-- Centurus dubius canescens (Salvin)...........0.-..2.3s2-esee-ece8--- Centurus rubriventris rubriventris Swainson..........-.....---.------ Centurus rubriventris pygmeeus Ridgway.........---..---/.--------- Centurus subelegans wagleri (Salvin and Godman)..........-.------- eriiereis BEMNIOEUE (ERD GR YS oof .cic.0i5 elo Salel aie miaeo-e.e vines Siew wiegte eee ss Vill TABLE OF CONTENTS, Key to the Species and Subspecies of Centurus—Continued. Page. So. Centurus hofimannt Cabamis: iii: yaaa Sa es Oe eee ee 76 34. Centurus polygrammus polygrammus Cabanas BR Wale alas See ae 78 35. Centurus polygrammus frontalis (Nelson).............-.--..-----+--- 80 36. Genturas aururons (Wagler)o) tne Veer Ns 7 81 37. Centurus santacruzi santacruzi Bonaparte.............---..-.---+--- 84 38. Centurus santacruzi grateloupensis (Lesson).............-.-----2--+-- 87 39. Centurus santacruzi pauper Rideway. cc! soo... 22.2 ec eee eee 88 40. Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (Vigors).....--..-------------+---- 89 41. Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus Ridgway ........--.------ meee 91 Az, Genturus hypopolius (Wagler)2i22 foe SS ee 92 43. Centurus uropygialis uropygialis Baird )..22 222220) .2. 2.3 ee 93 44, Centurus uropygialis brewsteri Ridgway..........--..----------+--+- 96 45. Centurus radiolatus (Wagler)............-..--- Sah ee eee 97 467 Centurus stnatus:(Muller) 0... e se oe! Se ee es 98 Genus 5. balanosphyra Ridpway sl. 2.2 scdsecke ws see toon oo oe ee ee eee Oe Key to the Species and Subspecies of Balanosphyra............---.-------+-- 101 47. Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora (Swainson).........-...-.----- 102 48. Balanosphyra formicivora aculeata (Mearns)........... FG Moh eee 105 49. Balanosphyra formicivora bairdi (Ridgway)..............--...-...--- 107 50. Balanosphyra formicivora angustifrons (Baird)..............-------.-- 108 61. Balanosphyra formicivora albeola (Todd)....2....2.2. 22.2... 522-420... 109 52. Balanosphyra formicivora striatipectus (Ridgway). .....-.-..--.----- 110 53. Balanosphyra xantholarynx (Reichenbach)................-....2-+-.- La faenus)G: \Lanneopicus Malherbe ss: iitec lls. eee ae 112 54., Lainneopicus herminiert (Lesson) U222 022.82 et A de Genus”. Asyndesmus Coues..i1.cccneseste eos Or ete ad, Sane, See 113 bo. pASyndesmus lewisl Riley: si ssesnc loose CT Lae Pe ew 114 Genus 6. “Tripsurus Swainson 2 2) 22220 ee ee a ee ey Key to the Species and Subspecies of Tripsurus.......--..---.-------------- 119 56. Tripsurus pucherani pucherani (Malherbe)...................-.--.-- 119 57. Tripsurus pucherant perileveus (Todd) 22! ie eS ea 122 58:/ ‘Tripsurus chrysauchen (Salvin)sia7s.220 8s 2 eae So ee ae 123 Genus'9: \Chloronerpes Swainson. 2222 soe. es SE 124 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chloronerpes ...............--.-------- 125 59. Chloronerpes auricularis Salvin and Godman...>.....---..........--- 128 60. Chloronerpes eruginosus (Malherbe)............-.-----------.-..---- 129 61. Chloronerpes rubiginosus yucatanensis (Cabot).............-.---.----- 131 62. Chloronerpes rubiginosus uropygialis (Cabanis) ...............--.-..-- 133 63. Chloronerpes chrysochlorus aurosus Nelson ..................+---2--- 134 64. ‘Chioronerpes ‘callopterus Lawrences ua ae SS ae 135 65: Chioronerpes simplex simplex Salvin ere See ee ae 136 66. Chloronerpes simplex allophyeus Bangs.............---.........----- 138 Genus 10: Celegs Boles i. cayenne BPs OL Aes PUR A 138 Key to the Species and Subspecies of Celeus..-......-...-2------22.222-2---- 140 67. Celeussmmaculatus Berlepseh’ <2 30) Ft Se Ba ais Rae ES ee a 141 Gs, Geleus castaneus (Wagleressssotso loses tee ee Pe ee ae 141 69. Celeus loricatus loricatus (Reichenbach). ....-.-..........2-...2-2-. 143 70. Celeus lonicatus diversus Rideway- 2222232 ee ae 145 Genus 11. Ceophloeus Cabanis........-...--..-.---- Be nee eee ah Ann See 146 Key to the Subspecies of Ceophlceus lineatus...........---.-------+---------- 147 71. Ceophlceus lineatus mesorhynchus (Cabanis and Heine) .......--...-.. 148 722 Ceophicus hneatus similis (Besson) S02 02 ae ee ee ee 150 73. Ceophlceus lineatus scapularis (Vigors) ......-202-2----22 2220222 152 TABLE OF CONTENTS Genus 12:°Phiccotomus Cabanis 2 ooo. i2.422s)snio04.- Key to the Subspecies of Phloeotomus pileatus ........- 74, 75. 76. Ute Phlceotomus pileatus pileatus (Linnezeus) ....-. Phlceotomus pileatus floridanus Ridgway. ...-.- Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola (Bangs)..............---.---+---+--+- Phlceotomus pileatus picinus Bangs .......-.- ienus 13. Campephilus Gray... -- .- -..--<2040% +++ -- Key to the Species of Campephilus...............-.---- 78. Campephilus imperialis Gould............-.-.-- 79. Campephilus principalis (Linneeus).........-.-- 80. Campephilus bairdii Cassin..................- Genus 14. Scapaneus Cabanis and Heine.......-...-. : Key to the Species and Subspecies of Scapaneus...-..-- 81. Scapaneus malherbii (Gray)...........-.------ 82. Scapaneus guatemalensis guatemalensis (Hartlaub)..........-...-.--- 83. Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni Ridgway.....- 84. Scapaneus guatemalensis regius (Reichenbach) Genus 15. Cniparchus Cabanis and Heine..........-.-- 85. Cniparchus hematogaster splendens (Hargitt) Genus 16. Xiphidiopicus Bonaparte.........-.---.---- Key to the Subspecies of Xiphidiopicus percussus. . . - - 86. Xiphidiopicus percussus percussus (Temminck). ......-..-.---.----- 87. Xiphidiopicus percussus insule-pinorum Bangs.........-...--------- Genus 17. Veniliornis Bonaparte_-......--...-.-------- Key to the Species and Subspecies of eee wae at 88. 89. 90. 91. Veniliornis oleaginus oleaginus (Lichtenstein) Veniliornis oleaginus sanguinolentus (Sclater) Veniliornis kirkii darienensis Ridgway......-...-.-..--------------- Veniliornis kirkii neglectus (Bangs).......-... ene 164 DOrvabates Boies: +. -sisieds does Ys oeees . Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dryabates LS 92. 93. 94. 95. 96. 97. 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. 103. 104. 105. 106. 107. 108. 109. 110. ie 112. iNBE Dryobates villosus villosus (Linnzeus).....-..- Dryobates villosus audubonii (Swainson)-..........--.-.--..--------- Dryobates villosus maynardi Ridgway....-...- Dryobates villosus piger G. M. Allen......-... Dryobates villosus septentrionalis (Nuttall).............-....-2------ Dryobates villosus terrenovee Batchelder................------------ Dryobates villosus monticola Anthony... ...- Dryobates villosus leucothorectis Oberholser - Dryobates villosue orius Oberholser. ois 22.4226 24edesqsewandaaei: Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (Cabanis).......---.--2+.----+/--++---- Dryobates villosus harrisii (Audubon).......- beyonates villosus'sitkensis Swarths 235.2. 245.0! decgub seen aeg ase Dryobates villosus picoideus (Osgood). ...-..+.-++.0--22+..+25--22--- Dryobates villosus icastus Oberholser ..........-...---------+++------ Dryobates villosus intermedius Nelson.............-.------+--+-++-+--- Dryobates villosus jardinii (Malherbe)... ..... Dryobates villosus sanctorum (Nelson)........--..-.------+--+-------- Dryobates villosus fumeus Oberholser... .... - Dryobates villosus extimus Bangs. ........-. Dryobates pubescens pubescens (Linneeus)....-...--..-------+------- Dryobates pubescens medianus (Swainson).. - Dryobates pubescens nelsoni Oberholser ....-....-....--.----------- Page. 153 155 155 159 160 162 164 165 166 167 169 170 172 172 174 178 178 180 181 182 183 183 185 185 187 188 190 192 193 194 196 201 206 208 209 210 Zak 212 214 215 217 218 220 220 221 222 223 225 226 226 228 233 235 xX TABLE OF CONTENTS, Key to the Species and Subspecies of Dryobates—Continued 114. Dryobates pubescens homorus (Cabanis and Heine)... .. a eee Aree 115. Dryobates pubescens glacialis Grinnell...............-..--.....-.--- 116. Dryobates pubescens turati (Malherbe)..................-....22..--. 117. Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii (Audubon)...............--..--.--- 118... Dryobates nuttallii(Gambel sete San ee us ek Pe 119: 'Dryobates scalaris sealariai(Wagler) coo 222 02k 0 ee 120. Dryobates scalaris ridgwayi Oberholser ...............-------------- it21;, Dryebates scalaris percus\Oberholseriiet . 009 20 122) “Dryobates scalaris parvus (Cabot)zcc atte e202 och eee 123. Dryobates scalaris leucoptilurus Oberholser ....-......---...------- 124. Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis Ridgway..-.....--..--.--------+------ 125. Dryobates scalaris praysoni:(Baird) 92. A 22 i022 2 ee Stautee 126. \Dryobates scalaris'azelus Oberholser). 2.0 00/0222 a 127. Dryobates scalaris agnus Oberholser .:-...........--------.2-2--02- 128. Dryobates scalaris lucasanus (Xantus)........-...--2:.-.---2--6025-5 129. Dryobates scalaris eremicus Oberholser ...........-....-.-..-.-.--- 130. Dryobates scalaris cactophilus Oberholser .............-------------- 131. Dryobates scalaris centrophilus Oberholser .............-.-.-.------- 132. Dryobates scalaris symplectus Oberholser ...........---....-------- 133: Dryobates scalaris bairdi (Malherbe). 2.205 )222222 2) 20 134, Dryobates stricklandi (Malherbe).................2.22.02.0220200-2 135;.: Dryobates atizone: arizonee| (Hargitt)2.. J))2. 952 22925 eae 136. Dryobates arizone fraterculus Ridgway.-.....-....-------+-------- Genug lo.) Xenopicus Baird) oi) cos ao0 bee eee ee ee 137. Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus (Cassin).................------- 138. Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris (Grinnell)............--...-.---- Genus:20.; Phrenopicus: Bonaparte: 3.0.52... ee ee a ee 130) Phrenopicus borealis (Vieillot): s.r ee ens 2 Spbyrapicus Baird. 2.62 tess ss eee een Key to the Species and Subspecies(?) of Sphyrapicus...............-.-.+----- 140; Sphyrapicus(varius varius (linnwus) 2c )5.00 S222 a 141) Sphyrapiciis varius nuchalis Baird) 2G ek ee fo 142: ‘Sphyrapicus tuber ruber (Gmelin). voi SCLC OS ee 143. Sphyrapicus ruber notkensis (Suckow).................----------- 144 | Sphyrapieus thyroideus\(Casem) 25.6 sstoe sear ves Me ee eens 27.) Picoides Macepedes:. me aes oe kony ste Seat bit SOR ee ea Key to the Species and Subspecies of Picoides..........-..-..-.--+--2+----- 145; Picoides americanus americanus Brehm 2/3422).0. 94st Se 146. Picoides americanus fasciatus Baird....:...-..22.2.5-00)22222-05-2 147 ,Picoides americanus dorsalis (Baird jag s) 3200 a as ee #48), /Picoides arcticus (Swainson) 2.252. 0eells. See: Beem a ce Geausi2a.”, hicumnus Temminek...+ sl P2Seesce eee Meas ys SL Key to the Subspecies of Picumnusiolivaceus. 2.0 (2202202220002 2222 149. Picumnus olivaceus panamensis Ridgway-..-.......---.-------------- 150. Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus (Ridgway).........-.-------------- 151. Picumnus olivaceus dimotus sega Lie SE Pe SORTA Seo Pe A ACA SD Genus 24> Nesoctites Harpitt.. ...222 9 oe er Ve te 210 CA 152. Nesoctites micromegas (Sundey: all), Ee EO IO REISS BC TUS EE Ra SuPERFAMILY CAPITONES. THE BarBeTS AND HONEY GUIDES.......-...--.- Key tothe Families of Capitonessc. ists EAL a Ree ae amity Carronipac:) Tam BARBERS AU 2) QR Fee ee eS ee De Key to the American Genera of Capttonidze: {ivi 2L ius. 22. ol See Genus 1: >: Bubuceo Bonapartes: cf) ced ieee Peet re a a els TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Page Key to the Species and Subspecies of Eubucco..........---.---------------- 315 io eupucco houreien salvini (Shelley):_i2:2: 02.2 see 2 Oe. BLT eI Pe ALO VILE: ce sl ase Mee Salk ag alk Ssh la CC NA oe 319 Mey to the Species of Capito... .2i....0200.4..-..-- Bee Mb SUNDA eee, Sect 2. Capito maculicoronatus maculicoronatus Ravaenee Ree aah a ey aek oe Meta 323 3. Capito maculicoronatus pirrensis Nelson...........-...---------------- 324 Bema nc hrornynchid Oarriker...ts ioe esse ask Ae he 324 Aebichromyncnusicantiza® (Sclater).asaiseoo.c2 42S see et Sek ee , OLD EE OMEY TA MPITASTINES oC 255 bios eke ce

2 20.2 222s. 852 se PPS oes. Ye 506 a. -antrostomus rufus rufus'(Boddaert):j2. 22 20 eee 510 6. Antrostomus rufus otiosus Bangs...........-.-..---.-- eae ae Gee na 513 7. Antrostomus cubanensis Lawrence.........-..--------------e---- eee 513 8. Antrostomus vociferus vociferus (Wilson)............--...-2--------- 515 9. Antrostomus vociferus macromystax (Wagler)...........-.....--.----- 520 10. Antrostomus (vociferus?) chiapensis Nelson...............-..-------- 522 se eciteouwompn urxaeds: Nelson). 2222322 s 22S serie Sea 523 sae aAmReortOrmns naLyind (Eartert).22622525¢ )22 2.22 PS foe 525 i amimostomunnelson Ridgeway. 2.2/2.0 ee Ss 527 14. Antrostomus badius Bangs and Peck............-..--.--..2---20---- 529 Dee erOsOMuUn Tiddeways Nelgon. .222!2 08 UT Ee ee 531 Paar Rraeantis Suid man Nelson! SS. TY AO IS 8 532 Pe AORNORH UA GALUTatUS SAlVIN. . <<... 2-6-2... cece-/Phelenoptilus Ridewaysts. ssc snes ble ks 2 Bee eee 24. Phalenoptilus nuttallii nuttallii (Audubon)..............-...-------- 25. Phalenoptilus nuttallii californicus Ridgway.......-.-.....--------- Gens. “Otophanes Drewstersuet 258: se eetas oma nee tices yoke eee oy 26. Otophanes mcleodi Browster: s2.4532he-Sse-6\ae sarc eid yom heoeeae Genus 7. Nyctaprous Nelsome.s. chet ha cua chin ee fos Se a oe pee amare 21. Ny ctagreus yucatanenms:(Partert)o.co5 5950. ht oe oe ae Gens 8, \CHOTGGIIOR So WEANAOD Uo AN Uc aL ceyen ee wah nc Ul ei er ato ae acer Key to the Species and Subspecies of Chordeiles.........-......------------- 28. Chordeiles virginianus virginianus (Gmelin)..........--.--..-------- 29. Chordeiles virginianus-hesperis Grinnell.....................---.------ 30. Chordeiles virginianus sennetti (Coues).........--------------------- 31. Chordeiles virginianus howelli Oberholser...............-----.-.-+---- a2. ‘Chordetles ‘vireimianus henryi: (Cassin) oosse2 qs. 4-2 8 en en ee ee 33. Chordeiles virginianus aserriensis Cherrie............-.--------------- 34. Chordeiles virginianus chapmani (Coues).-........--.-----------+----- 25. ‘Chordeiles ‘virgihianus vacinus Riley ov 220255. <6 4. soe eee 56. Chordeiles virginianus miner (Cabaris)_ 22k... ose eee 37. Chordeiles acutipennis micromeris Oberholser.........-...-..-.------ 38. Chordeiles acutipennis inferior Oberholser...........-.------.------- 39. Chordeiles acutipennis texensis (Lawrence).....-.....-.--.------------ Pawny: Nyveriumnp a. "Tam -POTOOS)..u025 0520662 ile a ee ce eee eee Genus 1. Nyctibius Vietllotioc2elsteslctkeeete seed. Sue see) eects eee Key to the Species and Subspecies of Nyctibius.................-..------2----- i Nyetbius pramdin (Garelinyee ses Ot en See eaten ke sees 2. Nyctibitis eriseus jamaicenss (Gmolin) ey oof oe alas eile pee a ee 3: Nyctibius griseus mexicanus (Nelson)........-.---..-----..---------: 4, Nyctibius griseus costaricensis Ridgway......--..-------------------- 5. Nyctibius griseus panamensis Ridgway.........--..---.---.---------- PUBORDER \STRIGHES! (OWES .o os. e se clne olan ee ei oles GS oie hs kr ml yete tte Key to the Families of Strices. .i2ss 25240. sce ces Pelee ee ewes nm se emerdeas Hay) Tyrontpa:.” Tam DARN Owiba:«. 20s. tsnnc2 oo eek CR eC ele ee Goris 1. Ty to Biller <2). Sse so2 sate cies 3 spatineyas Sela sein! caer aie arene Rey-to the Species and Subspeciesiof Tyto:703¢- 3. son ee ee eee eee a. by toperiata furcata (‘Temminck).. 3) 2eoce ee er oe eee pe .. Tyte perlata lucayana Rileye. s-o5 i/o teen bate eee ene eee . Pytoperlats pratincola ( Bonaparteyec. eas 0seae koe eos ae ee, “Dytoe:perlaia puatemala:'( Ridiway)i oot se et ce ee ‘Ty toipareen (Hartert) ic: 252.522 54s Ce ee ee th Done : by to elaicdpes (Mali) ose et Selah eee a rN NS eral cae ae Ste insilsris insilaria (Pelzeln) bu ou ste sie eee ele ee Tyto insulatie nigrescens (Lawrence) 252/220 eet eos oe eee ree e abyte punetatinsima (Gray) 22). oe J beet eae oe ee eich amie ei fasnty BopontDs. |; Tan) HArep Owis 0 2 se eee ee eee Key to the American Genera of Buhonidwes.20-2 220.00) 222 se Page. 535 536 537 543 543 544 545 546 547 548 552 553 554 556 557 559 560 562 567 568 570 572 573 574 575 576 577 TABLE OF CONTENTS. ET OR UOC ae) RMCMENONG 5 p282 2 22 \se% aia. oso asin bins eee ale Sepica aes s Key to the Species and Subspecies of Cryptoglaux....................-.----- 1. Cryptoglaux tengmalmi richardsoni (Bonaparte)..............-...--- Orion anim ACHCICR (GINGIT) Stoo. os oa mh qo cece sees bbe seas s caees POLyor AGO WAYT ALUATG.c 26050020 obo seaem anlids 4-feleies~cee 2 EEE OCOUN LCR WAINAOH 2M eee Re phe ie Sh ha 58 were ibe jae Key to the Subspecies of Scotiaptex nebulosa................---------------- 4, Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa (Forster)........--.--.------+------+--- Renee TANT eae So SO RCo cr th too eum ep eA ot ull as eee tie 6 mey to the Species and Subspecies of Strix................- 22-4225 ee eee eens pepo eee Var ten Vann CUEELON). .ciasuecka- odode cakes Me a eae see Sxtiax varia nies (RIdgWRY \isn fone hee sd emer eenactetecea eee Pere Varia aCe l Way DANSE: s.5- 26 cow e Seater dies hun naa ein saris selec ae Prcumx varia carton (Rigr way). .iacice: o. 225 2 ceccists Jeane dene em deme oO: pirrex ful vescens (Sclater dnd Salvin).2..--...2..2..<--2-.-2-s-.< 2 1c 62 oe we weep rio dine on aig orien watt Seestcue aslo max welliso (Ridgway). -<--2+-. =. cdcee02e5 caesicgeeeceecu- Boe tutano Mactarlanel (Brewster)... 2..<--- 24-0200 -< WAINISOM 5a si 3 s,s ees ea Seda sue ees oom Lace eeeiee: esses II PPEbaAlAvOspllyra IGE WAY scascccemoe aaen tease esi omeecirs simoocclgucdedes Ill Bernice picus Malherbe? ..355 -Sticeccecanaeee ease Gees Je eo nes ce Saseuas III BRO SY NGSSIMUIS! COMER mcs ae ac cceiscisers oa ators aoe Se sae oe oel yon ie tiger IV Ba E IPSN US fs WaAlMSOS, oe ra ainsi care ieiean(ainjnid oelemeteetse ones Sersetaaewor IV SRC OTONCr NES SWANSON s ohn a a. otinset eos Sad toes saci weer es emined bei V POmaVeninornis Bonaparte... 2.5.20 Ssacs s< koe tee ewes soccer os cdae setts V BIPM CLCHS TESOL esa tras on eterna ete Sates Se elvis os ee aa eed ne macro ma nal eee ons V PERC COMMLCCUS OA DATA Megs oo 59 Aa osigascases aacacg nd an nocteeaiaae su age VI ome Mice GLOMUS! CADRMIS IS ccs 0/45 ode ee sate oe eel Aaa ace eat aioe VII Perea PHIGIOPICUS |b OMAPALbe 9-505 Sato arcs saree lols hed orca sn tater adeno VII MRO ALE DE PONUSK GRAV ements xe saccen ails esa rhs, ol yeas a Ue Nam ke tau gala Vill eee UreHOPICUSeE ONADALLE Picine Nirzscu, Syst. Pterylog., 1840, 132 (Capitonidee+Bucconide-+ Ramphastide-+ Picide). =?Phleodromine A. MitNE-Epwarps, Ois. Foss., ii, 1867-1871. >Picariz (not of Nitzsch, 1820, except in small part only) Garrop, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1874, 117 (Picidee-+ Ramphastide-+Capitonide). >Coccyges zygodactyle SctaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 104 (Gal- bulidee+ Bucconide-+ Ramphastide). >Zygodactyle (not Zygodactyli Vieillot, 1816) ScuaTErR, Ibis, 1880, 402 (excludes Pici). =Scansores (not of Illiger, 1811) SrrBoum, Classif. Birds, 1890, pp. vii, xi, 6. >Scansores SHARPE, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 83 (excludes Galbule and Pici). >Piciformes SHARPE, Rev. Classif. Birds, 1891, 84 (excludes Capitones and Ramphastides). =Picoidee STEINEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 412. >Picine Scansores SEEBOHM, Classif. Birds, 1890, 6 (excludes Galbule). >Pici (not of Meyer and Wolf, 1810) FurrsrincEerR, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., 1888, 1567 (excludes Galbule). =Pici GADow, in Bronn’s Thier-Reich, V6g., 11, 1893, 259, 301; Classif. Vertebr., 1898, pp. xv, 37.—BEpDDARD, Struct. and Classif. Birds, 1898, 183.—KNow1L- Ton, Birds of the World, 1909, 50. Antiopelmous and zygodactylous Coraciiform birds with myo- logical formula AXY or AX, flexor tendons of type VI (in this respect unique), hypotarsus complex, and spina interna absent. Palate saurognathous or schizo-egithognathous (Pici), egithogna- thous or egitho-desmognathous (Capitones) or desmognathous (Galbule and Ramphastides); basipterygoid processes absent; vomer present or absent; coracoids separated; cervical vertebrz 14; metasternum 4-notched or with 4 foramina; spina externa present, forked (Galbule, Pici) or simple (Capitones, Ramphastides) ; syrinx tracheo-bronchial; two carotid arteries (Galbule) or only one 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——1 2 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (other superfamilies); czeca absent (except in Galbule); flexor tendons of type VI, the tendon of the flexor hallucis sending a strong vinculum to that of the flexor perforans digitorum, the tendon of which goes to the third toe only; intestinal convolutions (so far as known) of type VII; semitendinosus muscle present; accessory femoro-caudal muscle absent; dorsal pteryla not forked between shoulders; adult downs absent; aftershait present (but sometimes rudimentary); oil-gland tufted (Pici, Capitones, Ramphastides) or naked (Galbule) ; secondaries quinto-cubital; young gymnopeedic and nidicolous. KEY TO THE SUPERFAMILIES OF PICARIZ®. a. Temporal fossze very deep; thoracic hemapophyses without lateral ventral enlarge- ments; furcula without hypocleideum; ectepicondyloid process of humerus pres- ent; only one carotid artery (the left); czeca absent; oil-gland tufted; wing-coverts oscinine (a row of proximally overlapping middle coverts present). b. Palate saurognathous or egitho-schizognathous; lateral halves of vomer separated; processus angularis mandibule present (short); clavicles united to form a furculum; manubrial rostrum bifurcate; myological formula AX; tongue ex- PETS 2 UE is AO) SARE Ta tS Ae ai eg SI rg athe Pici (p. 2). bb. Palate desmognathous or xgithognathous; lateral halves of vomer coalesced; processus angularis mandibulz absent; clavicles separated; manubrial ros- trum pointed; myological formula AX Y; tongue not extensile. c. Aftershaft present; palate usually egithognathous (sonsetimes desmognathous); vomer bifurcate; spina externa long, somewhat forked; bill not highly special- ized, little if any longer than head (usually shorter), broad basally, the cul- men neither strongly decurved nor uncinate terminally...Capitones (p. 310). cc. Aftershaft wanting or rudimentary; palate desmognathous; vomer truncate; spina externa long, not paired; bill highly specialized, much longer than head, compressed throughout, the culmen strongly decurved terminally, and distinctly. uncinabe:.- 3:15 susaeee see so eee Ramphastides (p. 327). aa. Temporal fosse shallow or moderately deep; thoracic hemapophyses with lateral ventral enlargements; furcula with hypocleideum; ectepicondyloid process of humerus absent; two carotid arteries; ceca present; oil-gland nude; wing-coverts nonoscinine (the proximally overlapping middle covert row wanting or im- periectly developed) \2: 2 .22.0.b ee ukemi cere mesic ts anette Galbulz (p. 359). Superfamily PICI. WOODPECKERS AND WRYNECES. =Sagittilingues ItticgER, Prodromus Orn., 1811, 205. =[Zygodactyli] Macroglossi Vre1tuoT, Analyse, 1816, 26. =Pici (not of Meyer and Wolf, 1810) Wacter, Nat. Syst. Amphib. mit Vorang. Sdugth. und Vég., 1830, 81—Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 242.—SuNDE- vaLL, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., i, 1872, 72.—Sciater, Ibis, 1880, 350.— SHarpe, Rey. Classif. Birds, 1891, 84; Hand-list, ii, 1900, 200. =Picide Bonaparte, Saggio dist. An. Vert., 1831, 40; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 112.—CaBanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, 1863, 1.—FUERBRINGER, Unters. Morph. Syst. Vég., ii, 1888, 1392.—LitiseBorG, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1866, 16, 19. =Celeomorphe Huxuey, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 467. = Piciformes CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 476. =Saurognathe ParKer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.—Corr, Am. Nat., xxiii, Oct., 1889, 872. =Picoidei Corr, Am. Nat., xxiii, Oct., 1889, 872, 873. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 3 Saurognathous (or egitho-schizognathous) zygodactyle Coracii- form birds with the processus angularis mandibule present, lateral halves of the vomer separate, ectepicondyloid process of humerus present, manubrial rostrum bifurcate, myological formula AX, and tongue extensile. Basipterygoid processes absent; mazxillo-palatines small, not coalesced; vomer slender, pointed, split (the lateral halves separated) ; manubrial rostrum of sternum bifurcate; no interclavicle; only one carotid artery (the left); ceca absent or rudimentary; oil-gland tufted; femoro-caudal and semitendinosus muscles present; ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles absent; spinal pteryla well- defined on neck, forked on lower (not upper) back; sides of breast with two distinct pteryle, united at shoulders; primaries 10, the tenth (outermost) much reduced; rectrices 12, but outer pair greatly reduced or rudimentary (concealed by coverts); adult downs absent; young nidicolous and gymnopedic. The Pici are a numerous but sharply circumscribed group of birds, whose nearest relatives are undoubtedly the Capitones (Barbets). They differ from ali other birds in the structure of the tongue and (though to a less extent) the bill, together with related parts, which are highly specialized for adaptation to their peculiar mode of obtain- ing their food. The bill is a combined hammer and chisel, and serves admirably for the puncturing and excavation of trees, both for the purpose of reaching insects which are hidden in the wood and pre- paring a cavity for nesting purposes. The tongue is a more or less extensile barbed lance or spear, with which they are able to explore the burrow of a grub, transfix it, and draw it within the mouth; and its fleshy portion is covered with a viscid secretion which entraps insects with which it comes in contact. Their young are, as in the case of other Coraciiformes (except Nycticoracie and Striges) gymnopedic, and though nidicolous, are able to leave the nest and climb about the tree in which they were reared for some time before they are capable of flight. According to Mr. Brewster,? ‘‘the young of most, if not all, of the Woodpeckers regularly moult the wing and tail feathers with the rest of the first plumage. No exceptions of this rule occur among large series of the common North American species examined, and it may probably be found to hold good among all excepting, perhaps, some highly specialized groups. Another peculiar feature in the early development of the species most thoroughly investigated, and one which is perhaps common to all the members of this family, is the fact that a certain portion of the females in first plumage possess to a greater or less degree the adornments which in more advanced stages @ Bull, Nutt. Orn, Club, iii, 1878, 179, footnote. 4 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. are peculiar to the males alone, and which are lost with the first moult. Marked examples of this are afforded by young females of Colaptes auratus, Dryobates pubescens, and others, of which detailed descrip- tions are given in the text.” KEY TO THE FAMILIES OF PICI. a. Inner front toe much longer, its claw reaching to or beyond base of claw of outer front toe, united to outer toe by at least entire length of basal phalanx of the latter; planta tarsi taxaspidean except in Picumnine (holaspidean); claws rela- tively very large and strongly curved; tenth (outermost) primary one-fourth to two-thirds as long as ninth, the latter always shorter than seventh; tail much less than three-fourths as long as wing or else rectrices rigid and acuminate; rectrices rigid and acuminate or else (Picumninz); tenth primary more than one-third as long as ninth, the latter much shorter than secondaries; culmen nearly as long to much longer than tarsus; nostrils lateral (not nearer to culmen than to tomia), not bordered beneath by membrane or else with a narrow membrane all round; mesorhinium broad; gonys longer than mandibular rami (often twice, sometimes nearly four times as long; coloration not Caprimulgine..........- Picide (p. 4). aa. Inner front toe much shorter, its claw falling considerably short of base of claw of outer toe, united to outer toe by much less than whole length of basal phalanx of the latter; planta tarsi holaspidean; claws relatively small and slightly curved; tenth (outer) primary minute, only one-sixth as long as ninth, the latter as long as seventh; tail three-fourths as long as wing, the rectrices soft, broadly rounded terminally; culmen much shorter than tarsus; nostrils close to culmen, opening vertically, bordered below by a very broad membrane occu- pying greater part of the relatively very large nasal forsee, the mesorhinium extremely narrow; gonys shorter than mandibular rami; coloration Capri- PIV UUIS TAO. 2 Sie. oe Severe ake le aoe. 6) eres ordi create ye eevee re ee etter Jyngidz (extralimital).@ Family PICIDA. THE WOODPECKERS. =Dendrocolaptey Merrem, Tent. Syst. Av., 1813. = Picidae CABANIS, in Wiegmann’s neler fiir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 347. —Sres- NEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 412, 423—SnHarpe, Handling: li, 1900, 200. Pici improprit Sundevall, Met. Nat. Av. Disp. Tent., ii, 1873, 74 (includes Picumnus /). An exclusively Old World (western Palearctic and Ethiopian) family, represented | by a single genus (Jynz Linnzus) of four species, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 5 Saurognathous (or egitho-schizognathous), zygodactylous Cora- ciformes (Pici) with tongue more or less (usually greatly) extensile, cylindrical, but with tip horny and barbed; rectrices twelve, but the lateral pair rudimentary or greatly reduced in size. Vomer split (the lateral halves separated); basipterygoid processes absent; maxillo-palatines small, not coalesced; manubrial process of sternum bifurcate ; femoro-caudal and semitendenosus muscles present, ambiens and accessory femoro-caudal muscles absent; caeca absent or rudimentary; left carotid artery, only, present; spinal pteryla well-defined on neck, without interscapular fork, but enclosing a dorsal apterium; sides of breast with two distinct pteryle, united at shoulders; oil-gland tufted; outermost (tenth) primary small, and wings otherwise essentially Oscinine. In addition to the above-mentioned characters it may be stated that the tongue itself is quite small, flat, and short, acute and horny, usually armed along the edges with recurved hooks. The horns of the hyoid apparatus are generally very long, and curve round the back of the skull, frequently to the base of the bill, playing in a sheath, when the tongue is thrown forward out of the mouth to transfix an insect or withdraw it from a cavity which can not be otherwise penetrated.¢ There are twelve rectrices, of which the outer is, however, very small and rudimentary (lying concealed between the outer and adjacent feathers), so that only ten are usually counted. The tail is nearly even, or cuneate, never forked, the shafts very rigid in the true Woodpeckers (Picinz); soft in Picumnine. The outer primary is generally very short, or spurious, but not wanting. The bill is chisel or wedge shaped, with sharp angles and ridges and usually straight culmen; sometimes the culmen is a little curved, in which case it is smoother or without distinct ridges or grooves. The tarsus is scutellate anteriorly, at least in part, the posterior side with much smaller, usually more or less polygonal, scales in Subfamily Picine or with a single row of quadrate scutella (in Subfamily Picumnine). The toes are paired (two directed forward and two backward, the outer, or fourth toe, being permanently reversed), or else there is only one posterior toe (the outer), the first toe, or hallux being wanting. The claws are compressed, broad (vertically), strongly curved, very strong, and acute. As implied by the vernacular name of the group, the Woodpeckers are preeminently distinguished for their habit of pecking the bark and decayed wood of trees, in their search for grubs and other insects, and for excavating deep cavities in the trunks or branches of trees in which to deposit their eggs. While by no means peculiar to the @ For further details concerning the structure of the tongue, see Stejneger, Stand- ard Natural History, iv, 1885, 424, 425. 6 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. group, these habits are nevertheless more highly developed and more universal in the Woodpeckers than in any other birds. The true Woodpeckers (Picinz) are all truly scansorial, and in clinging to the side of a tree or branch or ascending the same support themselves to a great extent by using the rigid tail as a prop. Although to a great extent insectivorous the Woodpeckers also feed to a great extent on fruits (both large and small), or even grain, especially when in the soft or unripe stage. The species of one genus (Sphyrapicus) subsist largely on the soft inner bark or cambium and sugary sap of certain trees and often do considerable damage, especially to fruit trees. All other kinds, however, are decidedly beneficial, through their destruction of wood-destroying beetles and their larve, grasshoppers, and other predaceous insects. The eggs of Woodpeckers are, like those of other Picarian birds, invariably immaculate white, usually with a very glossy or polished surface, and are deposited on the chips at the bottom of the excava- tion, no attempt at constructing a true nest being made. In very thinly wooded or treeless countries the few species of Woodpeckers which occur there are, from necessity, more or less terrestrial, making their excavations in banks of earth or even depositing their eggs in cavities already existing, as the brain-cavity of the skull of a large mammal, as a horse or ox. Woodpeckers are found in all wooded portions of the world except the island of Madagascar and the entire Australian Region. The group is nearly equally represented in the two hemispheres, the Western claiming about twenty-two genera and two hundred and twenty-five species (including subspecies), the Eastern twenty-seven genera and a little more than two hundred species and subspecies. Three genera are of circumpolar range, with sixty-three American (mostly Nearctic) and twenty-nine Palearctic forms. KEY TO THE GENERA OF PICID. a. Planta tarsi taxaspidean; rectrices rigid, with strong and elastic shafts, more or less contracted or acuminate terminally. (Picinz.) b. Outer hind toe not longer than outer front toe. c. Maxilla without any distinct lateral ridge or groove; tip of bill pointed (not chisel-shaped); tarsus nearly as long as longest toe with claw, the toes rela- tively more slender and claws weaker. (Colaptex.) d. Nostrils more or less covered by small antrorse prefrontal feathers. e. Bill little if any longer than head, the gonys not longer (usually shorter) than mandibular rami; tail not less than two-thirds as long as wing. f. Bill more slender, appreciably decurved terminally, the gonys not ascending terminally nor prominent basally; a large black jugular patch; basal half, at least, of under side of tail yellow, orange, or red. Colaptes (p. 12). @ Woodpeckers occur, however, in Celebes and Flores, outlying islands of the Australian Region, ‘‘which are situated so close to the Indo-Malayan islands that it is safe to conclude that their woodpeckers are comparatively recent immigrants from the latter.’? (Stejneger, Standard Nat. Hist., iv, 425.) i a BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 7 J. Bill stouter, not decurved terminally, the gonys ascending terminally and prominent basally; no black jugular patch; under side of tail wholly black (except whitish bars or spots on lateral rectrices). Soroplex (extralimital).@ ee. Bill decidedly to much longer than head, the gonys decidedly to much longer than mandibular rami; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing. Pituipicus (extralimital).6 dd. Nostrils wholly exposed (no antrorse prefrontal plumes). Nesoceleus (p. 39). cc. Maxilla with a more or less distinct lateral supra-nasal ridge or pre-nasal groove; tip of bill more or less chisel-shaped (sharply compressed laterally and truncate or sub-truncate vertically); tarsus decidedly shorter than longest toe with claw, the toes relatively stouter and claws stronger. d. Lateral ridge or groove of maxilla less distinct (usually obvious only on basal half or less); bill relatively narrower, its width at middle of nostrils not much if at all greater than its depth at same point. (Melanerpezx.) e. Orbits less extensively and not completely naked or else (Centurus, part) upper parts conspicuously barred with black and white. jf. Plumage of under parts not hair-like (except, sometimes, on throat and chest or on abdomen alone). g. Outermost (tenth) primary little more (usually much less) than one- third as long as ninth, narrower, straighter, usually more or less EY pointed; plumage not wholly blackish. h. Postnasal and premalar plumes much less developed; feathers of breast not broad and imbricated or else ( Tripsurus, part) feathers of abdomen hair-like, red. ¢. Plumage of throat hair-like, red; back and wings uniform glossy bluish or greenish black (the secondaries sometimes white); ninth primary much longer than fourth..... Melanerpes (p. 41). wi. Plumage of throat normal (soft and blended), not red; back, wing-coverts, and secondaries regularly and conspicuously barred with black and white; ninth primary usually much nhother dhanfounthe stn cease alle Centurus (p. 48). hh. Postnasal and premalar plumes developed into dense tufts; feathers of breast broad and imbricated, those of abdomen soft, blended whsted vin ches noi Gad ho Ge vais aod Balanosphyra (p. 100). gg. Outermost (tenth) primary much more than one-third as long as ninth, broad, rounded at tip, distinctly bowed; plumage wholly black (tinged with red on under parts)... .-- Linneopicus (p. 112). Jf. Plumage of under parts (except under tail-coverts) hair-like. Asyndesmus (p. 113). dd. Orbits completely and extensively naked. e. Head and under parts not white; abdomen red; adult male with red on crown (sometimes on nape also); smaller (wing less than 125 mm.). Tripsurus (p. 117). @ Soroplex Gloger, Hand- und Hilfsbuch der Naturg., 1842, 198. (Type, Picus campestris Vieillot.)—Geopicos Malherbe, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 357. (Type, Picus campestris Vieillot.)—Malherbipicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126. (Type, Picus campestris Vieillot.)—Theiopicus Malherbe, Mon. Picid., Introd., 1861, p. liii. (Type, Picus campestris Vieillot.)—Pediopipo Sundevall, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 116 (to replace Malherbipicus, on grounds of purism). Eastern Brazil tos. Argen- tina, Bolivia, and Peru; five species. b Pituipicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854,126. (Type, Picus chilensis Garnot and Lesson=P. pitius Molina.) Chile; monotypic. 8 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ee. Head and under parts white; abdomen light yellow; adult male without red on crown, but with a nuchal band of light yellow; larger (wing more than 150m) ene eee Leuconerpes (extralimital).¢ cc. Lateral ridge or groove of maxilla more distinct, obvious for greater part of length of maxilla; bill relatively broader, its width at middle of nostrils decidedly greater than its depth at same point. d. Smaller (wing less than 170 mm.); back not black. e. Nostrils more or less covered by antrorse bristly prefrontal feathers; bill more compressed anteriorly; pileum at least partly red, not crested; back plain yellowish olive-greenish; under parts barred with olive and Sy CLT cy wpaesial sete iste Be eR heed ney eH Bela Dl Sie ale Chloronerpes (p. 124). ee. Nostrils wholly exposed (no trace of antrorse prefrontal feathers); bill less compressed anteriorly; pileum without red, usually crested; back rufous or chestnut (with or without black bars), plain yellowish buff, or barred with black and yellow or olive-brown and buff. (Celex.) jf. Posterior outer toe decidedly shorter than anterior outer toe; culmen slightly convex to nearly straight, and not sharply (though very distinctly) ridged; back and under parts not plain buff-yellow. g. Bill much shorter (decidedly shorter than head) and stouter. Celeus (p. 138). gg. Bill much longer (about as long as head) and more slender. Cerchneipicus (extralimital).6 Jf. Posterior outer toe nearly as long as anterior outer toe; culmen strongly convex, compressed into a sharp (almost knife-like) ridge; back and under parts plain buff-yellow......... Crocomorphus (extralimital). ¢ dd. Larger (wing 180-250 mm.); back black (sometimes with a white stripe along each side). (Picex.) e. Bill less depressed, its width at middle of nostrils not greater than its depth at base of exposed culmen; antrorse prefrontal plumes small, not covering nostrils; plumage of neck shorter, more scant, the feathers of harsher texture; under parts of body (except chest) pale brownish or dull yellowish barred or spotted with dusky..... Ceophloeus (p. 146). ee. Bill more depressed, its width at middle of nostrils much greater than its depth at base of exposed culmen; antrorse prefrontal plumes large, completely covering nostrils; plumage of neck longer, softer, blended; under parts uniform blackish. jf. Conspicuously crested; outermost primary normal; two stripes on side of head, a stripe along side of neck, under wing-coverts, and proximal portion of inner web of remiges, white or yellowish white. Phlcotomus (p. 153). a Leuconerpes Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310. (Type, Picus candidus Otto).—Colombpicus Malherbe, Nouv. Classif. Picinées, etc., July, 1850, 45. (Type, Picus dominicensis Vieillot=P. candidus Otto.)—Phymatoblepharus Reichenbach, Handb. Scansores, Picinee, 1854, 379. (Type, Picus candidus Otto.)—Columbpicus (emendation) Strickland, Jardine’s Contr. Orn., no. 1, for 1851 [pub. Feb., or later, 1851], 18, in text; Malherbe, Mon. Picid., Introd., 1861, pp. xlviii, liii. Southern Brazil, Argentina, etc.; monotypic. (Placed in Melanerpes by Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 140, 148, but obviously not belonging there.) 6 Cerchneipicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Picus tinnunculus Wagler.)—Cerchneopipo (emendation) Sundevall, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 116. Guianas to Paraguay and upper Amazon Valley; three species. ¢ Crocomorphus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 439. (Type, Picus flavus Miller.) Amazon Valley, Guianas, Venezuela, and Trinidad; two species, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 9 ff. Not crested, outermost primary subfalcate; plumage wholly black except red portion of head (no white)......... Picus (extralimital).¢ 6b. Outer hind toe longer than outer front toe. c. Two posterior toes; bill not excessively depressed. d. Four middle rectrices much narrower than the rest, with webs strongly deflected, their shafts very large and broadly and deeply grooved on under side. (Campephilex.) e. Gonys nearly four times as long as mandibular rami, its base covered by the long, closely appressed, antrorse feathers of chin; bill broad and much depressed, much broader than deep at anterior end of nostrils, abruptly contracted (in vertical profile) terminally; tenth (outermost) primary less than half as long as ninth, very narrow (one-tenth as wide as long); outer webs of secondaries mostly white; larger (wing 230-356 BIMEIY Ve seats aero s a clo at alr en arene hae ts ..-Campephilus (p. 164). ee. Gonys much less than four (often less than three) times long as mandi- bular rami, its base not covered by feathers of chin, the latter not dis- tinctly antrorse or else much shorter; bill much less broad and depressed, its width at anterior end of nostrils little if any greater than its depth at same point, or else (Cniparchus, part) gradually tapering to the tip (in vertical profile); tenth (outermost) primary more than half as long as ninth, broader (one-eighth to one-sixth as wide as long); outer webs of secondaries black; smaller (wing not more, usually much less, than 220 mm.). jf. Gonys more than three times as long as mandibular rami; longer pri- maries narrow, straight, the tenth (outermost) but little more than half as long as ninth, falcate; tail nearly three-fourths as long as wing; crest pointed, recurved; inner web of inner secondaries white. Ipocrantor (extralimital).® Jf. Gonys less (usually much less) than three times as long as mandibular rami; longer primaries broad, more or less incurved terminally, the tenth (outermost) much more than half as long as ninth, broad (more than one-sixth as wide as long), not falcate; tail less than two-thirds as long as wing; crest not pointed, or else not recurved (usually ‘‘bushy”); inner webs of inner secondaries black. g. Wing longer and more pointed, the longer primaries exceeding sec- ondaries by more than one-fifth the length of wing; tenth (outer- most) primary relatively narrower, at least terminally; rump black; inner webs of remiges with proximal portion immaculate white or yellow, or else proximal portion of primaries (only) cinnamon-tawny. Scapaneus (p. 170). gg. Wing shorter and more rounded, the longer primaries exceeding sec- ondaries by less than one-fifth the length of wing; tenth (outer- most) primary relatively broader; rump red or buff (sometimes banded with black); inner webs of remiges broadly banded with white or buff. @ Picus Linneus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 112. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Picus martius Linnzeus.)—Dryocopus Boie, Isis, 1826, 997. (Type, Picus martius Linneus.)—Carbonarius Kaup, Naturl. Syst., 1829, 131. (Type, Picus martius Linneus.)—Dryopicos Malherbe, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 320. (Type, Picus martius Linneeus. )—Dryotomus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 301,304. (Type, by orig. designation, Picus martius Linneus.) Palaearctic Region. (Monotypic.) b Ipocrantor Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft ii, July, 1863, 99. (Type, Picus magellanicus King. (“Von ?¢ (Holzwurm) und xpdvtwe (Herrscher);’’ Cabanis and Heine.) Chile; monotypic. 10 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. h. Tarsus slightly longer than outer hind toe without claw; bill shorter, the exposed culmen decidedly shorter than outer hind toe with claw; crest pointed; interscapulars immaculate buff (like rump and upper tail-coverts); inner web of remiges cinnamon, banded with black; no white on neck; chest barred with black and buff, like other under parts............ Phlcoceastes (extralimital).¢ hh. Tarsus decidedly longer than outer hind toe without claw; bill longer, the exposed culmen decidedly longer than outer hind toe with claw; crest rounded (‘‘bushy”’); interscapulars black (sometimes with a white stripe along each side); inner web of remiges black, with broad bands or spots of white; chest black OP CPITISON Se. See oer te Ay Me SP LE Cniparchus (p. 180). dd. Middle rectrices normal (not narrow, webs not deflected, shafts not deeply grooved beneath). (Dryobatex.) e. Tail about three-fourths as long as wing, the rectrices very broad; outer- most (tenth) primary nearly half as long as ninth; upper parts mostly PreeH ears! HOR SCENE ok Bota Ue ha ys Xiphidiopicus (p. 182). ee. Tail much less than three-fourths (usually less than two-thirds) as long as wing, the rectrices only moderately broad; outermost primary much less than half as long as ninth. J. Wing-tip shorter, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by decidedly less than one-third the length of wing; tenth (outermost) primary larger, more than one-fourth as long as ninth; tarsus shorter than outer hind toe with claw. g. Longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by less than one-fourth the length of wing. h. Tenth (outermost) primary less than one-third as long as ninth; inner hind toe relatively shorter, the digit and claw together not more than half as long as outer hind toe without claw; back plain olive, orange-russet, or red; outer webs of primaries without white spots; under parts usually barred with whitish and olive or dusky, or, if plain whitish, the upper parts mostly red. Veniliornis (p. 185). hh. Tenth (outermost) primary more than one-third as long as ninth; inner hind toe relatively larger, the digit and claw together more than half as long as outer hind toe without claw; back spotted, barred, or striped with black and white; rectrices broadly barred with white; outer webs of primaries (also secondaries and wing- coverts) spotted or barred with white; under parts dull white, usually streaked with black. i. Bill stouter, with supranasal ridge and prenasal groove running to tomial edge less than one-third the distance from tip; under parts immaculate (except under tail-coverts); back with white markings longitudinal; no white supra-auricular streak; throat yellow; adult male with a longitudinal mark or streak of red in middle ‘of occipit. etek hem ote Trichopicus (extralimital).6 a Phloeoceastes Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 176. (Type, Picusrobustus Vieillot.) (‘‘@iozéc, Baumrinde u. xedfw, zerspalten;’’? Cabanis and Heine.) b Trichopicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Picus cactorum Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.)—Cactocraugus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June, 1863, 72. (Type, Picus cactorum Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny.) Southern Peru to Uruguay, Argentina, etc.; monotypic. This genus was merged with Melanerpes by Hargitt (Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 139), but obviously is much more closely allied to the groups near which it is here placed. } BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 11 di. Bill more slender, with supranasal ridge and prenasal groove running to tomial edge at one-third, or more, the distance from tip of maxilla; under parts conspicuously streaked, the throat not yellow; back with white markings transverse; a white supra-auricular stripe; adult males with a red nuchal band or a red streak along each side of occiput. Dyctiopicus (extralimital).@ gg. Longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by more than one- fourth the length of wing. h. Gonys at least twice as long as mandibular rami; under parts white or pale brownish (with or without markings); head broadly striped with white and black; lateral rectrices white (with or without black spots or bars)...2.........- Dryobates (p. 194). hh. Gonys decidedly less than twice as long as mandibular rami; under (as well as upper) parts uniform black, the head, foreneck, and part of primaries white; adult male with a red nuchal band. Xenopicus (p. 264). ff. Wing-tip longer (longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by one- third, or more, the length of wing); tenth (outermost) primary not more than one-fourth as long as ninth; tarsus as long as or longer than outer hind toe with claw. g. Gonys less than twice (about one and a half times) as long as mandibu- lar rami; supranasal ridge higher, running out to edge of maxilla at a point about one-third the distance from tip; tarsus not longer than outer hind toe with claw; longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by more than one-third the length of wing; middle SS rectrices broadly acuminate; tongue distinctly extensile. \ Phrenopicus (p. 268). ; gg. Gonys two and a half to three times as long as mandibular rami; supra- nasal ridge lower, running out to edge of maxilla at or posterior to middle; tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw; longest pri- maries exceeding secondaries by not more than one-third the length of wing; middle rectrices narrowly and more abruptly acuminate;. tongue scarcely extensile...... Sphyrapicus (p. 272). cc. Only one (the outer) posterior toe; inner anterior toe nearly as long as the outer one; bill extremely depressed. (Picoidex).........---- Picoides (p. 289). aa. Planta tarsi holaspidean; rectrices soft, with slender (normal), shaft and broadly rounded tip. (Picumninz.)® b. Nostril nearer to commissure than to culmen; culmen and commissure nearly straight; gonys much longer than mandibular rami; outermost (tenth) primary less than half as long as ninth; smaller (wing less than 60 mm.); inner web of middle pair of rectrices white or pale yellow. ce. Culmen longer than outer hind toe (without claw), the bill more slender; no whitish nor dusky stripes on side of head.........-.-.--- Picumnus (p. 302). ec. Culmen not longer than outer hind toe without claw, the bill thicker and more conical; two whitish and two dusky stripes on side of head. Vivia (extralimital).¢ mmm SO a ce eR et A a Ne @ Dyctiopicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Picus bicolor Gmelin=P. mixtus Boddaert.)—Dictyopipo (emendation) Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July 1, 1863, 74. Southern Brazil and Paraguay to Chile and Peru; three species. b Picumnidae Carus, Handb. Zool., i, 1868-75, 245. ¢ Vivia Hodgson, Journ. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, vi, pt.i, 1837, 107. (Type, V. nipalensis Hodgson=Picumnus innominatus Burton.)—Pipiscus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft ii, April, 1863, 9. (Type, Picumnus innominatus Burton.) Indo-Malayan Region; two species. (Very close to Picumnus, but I think should be separated. I have not seen V. chinensis Hargitt, however.) 12 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM, bb. Nostril much nearer to culmen than to commissure; culmen and commissure slightly but distinctly decurved; gonys but little longer than mandibular rami; outermost primary more than half as long as ninth; larger (wing 70 mm.); no white or pale yellow on middle rectrices......Nesoctites (p. 307). Genus COLAPTES Vigors. Colaptes Vicors, Trans. Linn. Soc., Lond., xiv, pt. iii, 1825, 457, footnote. (Type, by original designation, Cuculus auratus Linnzeus.) Cucupicus Lesson, Man. d’Orn., ii, 1828, 116. (Type, Cuculus auratus Linnzeus.) Craugus? BruBerG, Synop. Faunz Scand., i, part 2, 1828, tab. A. (Type, Cuculus auratus Linnzus.) Rather large Picide (wing 127-178 mm.) without any distinct lateral ridge or groove on maxilla, tip of bill pointed (not chisel- shaped), tarsus nearly as long as outer hind toe with claw, toes relatively slender and claws weak, shafts of remiges and rectrices bright yellow, orange, or red, back brown barred with black, under parts whitish spotted with black and with a conspicuous jugular crescentic patch of black, the adult males with a broad malar stripe of black or red.? Bill about as long as head, rather slender, slightly but distinctly decurved terminally, rather broad and depressed basally, its tip obtusely pointed (not wedge-shaped); culmen forming a distinct ridge; gonys not longer (sometimes decidedly shorter) than mandib- ular rami, straight or sometimes faintly concave, distinctly ridged, its base sometimes slightly prominent; sides of maxilla without any distinct ridge or groove. Nostril broadly oval or roundish, rather large, concealed by a flattened tuft of small, bristle-like, antrorse prefrontal feathers; no distinct rictal, prefrontal, premalar, nor mental bristles. Orbits feathered, except a narrow space beneath lower eyelid and immediately in front of eye. Wing rather long, with longest primaries exceeding secondaries by about one-fourth the length of wing; fifth or sixth primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth (sometimes shorter than second), the tenth (outermost) more than one-third as long as ninth. Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, slightly graduated, the rectrices broad but abruptly acumi- nate terminally. Tarsus equal to or longer than outer hind toe with claw, but shorter than outer front toe with claw; the toes relatively rather slender and claws rather weak. Coloration.—Shafts of remiges and of at least basal half of rectrices bright yellow, orange, or red; back, wing-coverts, and secondaries brownish barred with black; rump white (sometimes spotted with black); pileum plain gray, brown, or rufescent; throat plain gray or @ Koavyéc, 2 woodpecker. 6 This diagnosis and the generic description which follows is based entirely on the Nearctic species, the half dozen South American species which are usually referred to Colaptes, being almost certainly distinct generically. (See p. 7.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 13 vinaceous; under parts of body whitish, light pinkish, or pale vinace- ous, spotted with black, the chest with a conspicuous crescentic patch of black; adult males with a broad malar stripe of black or bright red. Range.—The whole of North America (except treeless Arctic dis- tricts), south to northern Nicaragua; Cuba; island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. (Five species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF COLAPTES. a. Shafts of remiges and rectrices and under surface of tail (except distal portion) yellow; inner webs of remiges with proximal portion (extensively) yellow. b. A red nuchal crescent or band; throat and foreneck vinaceous; under surface of rectrices narrowly (sometimes only partly) black distally; adult males with malar stripe black. ec. Center of rump immaculate white; pileum brownish gray. (Colaptes auratus.) d. Smaller (wing averaging about 150 mm.). (Southeastern United States, north to southeastern Virginia?, southwestern Indiana, southeastern Mis- ORE CH he Teoh. ect ccctiy 2 a RSS Colaptes auratus auratus (p. 14). dd. Larger (wing averaging 155 mm. or more). e. Smaller (wing averaging 156.3 in male, 155 in female). (Eastern United States, except “‘Austroriparian” district, Minnesota, North Dakota, (2°) | a a ae ee A ne REE he a Colaptes auratus luteus (p. 18). ee. Larger (wing averaging more than 163 mm.). (Northern North America, east of Rocky Mts., from North Dakota, Minnesota, northern Ontario, etc., to Ungava and coast of Bering Sea in Alaska.) Colaptes auratus borealis (p. 20). cc. Center of rump spotted with black; pileum clear bluish gray. (Colaptes chrysocaulosus.) d. Larger (wing 133-146.5, culmen 32.5-36.5); adult male with black malar patch larger and broader. (Cuba.) Colaptes chrysocaulosus chrysocaulosus (p. 23). dd. Smaller (wing 127-132.5, culmen 29-33); adult male with black malar patch smaller and narrower. (Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba.) Colaptes chrysocaulosus gundlachi (p. 25). bb. No red on nape; throat and foreneck gray; under surtace of rectrices broadly black distally; adult male with malar stripe red. (Colaptes chrysoides.) c. Smaller (wing averaging less than 144 in male, less than 142 in female; culmen . averaging less than 36); coloration darker, with pileum less cinnamomeous or else the latter darker or more rufescent. d. Coloration lighter, more grayish brown above, with pileum less rufescent; immaculate white area of rump larger, the center of rump never spotted. (Southern Lower California.)...... Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides (p. 25). dd. Coloration darker, less grayish brown above, with pileum more rufescent; immaculate white area of rump more restricted, the center of rump sometimes spotted. (Northern Pacific coast district of Lower California.) Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens (p. 27). cc. Larger (wing averaging 148.2 in male, 146.9 in female; culmen averaging 37.8 in male, 36.6 in female); coloration paler, with pileum more cinna- momeous. (Arizona and southeastern California to southern Sonora.) Colaptes chrysoides mearnsi (p. 28). aa. Shafts of remiges and rectrices and under side of tail (except distal portion) orange-red or reddish orange; inner webs of remiges (except distal portion) pink or salmon color. 14 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. b, Pileum grayish brown, becoming more rufescent on forehead, passing into gray or brownish gray on hindneck; wing-coverts brownish gray or grayish brown barred with black; feathers of red malar stripe in adult male without any black bar. (Colaptes cafer.) c. Smaller (wing averaging 157.4 in male, 156 in female; culmen averaging 35.1 in male, 34 in female). (Coloration dark, like C. c. saturatior and C. e¢. rufipileus). (Central and southern Mexico.)..... Colaptes cafer cafer (p. 29). cc. Larger (wing averaging more than 160, or else culmen averaging more than 38 in male, more than 36 in female). d. Wing longer (averaging more than 160); pileum less rufescent; black ter- minal band on under surface of tail narrower. e. Upper parts paler and grayer; smaller (wing averaging 165.8 in male, 163.2 in female; culmen averaging 37.9 in male, 36.9 in female). (Western United States, except northwest coast district; interior of British Columbia; northern Mexico.)..... Colaptes cafer collaris (p. 33). ee. Upper parts darker and browner; larger (wing averaging 169.9 in male, 167.1 in female; culmen averaging 39.8 in male, 37.7 in female). (Northwest coast district, from northern California to southern Alaska.) Colaptes cafer saturatior (p. 36). dd. Wing shorter (averaging 150 in male, 152.5 in female); pileum more rufes- cent, becoming deep cinnamon-rufous on forehead, etc.; black terminal band on under surface of tail broader. (Guadalupe Island, Lower Cali- LORNA) ste ater als pues steno neiser ace ve Colaptes cafer rufipileus (p. 37), bb. Pileum and hindneck uniform deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; wing- coverts black barred with pale brown; feathers of red malar stripe in adult male with a black bar on middle portion. (State of Chiapas, southern Mexico, and ‘Giratemala. eo cal. ciseelsieecie an bene Colaptes mexicanoides (p. 37). COLAPTES AURATUS AURATUS (Linnzus). FLICKER. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck plain gray (nearly no. 6), interrupted by a nuchal crescentic band of bright scarlet, the fore- head usually more brownish; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries grayish brown (drab to olive-drab),¢ sharply barred with black, the black bars much narrower than the brown interspaces (except, sometimes, on secondaries) and pointed at the extremities, except on secondaries, where much broader than elsewhere; prima- ries dull black, more or less spotted, at least on middle portion, with light grayish brown or dull pale yellowish (these spots usually rather indistinct), their shafts bright clear cadmium yellow; rump white, mostly immaculate but laterally broken by broad _ brace- shaped or reniform bars of black; upper tail-coverts white, very variously marked (usually more or less transversely)® with black; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices duller or more olivaceous basally, usually edged, narrowly, with dull whitish, the inner web often notched or spotted along edge with the same; shafts of rectrices a The color deeper, and usually more olivaceous, in winter, lighter and more grayish in summer. b See Chapman, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., iii, 1891, 311-314. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 (except middle pair) bright pure cadmium yellow, with distal por- tion black; loral and superciliary regions deep vinaceous-cinnamon, the suborbital and auricular regions, together with chin, throat, foreneck, and upper chest, uniform grayish vinaceous-cinnamon or dull vinaceous; malar region black, forming a conspicuous elongated patch or ‘‘mustache;”’ lower chest black, forming a conspicuous sub- crescentic patch; rest of under parts pale vinaceous-cinnamon or dull buff-pinkish laterally fading into white or pale yellowish medially and on under tail-coverts, conspicuously spotted with black, the spots mostly roundish or subcordate, larger and subtriangular, some- times V-shaped, on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale cadmium or buff yellow, paler along edge of wing, where more or less spotted with black; inner webs of remiges olivaceous (changing to deep yellow in certain lights), the basal portion of outer primaries and greater part of other remiges broadly edged with buff-yellow, the distal portion broadly barred or transversely spotted with the same; under surface of tail saffron yellow or dull cadmium yellow, broadly and abruptly tipped with black, the lateral pair of rectrices with a terminal spot or edging of whitish, the outer web usually narrowly edged or notched with the same, or with blackish alternat- ing with whitish; bill black in summer, more brownish or dusky horn color (especially on basal half of mandible) in winter; iris dark reddish brown or brownish red; legs and feet grayish or horn color in dried skins, bluish gray or gray in life; length (skins), 244-290 (282.4); wing, 144-154 (149.9); tail, 92-115 (100.7); culmen, 32-36 (34.1); tarsus, 26-29 (27.5); outer anterior toe, 20-22.5 (21.3).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but without the black malar patch or “‘mustache,” this replaced by the color of throat, etc. (sometimes tinged with dull grayish); length (skins), 248-280 (260); wing, 137-155 (150.5); tail, 88.5-104.5 (99.3); culmen, 28-36 (32.7); tarsus, 25.5-28.5 (26.9); outer anterior toe, 20-23.5 (21.5).% a Twenty-two specimens. ; ft ieal fae Locality. Wing. | Tail. | jen, | Tarsus.) ante- rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males ( C. a. auratus) from Florida..............---. 147.5 98.1 34.5 27.2 21.1 Two adult males ( C. a. auratus) from Georgia...............-..- 150.2 | 103.3 35.5 28. 5 21.3 One adult male ( C. a. auratus) from southern SouthCarolina..| 149 103. 5 32 26 20.5 One adult male ( C. a. auratus) from Mississippi (September)...| 150.5 |........ 32.5 28. 5 22 One adult male ( C. a. auratus) from Louisiana (January)...... 154 106. 5 35 27.5 22 One adult male ( C. a. auratus) from western Tennessee......-- 151 115 36 21.0 21.5 Two adult males ( C. a. auratus) from southwestern Indiana....| 150.2 96.5 31.7 28. 2 22. 2 Two adult males ( C. a. auratus) from southeastern Missouri....| 149.5 98 32.5 27.5 20.5 Seven adult males ( C. a. luteus) from northern South Carolina MHtorbiaw, Garena stes ate chile kane Sonat Ltocnatbace ous 154.6 | 103.8 35 27,6 21.9 16 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but vinaceous portions of head and neck more or less tinged with gray (especially on foreneck), malar patch usually duller black, pileum (forehead, at least) usually Foot note—Continued. ; i Cul- Outer Locality. Wing.}| Tail aor Tarus.| ante- rior toe. MALES—continued. One adult male ( C. a. luteus) from northern Alabama.........-. 158.5 | 109.5 36 28 21 Three adult males ( C. a. luteus) from eastern Tennessee......--| 159.3 | 106.8 36 27.7 21.8 One adult male ( C. a. lutews) from Louisiana (January).......-} 154 106.5 35 Zien 22 One adult male (C. a. luteus) from northwestern Texas (Lips- combiCo. June) ees eee eae cee ee eee ese eee LOG | Nemes 31 27 22 Three adult males ( C. a. luteus) from eastern Kansas (May).-..| 155.3 | 106.5 32. 2 27.8 21.5 One adult male (C. a. luteus) from eastern Nebraska (May)---.-} 155 105. 5 33.5 29 ae One adult male ( C. a. luteus) from southwestern Indiana (Oc- LODOL) hoo o este sence senate oe ee rae pe taace seaee meer ocnee 156 101.5 32.5 28 22 Five adult males (C. a. luteus) from northern Indiana (1), northern Illinois (3), and Wisconsin (1)......--.-----.------- 158.8 | 109.3 34. 2 28. 6 20.9 Six adult males ( C. a. luteus) from Maryland (4) and Pennsyl- VATA (2) cece a seers ceo eae eee eae tanto nies neice aes 156.9 | 108.2 34.6 27.9 21.8 Seven adult males (C. a. luteus) from New York (1), Rhode Island (1), Massachusetts (3), New Hampshire (1), and Ver- MONE (1) Seebe ee es CER ee ee eee ene Aes een eon Sade oats 154.9] 104.9 34.7 28.3 21.5 Two adult males (C. a. borealis) from Ontario...............--- 160 104.3] 365] 28.3 22.3 Five adult males ( C. a. borealis) from Minnesota (April).....--. 161.4} 105.7 36.1 28. 8 21.8 Ten adult males ( C. a. borealis) from Athabasca (3), Mackenzie (4), Yukon (1), northern British Columbia (1),and Alberta(1)} 163.5 | 108.7 36 28.9 22.3 Ten adult males (C. a. borealis) from Alaska.............-.---- 163.8 | 106.6 36.9 29.3 23 FEMALES. Ten adult females ( C. a. awratus) from Florida..............--- 144.7 97.6 33 26. 5 20.9 One adult female ( C. a. awratus) from Georgia......---.-.----- 151 98 36 28. 5 22 One adult female ( C. a. auratus) from southern South Carolina.| 152 103 34 26 21 One adult female ( C. a. auratus) from coast North Carolina....| 148 102. 5 29 28 20. 5 One adult female ( C. a. auratus) from Mississippi (May 27).--.. 150 101 28 26 21.5 One adult female ( C. a. auratus) from Louisiana (April 27)..-..| 152 100 32.5 28. 5 22 Two adult females ( C. a. auratus) from southern Texas......-- 150.7 | 100.5 34 26. 5 20. 2 One adult female ( C. a. awratus) from Arkansas.....-.....----- 151 99. 5 30. 5 27.5 20. 5 One adult female (C. a. auratus) from southwestern Indiana...| 149.5 95. 5 33. 5 28 21 Three adult females ( C. a. auratus?) from southeastern Illinois.| 152.5 | 100.3 32 Bet 21.8 Two adult females ( C. a. lutews) from eastern Kansas...-.....-- 158.7: 105. 2 31.5 27.2 21.5 Seven adult females ( C. a. Jutews) from northern South Carolina Cikershawi Cos) eastern tone le tei eee le Chee oherclare oe eee 154.6 | 103.8 35 27.6 21.9 Six adult females ( C. a. lutews) from New Jersey (1), Pennsyl- vania (1), Maryland (1), and District of Columbia (3)...-.---. 154.6 | 102 33 27.8 27 Nine adult females ( C. a. luteus) from Massachusetts.........-- 155.6 | 105.2 34.8 28.1 21.6 One adult female (C. a. luteus) from New Hampshire.......--. 154 97 33. 5 28 22 Two adult females ( C. a. lutews) from New York...........-.-- 155 105. 5 82.5 27 20.7 Six adult females (C. a. borealis) from Minnesota (2), North Dakotai(2) and South Dakota (2) 2s .02- seen enseasee eee meee 159.4] 105.3 35. 1 28.5 21.8 Nine adult females ( C. a. borealis) from Athabasca (1), Macken- ziei(6) and yukon) Terrs/(2) 202. Ses aie as ameaeesecee 164 105. 9 35.8 29.1 22: 2 Three adult females ( C. a. borealis) from Alaska..............-- 163 104. 8 36. 2 28.8 22.5 eee: BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. LT more or less suffused with red, and black spots on under parts aver- aging larger. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but black malar patch wanting or much less distinct. Austroriparian faunal area of United States, from Florida and the Gulf coast north to coast district of North Carolina (probably to southeastern Virginia), southwestern Indiana and _ southeastern Tllinois (lower Wabash Valley), and southeastern Missouri. [Cuculus] auratus Linnzvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 112 (Carolina; founded on Picus major, alis aureis Catesby, Car., i, p. 18, t. 18). [Picus] auratus Linnazvs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 174.—Gmeuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 430.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 242. Picus auratus Viettuot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 70 (‘‘Brazil”), 100, part; Ois. Am. Sept., i, 1807, 66, pl. 123, part—TEmmincx, Cat. Syst., 1807, 64.—LeEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 228.—Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1810, 45, pl. 3, fig. 1, part.—Bonararte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 44, part. —Aupv- BON, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 191, part, pl. 37; v, 1839, 540, part; Synopsis, 1839, 184, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 282, part, pl. 273.—NutTra.., Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., i, 1832, 561, part—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Pic., 1866, 71, part. P{icus] auratus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 368 parts; Obs. Wils. Am. Orn., 1826, [29], part. Colaptes auratus SwAINson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 314, part; Classif. Birds, 1837, 310, part.—BoNnaparTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40, part.— Nutra, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 663, part.— Barr, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 118, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 97, part—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, Texas, 1 spec., June).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 312, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 457, part; Birds North-West, 1874, 292, part (in synonymy).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575, part, pl. 55, figs. 1, 2—Merriam, Am. Nat., vili, 1874, 88 (St. Johns R., etc., Florida; crit.).—(?)Rem, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 213 (Bermuda, rare straggler).—Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378, part; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 121 (Mt. Carmel, Illinois; crit.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 387, part.—IneERsSOLL, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 184, part (vernacular synonymy).—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 171 (s.e. Texas, breeding, but chiefly in win- ter).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGIsTS’ Unron, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 412, part; Auk, xvi, 1899, 111.—(?)HassBrovuck, Auk, vi, 1889, 239 (East- land Co., Texas, common).—CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., iii, 1891, 311- 313, part (variation of color-pattern upper tail-coverts), 323 (Corpus Christi, Texas, 1 spec., March 26).—(?)Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvii, 1890, 12, part.—Bernovire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 129, part.—(?)CarRo.L1, Auk, xvii, 1900, 344 (Refugio Co., Texas, 1 spec., March).—Burns, Wilson Bull., no. 31, 1900, 1-82, part (monogr.).—Srockarp, Auk, xxi, 1904, 467, 468 (Mississippi; breeding habits).—FisHEr (G. C.), Wilson Bull., no. 71, 1910, 127 (a Florida vernacular name).—Howe tt, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 383 (St. Francis River and Cushion Lake, s. e. Missouri).—Brat, Bull. 37, U.S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 52, part, pl. 6 (food). 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——2 18 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Colaptes] auratus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 113, part.—Gray, Hand-list, li, 1870, 202, no. 8822, part.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 197, part.— SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. C[olaptes] auratus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part.—Ripeway, Ann. Lye. N. Y., x, 1874, 378, part (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295, part. [Colaptes auratus] var. auratus Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575, part. Colaptes auratus auratus OBERHOLSER, Notes on Mam. and Sum. Birds W. N. Car., 1905, 14 (s. portion up to 4,000 ft.)—AmeEricAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 194. Geopicos auratus MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 359, part. Geopicus auratus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 255, part; iv, pl. 109, figs. BOs 7 (?)Colaptes auratus luteus (not‘of Bangs?) Ferry, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 284 (Cairo, Tllinois, Feb.), 433 (Cairo, Aug.).—Wooprurr, Auk, xxv, 1908, 200 (Shan- non Co., Missouri, March), COLAPTES AURATUS LUTEUS Bangs. NORTHERN FLICKER. Similar in coloration to C. a. auratus,* but larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 250-293 (265); wing, 154-165 (156.3); tail, 96.5-112 (105.9); culmen, 31-40 (34.6); tarsus, 26.5-31 (28.1); outer anterior toe, 20-23 (21.4). Adult female.—Length (skins), 248-292 (259); wing, 149.5-159.5 (155); tail, 97-115 (103.9); culmen, 31-38.5 (33.8); tarsus, 26.5-29.5 (27.8); outer anterior toe, 20—23.5 (21.7).°¢ Northern and central United States, east of Rocky Mountains, except North Dakota, Minnesota, etc.; south to Virginia, western North Carolina, northern South Carolina (at least in winter), north- ern Alabama, eastern Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Indiana and Illinois (except extreme southern portions), Missouri (except south- eastern part), Kansas, etc.; in winter to Gulf coast and southern Texas. Picus auratus (not Cuculus auratus Linneus) VrerLLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 66, part, pl. 123; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 100.—Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 228, part—Wutson, Am. Orn., i, 1810, 45, part, pl. 3, fig. 1.— Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 44, part.—AupuBoNn, Orn. Biog., i, 1832, 191, part, pl. 37; v, 1839, 540, part; Synopsis, 1839, 184, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 282, part, pl. 273.—Nurrau, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 561, part—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Pic., 1866, 71, part. P [icus] iis BonaPARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 368, part; Obs. Wils. Am. Orn., 1826, [29], part. a After very careful comparison of a large series of specimens I am not able to verify a single one of the alleged color-differences mentioned by Mr. Bangs; indeed, even specimens from northwestern Alaska (C. a. borealis) are quite as dark as Florida ex- amples, and, so far as I can see, in every respect identical in coloration with them. 6 Thirty-three specimens. ¢e Thirty specimens. re ae i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 19 Colaptes auratus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 314, part; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310.—BonaparteE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40, part.— NuttatL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 663. Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 118, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 97, part.—Marsu, Zoologist, 1859, 6327 (accidental in England).— Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344, part (Eastern North America).— (?)DreEssER, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, Texas, 1 spec.).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity of New York City).—At.en, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 143 (Saline R., n. w. Kansas, winter).—CovuEs, Check List, 1873, no. 312, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 457, part; Birds North-West, 1874, 292, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575, part, pl. 55, figs. 1, 2—Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 181 (descr. first plumage), Auk, x, 1893, 231-236 (feeding of young).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 56 (nesting in natural cavity).—(?)DaueGLetsu, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 74 (accidental in England).—Harpy, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 241 (unusual nesting sites).—Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378, part.—Oattvy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 59 (Navarro Co., Texas, winter; habits)—Bicknet, Auk, ii, 1885, 259 (notes).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 412, part.—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 191 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas, winter).—Puutuirs, Auk, iv, 1887, 346 (laid 71 eggs in 73 days!).—Cooxg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 133, part (San Angelo, s. w. Texas; Bonham, Texas; etc.).—Brckuam, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 665 (San Antonio, Texas, 1 spec., March 2).—Atrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 235 (San Antonio, Texas, winter).—Sinetey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas, winter resident)—Brnpirz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 129, part.—MrtteR (G. S.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 275 (spec. with spotted rump).—Burns, Wilson Bull., no. 31, 1900, 1-82, part (monogr.); no. 70, 1910, 55 (a Pennsylvania vernacular name).—Brat, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 52, part (food). [Colaptes] auratus BonarartE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 113, part; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8822, part.—Couzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 197, part. C[olaptes] auratus REIcHENBACH, Handb. Scans., Picine, 1854, 412, pl. 666, fig. 4419-20, part.—Maximiuian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 420 (New Harmony, Indiana, winter).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part.— Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N.Y., x, 1874, 378, part (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295, part. [Colaptes auratus] var. auratus Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575, part. Geopicos auratus MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 359, part. Geopicus auratus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 255, part; iv, pl. 109, figs. Oats Colaptes auratus luteus Banas, Auk, xv, April, 1898, 177 (Watertown, Massa- chusetts; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION Comuirrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 111, part (check list no. 412a).—Buaxe, Auk, xix, 1902, 199 (Berkshire Co., Massachustetts, Dec., 1 spec.).—LARSEN, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 114 (Lyman Co., South Dakota, com. sum. res.).—HoweELL, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 121 (n. Louisiana, winter); Auk, XXVii, 1910, 296 (Midway, Barbourville, etc., Kentucky), 302 (High Cliff, etc., e. Tennessee).—Empopy, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 172 (Hanover Co., Virginia, resi- dent).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 194, part. [Colaptes auratus luteus] SHERMAN (Althea R.), Wilson Bull., xxii, 1910, 135-171, figs., 5 pls. (nesting habits, etc.). [Colaptes] luteus SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201, part. 20 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. COLAPTES AURATUS BOREALIS Ridgway. BOREAL FLICKER. Similar to C. a. auratus and C. a. luteus in coloration, but larger than the latter, much larger than the former.? Adult male.—Length (skins), 270-314 (292); wing, 156-170 (162.9); tail, 102.5-115 (107); culmen, 34.5-40 (36.4); tarsus, 27-31.5 (29); outer anterior toe, 21—-24.5 (22.5). Adult female-—Length (skins), 270-310 (287); wing, 156-171 (162.3); tail, 99-115 (105.5); culmen, 32.5-38.5 (35.6); tarsus, 27.5-30.5 (28.8); outer anterior toe, 21-23.5 (22.2).¢ Northern North America, east of Rocky Mountains, from Labrador, Quebec, northern Ontario, Minnesota, North Dakota, eastern Mon- tana, eastern Wyoming, etc., north to the limit of tree growth (north- ern Ungava, Mackenzie, etc.), northwestward through Alaska to the shores of Bering Sea and to valley of the Kowak River; accidental on Pribilof Islands and in Greenland; occasional in winter along or near Pacific coast. through British Columbia (including Vancouver Island) to California, and along Rocky Mountains to Colorado. [Picus] auratus (not of Linnzus) Forster, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 383, 387 (Albany Fort). Colaptes auratus REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 8 (accidental in Greenland).—Buax- ISTON, Ibis, 1862, 3 (Hudson Bay).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 275 (near Ft. Yukon and Nulato, Alaska).—ALuEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Ft. Rice, North Dakota, and west of Mussel- shell R.).—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 312, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 457, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 292, part; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 617 (Pembina, Mouse R., Turtle Mt., etc., North Dakota; crit.).—Newton, Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland, 1875, 97 (Greenland, 1 spec., 1852).—GRINNELL (G. B.), in Ludlow’s Rep. Recon., 1876, 81 (Mis- souri R. as far as Ft. Buford)—McCuesney, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., v. 1879, 82 (Ft. Sisseton, North Dakota, resident).—Ripe- way, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378, part.—Nertson, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1881 (1883), 74 (head of Norton Sound, Kotzebue Sound, and Bering Strait, Alaska); Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 160 (Sitka, etc., Alaska; lower Anderson R., Mackenzie)—McLreneraan, Cruise ‘Corwin,’ 1884, 117 (upper Kowak R., Alaska).—Srearns, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1884, 118 (L’ Anse Claire, Labrador).—TurNeER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 242 (near Apotok I., Hudson Strait; Northwest R., Ungava); Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 166 (Ft. Yukon).—(?)Batz, Auk, ii, 1885, 383 (San Bernardino Co., California, 3 specs.).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 412, part.—(?)Cooper, Auk, iv, 1887, 91 (West Grove, Ventura Co., California, 1 spec., Nov.).—(?)THorRNE, Auk, iv, 1887, 364 (Colorado).—(?)Cooxsz, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 85 (Ft. Lyons, Loveland, and South Platte, Colorado, autumn and winter); no. 44, 1898, 162 (Arkansas Valley, e. Colorado).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 551 (Manitoba, resident; habits).—Patmer (W.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 262 (St. Johns, Newfoundland).—CiarkeE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Ft. Churchill, Hudson Bay).—Harerrr, Cat. Birds a See remarks on p. 15, footnote. 6 Twenty-seven specimens. ¢ Highteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 91 Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 12, part (Ft. York, Hudson Bay; Ft. Dufferin).— MACFARLANE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 438 (Valley of Anderson R., Mackenzie).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 29 (Vancouver I. and mainland, rare).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 43 (Victoria, Brit. Columbia; 2 specs.).—Brnopire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 129, part.—(?)GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 26 (Alhambra, Los Angeles Co., California, 1 spec., Feb. 7)—Cousraux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 28 (s. Saskatchewan, summer res.).—Burns, Wilson Bull., no. 31, 1900, 1-82, part (monogr.).—PorteEr, Auk, xvii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland).— (?)Frterr, Auk, xxii, 1905, 421 (Hall Valley, Park Co., Colorado, 1 spec., Oct. 24).—Cameron, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 270 (Custer and Davenport counties, Montana). [Colaptes] auratus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 197, part. C[olaptes] auratus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part—Rmeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295, part. Colaptes auratus luteus (not of Bangs) AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union Com- mitrer, Auk, xvi, 1899, 111, part.—Bisnop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 78 (Yukon Valley, Glacier, etc., Alaska; crit.)—Fremine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 234 (Black Hills, Wyoming, breeding)—Presiz, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 112 (between Lake Winnipeg and Hudson Bay; Albany Fort, Ft. Churchill, etc.); no. 27, 1908, 386 (north to limit of trees, west to base of Rocky Mts.).—(?)GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 39 (California range).—LarseEn, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 114 (Lyman Co., South Dakota, summer res.) —TowNnsENp and ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxiii, 1907, 377 (s. Labrador to Hudson Strait).—Brnt, Auk, xxv, 1908, 26 (s. w. Saskatchewan, common).—Serton, Auk, xxv, 1908, 71 (north to 20 m. n. e. of Pt. Reliance, abundant).—Dawson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 484 (Oreas I., Washington, 1 spec., Oct. 15).—KeRMoDE, Prov. Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 50 (Vancouver I., etc.).—VisHER, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 148 (w. South Dakota, common); xxviii, 1911, 12 (Harding Co., w. South Dakota, mostly east of Little Missouri R., breeding).—Townsenp (C. W.), Auk, xxvi, 1909, 201 (Sandwich Bay, Washington, Aug., 1908).—(?)Cooxe, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 413 (Yuma and Park counties, Colorado, 8,000 ft., 2 specs., Oct.).— Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 30, 1909, 39 (Yukon R., between Circle and Eagle, and Seward Creek, Alaska), 89 (upper Russell Creek, Yukon Terr.).—Towsenp and Bent, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 14 (Mingan and near Isles des Corneilles, Labrador) —Frrry, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 199 (Saskatchewan, common).—C1arK (A. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 60 (St. George I., Pribiloffs, 1 spec., Oct., 1904).—Saunpers, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 38 (Gallatin Co., Montana).—Ratupun (S. F.), Auk, xxviii, 1911, 486 (Orcas I., San Juan Co., Washington, Oct. 15, 1907).—(?)ARNoxtp, Auk, xxix, 1912, 76 (Newfoundland, breeding). [Colaptes] luteus SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201, part. Colaptes auratus borealis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 31 (Nulato, lower Yukon R., Alaska; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus. ). COLAPTES AURATUS LUTEUS X CAFER COLLARIS. HYBRID FLICKER. Intermediate in coloration and size between C. auratus luteus or C.a. borealis and C. cafer collaris, the characters of the two being mixed or blended, in various degrees in different specimens, the more frequent combinations being as follows:— (a) Shafts, etc., orange or orange-yellow, intermediate in hue between the yellow of auratus and the orange-red of cafer. 22 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (b) With pure yellow shafts, ete., of auratus combined with red malar stripe of cafer. (c) Similar to C. cafer collaris, but having either the red nuchal mark or vinaceous throat, or both, of C. auratus. (d) Similar to C. cafer collaris, but having black feathers in the red malar stripe. (e) Similar to C. auratus luteus or C. a. borealis, but having more or less red in the black malar stripe. (f) Similar to C. auratus luteus or C. a. borealis, but with red or orange colored feathers mixed with the yellow ones in wing and tail. (g) Similar to C. cafer collaris, but with yellow feathers mixed with the red ones in wing and tail. Besides the above styles, every possible combination or mixture of the color characters of the two species is represented in other individuals. As a rule, these hybrid specimens have a paler coloration than those of either of the parent forms. Western portion of the Great Plains, from southwestern Saskatch- ewan to western Texas, or the area of overlapping of the respective ranges of C. auratus borealis or C. a. luteus and C. cafer collaris; casual, or of irregular occurrence, in British Columbia, Oregon (Camp Harney), California ® (San Francisco; Stockton; Cosumnes River; Calaveras County; Marysville; etc.), Nevada (Washoe Valley; West Humboldt Mountains), Arizona (Fort Whipple), eastern Kansas (Topeka; Lawrence), Illinois (Warsaw; Mount Carmel); New York (Orange County; Fort Hamilton), Louisiana (Plaquemine Parish), etc. Picus ayresiti Aupuson, Birds Am., oct. ed., vil, 1844, 348, pl. 494 (near Ft. Union, upper Missouri R.; type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Colaptes ayresi BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 113.—Hareairr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 22 (Brit. Columbia; Stockton and San Francisco, California; Pueblo, Colorado). [Colaptes] ayresi Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.—SHarpr, Hand- list, ii, 1900, 201. Picus ayresi De Kay, Nat. Hist. N. Y., ii, 1844, 194. C[olaptes] ayresiti RetcHenBacH, Handb. Scans.-Picine, 1854, 413, pl. 666, fig. 4421. Colapies ayresit BArrD, Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (Ft. Union).—HEERMANN, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., ii, 1852, 270 (mts. near Cosumnes R., California, 2 specs.).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 120. a For special discussion of this hybrid series see the following: Baird, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 122-124.—Coues, Birds of the North-West, 1874, 293, 294.— Ridgway and Belding, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 430-432.—Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1892, 21-44.—Rhoads, Science, xx, 1892, 325-327. b Some California specimens are doubtless hybrids of C. auratus borealis and C. cafer saturatior, whose respective ranges adjoin in northern British Columbia and southern Alaska. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 23 Geopicus ayresii MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 260. Colaptes hybridus Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 122 (valleys of upper Missouri and Yellowstone rivers); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 98a.— Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 3 (Topeka and Lawrence, Kansas).—Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 582, pl. 54, fig. 3.— Riweway, Field and Forest, 1877, 209 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 56 (Washoe Valley, Nevada, 1 spec., Jan.); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 387.— Benpvire, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 130 (Camp Harney, Oregon, 1 spec.). Colaptes ‘‘hybridus” Covxs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 618 (upper Missouri, Milk R., and Yellowstone R.). Colaptes auratus, var. hybridus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 38 (Nevada). Colaptes auratus, 7. hybridus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, Apr., 1878, 68 (Calaveras Co., California; crit.) —BrLpine and Ripeway, Proc. U. §. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 430 (Marysville, California, Jan., Feb.; crit.). Colaptes auratus hybridus Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 190; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378a.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., w. Texas). Picus hybridus aurato-mexicanus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Picinarium, 1866, 72. Colaptes auratus+mexicanus Cougs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 183, in text (Ft. Whipple, Arizona, 1 spec., Feb. 20). Colaptes auratus+-C. mexicanus Bertier, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, Oct., 1881, 247 (Orange Co. and Ft. Hamilton, New York; Mt. Carmel, Illinois). Colaptes auratus+-cafer Burns, Wilson Bull., no, 18, 1898, 4 (Chester Co., Penn- sylvania, 1 spec., Oct. 3, 1898). (?)Colaptes auratus? Riweway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 557 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada, 1 spec., Oct.). Colaptes auratus (not Cuculus auratus Linneus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 139 (Ft. Hays, w. Kansas).—Berier, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 47 (Ft. Hamilton, New York, 1 spec., Oct. 4, 1879). (?)Colaptes chrysoides Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, 1875, 19, 38 (West Hum- boldt Mts., Nevada).—Bryer, ALiison, and Kopman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 448 (Deer Range Plantation, Plaquemine Parish, Louisiana, 1 spec., Dec., 1863). COLAPTES CHRYSOCAULOSUS CHRYSOCAULOSUS Gundlach. CUBAN FLICKER. Similar to C. auratus, but rump thickly spotted with black, gray of pileum lighter and clearer, and under parts more heavily spotted. Adult male.—Pileum, together with lower and lateral portions of hindneck, uniform clear gray (about no. 6), interrupted by a large crescentic nuchal patch of bright poppy red; back, scapulars, wing- coverts, and secondaries grayish brown (olivaceous broccoli brown to nearly isabella color) sharply barred with black, the bars broader (but still narrower than the grayish brown interspaces) on secondaries; primary coverts and primaries black, the former narrowly edged ter- minally with dull whitish or pale yellowish, the inner (proximal) primaries more or less spotted or barred on middle portion of outer web with the same or pale grayish brown; shafts of remiges bright clrome or deep-chrome yellow; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former thickiy marked with mostly cordate spots of black, the 24 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. latter broadly barred or transversely spotted with black; tail black, the rectrices narrowly edged with dull whitish or with narrow bars of the same along edge, the outermost one with distinct bars for most of its length; shafts of rectrices bright chrome yellow basally; under side of tail saffron yellow, extensively tipped with black; loral, orbital, and auricular regions, chin, throat, and foreneck, uniform grayish vinaceous or deep vinaceous-cinnamon; malar region deep black; a large semilunar or transversely ovoid patch of deep black on chest; rest of under parts pale maize or naples yellow medially, passing into pale buffy brown or pale cinnamon laterally, each feather with a large subterminal or roundish spot of black; under wing- coverts light buff-yellow, those along edge of wing much paler and irregularly barred with black; inner webs of remiges pale buff-yellow for basal half (more or less), olive-dusky distally, strongly glossed (except along edge) with light chrome yellow; bill dusky (in dried skins); legs and feet dusky grayish or horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 257-290 (274) ; wing, 136.5-146.5 (142.3) ; tail, 96.5-111 (105.4); culmen, 32.5-36.5 (34); tarsus, 26.5-28 (27.1); outer anterior toe, 20.5-23.5 (22.2) .¢ Adult female—Similar to the adult male, but black malar patch replaced by the general vinaceous-cinnamon color of throat, ete.; length (skins), 250-280 (268); wing, 133-145 (141.1); tail, 100-108 (104.2); culmen, 32.5-35.5 (83.3); tarsus, 25-28.5 (26.8); outer ante- rior toe, 21-23 (21.9).% Island of Cuba (Guam4; El Guam4; Remédios; San Diego de los Bajios; Trinidad). Colaptes auratus (not Cuculus auratus Linneus) Viecors, Zool. Journ., iii, 1828, 444 (Cuba).—D’Orsreny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Fis. Pol. y Nat. Cuba, Aves, 1839, 110; French ed., p. 144.—DeEnwny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.— LemBeEyeE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 131.—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 103 (habits)—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.— GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 415 (crit.). P{tcus] auratus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 516 (Cuba). Colaptes chrysocaulosus GuNDLAcH, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vi, 1858, 273 ( , Cuba); Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 153 (habits); Contr. Orn. Cubana, 1876, 274; Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 142.—ALBrecut, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 210.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 330 (synonymy; descr.); Birds West Ind., 1889, 175; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 128.—Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 15.—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 301 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba). [Colaptes] chrysocaulosus GuNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334; Repert. Fisico- Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 294.—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.— Sciater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 20.—SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. C[olaptes] chrysocaulosus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295. [Colaptes auratus] var. chrysocaulosus BarRD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 575. Phicus] chrysocaulosus Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vi, 1858, 276 (crit.). a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 25 COLAPTES CHRYSOCAULOSUS GUNDLACHI (Cory). GRAND CAYMAN FLICKER. Similar to @. ¢. chrysocaulosus, but decidedly smaller and black malar patch of male averaging smaller and narrower.® Adult male.—Length (skins), 225-235 (232); wing, 127-132.5; tail, 75-90.5 (85.2); culmen, 30-33 (31.3); tarsus, 23-25 (23.8); outer anterior toe, 20-20.5 (20.2).° Adult female.—Length (skins), 240-260 (250); wing, 127-131 (129.5); tail, 86.5-91.5 (88.1); culmen, 29-32.5 (30.6); tarsus, 24-25 (24.5); outer anterior toe, 19.5-20.5 (20).°¢ Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba. Colaptes gundlacht Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 498, 502 (Grand Cayman, W. I.; coll. C. B. Cory); Birds West Ind., 1889, 175; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 129, 143.—Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 15.—Nico11, Ibis, 1904, 584 (crit.).—Lowe, Ibis, 1909, 341; 1911, 150. [Colaptes] gundlachi SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES CHRYSOIDES (Malherbe). GILDED FLICKER. Adult male.—Pileum, together with loral and superciliary regions, dull vinaceous-cinnamon or vinaceous-fawn color, passing into vinaceous-drab on hindneck; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and sec- ondaries deep écru-drab, rather narrowly barred with black (the black bars always less than half as wide as the drab interspaces) except on secondaries (where much broader); rump white, mostly immaculate, but laterally transversely spotted with black; upper tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black, sometimes with U- or V-shaped markings instead of bars, or with both; tail black, the basal half or more of inner web of middle pair of rectrices notched or barred along edge with pale brownish gray, the outer web of one or two middle pairs narrowly edged basally with dull whitish, the outermost (devel- oped) pair with a terminal spot and (usually) several spots along edge of distal portion of outer web, of dull whitish or pale brownish, the ° shafts of all the rectrices (except middle pair, which are dull yellowish or brownish basally) bright yellow basally (sometimes for nearly basal half); primaries dull black with bright cadmium or chrome yellow shafts, the outer web usually with more or less distinct spots of pale yellowish drab or dull yellowish on proximal or middle portion (or both), at least on proximal quills; rictal, suborbital, and auricular regions, sides of neck, chin, throat, and foreneck uniform gray (nearest no. 7, or between this and smoke gray), passing posteriorly @ The alleged color-characters mentioned in the original description are not appar- ent in the series examined by me. b Five specimens, ¢ Four specimens. 26 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (more or less distinctly) into much paler and more pinkish gray or vinaceous-whitish along anterior margin of the large black, broadly remiform, jugular patch; malar region (except anterior point) bright vermilion red, the feathers grayish basally; rest of under parts vinaceous-white, the vinaceous tinge more obvious laterally, thickly spotted with black, the spots mostly circular or subcordate, more transverse on flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale buffy yellow or pale straw yellow, still paler (yellowish white) along edge of wing, where narrowly barred with blackish; inner webs of remiges dusky olive (changing or passing into dull golden yellowish toward shaft) on distal portion (extensively on outer primaries), broadly edged proximally with light creamy yellow (nearest maize yellow), the distal portion of secondaries with broad spots or large roundish indentations of the same; under surface of tail, abruptly, dull yellow (nearly wax yellow) for basal half (approximately), the shafts of same portion clear bright yellow; bill dull black or brownish black; feet grayish or olive-grayish (in dried skins); length (skins), 246-285 (264); wing, 138.5-148.5 (143.9); tail, 87-98.5 (93.3); cul- men, 33-37 (34.9); tarsus, 26-27.5 (26.5); outer anterior toe, 19.5-23 (21).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but red malar stripe replaced by gray (like throat, etc.); length (skins), 243-270 (258), wing, 139.5-146 (141.6); tail, 85-91.5 (88.7); culmen, 31-36 (34.1): tarsus, 25.5-29 (26.8); outer anterior toe, 19-20.5 (19.9).° a'Ten specimens. b Eight specimens Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males ( C. c. chrysoides) from Cape San Lucas district.| 143.9 93. 3 34.9 26. 5 21 Five adult males (C. c. brunnescens) from northern Lower Califormlas, © 3): tice soceice ace e Sats see ee ee os Mota eee neat aaes 142.3 89.8 35. 4 26.7 21.1 Three adult males ( C. c. mearnsi) from Guaymas, southwestern SOnOrae see ie 5 te Se ek oe Ce ee ok eR Se eee 146.3 96. 8 35. 7 27.7 21.3 One adult male (C. c. mearnsi) from Camoa, southeastern BOHOL seers Se cies Spats specie spe ea eyaye Hie ee IRE are nN See Ee eel | ymca fatale pl Ermine mereka Sete terernel| elameta'a sell atateterateete Ten adult males (C. c. mearnsi) from northern Sonora (5) and ATIZONE (DB) cere sems ate dsc sade sae See ees cae een a eee Beare 148. 2 93. 8 37.8 27.7 22. 5 FEMALES. Seven adult females (C. c. chrysoides) from Cape San Lucas Gistrictsxwe senso h ike coe see ke LS Ue Se ta terstrer 145 90. 8 33. 2 26. 8 20. 6 Seven adult females (C. c. brunnescens) from northern Lower Californian eee taus isan Secu a settee sna aos acne eae eee 141.4 88. 6 34.5 27 19.9 One adult female ( C. c. mearnsi) from Guaymas, southwestern BONOLAg sree tetas cece e otis Sule cietaetre serait inlet unter ere 141 96. 5 34. 5 27 22 Ten adult females ( C. c. mearnsi) from northern Sonora (5) and ATIZONG (SO) Eoin ee adecele seen sects dsibetwe ca besee cece eee 146.9 92.6 36. 6 27 20.7 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, a1 Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but forehead usually tinged with red, red malar stripe less intense (often less uniform, more or less barred), feathers of occiput and hindneck (sometimes of crown also) indistinctly tipped with paler, gray of throat, etc., paler and (usually) less bluish, black spots on under parts smaller and less’ sharply defined, and yellow of wings and tail paler. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but malar stripe light vinaceous brown or pale fawn color. Southern Lower California (Cape San Lucas; San José del Cabo; Santiago; San Ignacio; Santa Ana; Santa Anita; Triunfo; La Paz; Todos Santos; Ubai; 20 miles south of Calmalli). Geopicus (Colaptes . . .) chrysoides MALHERBE, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., iv, Dec., 1852, 553 (‘‘America;’’ type locality fixed by Anthony, Auk, xii, 1895, 347, as Cape San Lucas, Lower California). Geopicus chrysoides MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., iv, 1862, 261, pl. 109, figs: 1, 4. C[olaptes] chrysoides REICHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picinee, 1854, 413.—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part—Ripa@way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295, part. [Colaptes] chrysoides BoNApartTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.—Gray, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8834, part.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 198, part.— SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201, part. Colaptes chrysoides Barrp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 302 (Cape San Lucas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 99, part.—SctatEer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344 (Cape San Lucas).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidze, 1868, 120 (Mexico).— Exuiot, New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pl. 26 and text, part.—CovEs, Check List, 1873, no. 313, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 458, part—Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 583, part, pl. 54, fig. 2 (not fig. 1).—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ii, 1880, 190, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 379, part.—Brxpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1883, 543 (La Paz, Lower California), 349 (Victoria Mts., Lower California).—AMERI- CAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unrton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 414, part; 3d ed., 1910, 195, part—Bryant, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 287, part (Cape district; Santa Margarita I.)—Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 16, part (La Paz, Triunfo, Todos Santos, San José, and Cape San Lucas, Lower California).—Satvrin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 405, part—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 138, part.—Brewster, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xli, 1902, 108 (Cape San Lucas district; crit., etc.). Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June 25, 1902, 78, part.—Ripeaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 32 (range).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommitTEE, Auk, xxix, 1912, 383. Picus*chrysoides SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 72, part. COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES BRUNNESCENS Anthony. SAN FERNANDO FLICKER. Similar to C. c. chrysoides, but coloration decidedly darker and browner, color of pileum more rufescent (russet, or between russet and mars brown, in typical specimens), immaculate area of rump more restricted (sometimes whole rump spotted with black), wing and tail averaging shorter, and bill longer. 28 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 245-265 (259); wing, 135-147 (142.3); tail, 84-94.5 (89.8); culmen, 32.5-37.5 (35.4); tarsus, 26-27 (26.7); outer anterior toe, 20.5-22 (21.1).% Adult female—tLength (skins), 243-248 (246); wing, 139.5-142 (140.6); tail, 87.5-91.5 (89.1); culmen, 33-36 (34.3); tarsus, 25.5-28 (26.6); outer anterior toe, 19-20.5 (19.8).¢ Pacific coast district of northern Lower California (San Fernando; 45 miles south of San Quintin; between San Fernando and El Rosario; 45 miles east of Sandunttin). Colaptes chrysoides (not Geopicus chrysoides Malherbe) ANTHONY, Auk, xii, 1895, 139 (San Fernando, n. w. Lower California; crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- cists’ Unton, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 195, part——Bryant, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 2d ser., 1889, 287, part (El Rosdrio, Lower California). Colaptes chrysoides brunnescens ANTHONY, Auk, xi, Oct., 1895, 347 (San Fer- nando, n. w. Lower California; coll. A. W. Anthony 6).—AmERIcAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTrEsx, Auk, xiv, 1897, 120 (Check List, no. 414a); xxix, 1912,383.—THayErR and Banas, Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Rosdrio, Santa Ana, San Javiér, and San Rosarito, Lower California; crit.)—Rip@way, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 32 (range). [Colaptes] brunnescens SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201, part. COLAPTES CHRYSOIDES MEARNSI Ridgway. MEARNS’S GILDED FLICKER. Similar to C. c. chrysoides, but larger and paler, with pileum more strongly cinnamomeous, black bars on back, etc., narrower, spots on outer webs of primaries more conspicuous (primary coverts also sometimes spotted), gray of throat, etc., lighter, and black spots on under parts usually smaller. Adult male—tLength (skins), 261-275 (269); wing, 141-153 (148.2); tail, 85.5-100.5 (93.8); culmen, 35.5-40.5 (37.8); tarsus, 25-29 (27.7); outer anterior toe, 21.5—-24 (22.5).° Adult female—tbLength (skins), 246-283 (266); wing, 143-153 (146.9); tail, 86-100 (92.6); culmen, 34-39.5 (36.6); tarsus, 27-29 (27.6); outer anterior toe, 20-23 (21.7).° Southeastern California? and southern Arizona (Lowell; Quito- vaquita; Phoenix; Pichaca Station, Pinél County; Fort Mojave; Big Bug Creek and Antelope Station, Yavapai County; Temple; Desert Station, Maricopa County; mouth of New River; Big Sandy River; San Pedro Valley; Santa Catalina Mountains) and southward through Sonora (Pozo de Luis; Senoyta; Opodepe; Colénia Lerdo; Camoa; Guaymas; Magdalena; Ysleta; Hermosillo; La Cobriza; Cedros) to Sinaloa (Culiac4n). a Five specimens. ¢ Ten specimens. b Now in coll. Carnegie Museum. 4A. O. U. Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 195. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 29 Colaptes chrysoides (not Geopicus chrysoides Malherbe) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 125 (Mexican boundary line); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 6; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 99, part.—CoopeEr, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., 1861, 122 (Ft. Mojave, Arizona); Orn. Calif., 1870, 410, part (Ft. Mojave).—Coves, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 56 (Ft. Mojave); Check List, 1873, no. 318, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 458, part.— Euuiot, New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pl. 26 and text, part.— Bairp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 583, part, pl. 54, fig. 1 (not fig. 2)—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 379, part.—Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 73 (Tucson, Arizona); viii, 1883, 24 (Big Sandy R., Tucs6n, and Camp Lowell, Arizona; descr. young; crit.) —Brtpine, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 344 (Guaymas, Sonora).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- gists’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895) no. 414, part; 3ded., 1910, 195, part.—Scorrt, Auk, iii, 1886, 429 (Tucson, San Pedro Valley, and Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona).—Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 16, part (Tucson, etc., Arizona; Ysleta and Hermosillo, Sonora).—Ruoaps, Proc- Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 116 (s. Arizona, in valleys).—Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 405, part (Guaymas, Hermosillo, La Cobriza, Cedros, and Ysleta, Sonora).—Brnpirg, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 138, part.—Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Culiacaén, Sinaloa).—THayrer and Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, 1906, 18 (Opodepe, Sonora). [Colaptes] chrysoides Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8834, part.—Covss, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 198, part.—SHarpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201, part. C[olaptes] chrysoides Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part.—Rupe- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 295, part. Colaptes chrysoides chrysoides GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 78, part. Picus chrysoides SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 72, part. Colaptes chrysoides mearnst Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 32 (Quitovaquita, Arizona; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—AMERICcAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiITTEE, Auk, xxix, 1912, 384. COLAPTES CAFER CAFER (Gmelin). MEXICAN RED-SHAFTED FLICKER. Adult male.—Pileum grayish brown (nearly broccoli brown to sepia) passing anteriorly into cinnamon-brown or russet on forehead (sometimes crown also cinnamomeous), this into clearer cinnamon or russet on loral and superciliary regions, the hindneck more grayish brown or brownish gray; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and seconda- ries brown or grayish brown (drab or brownish drab),* barred, more or less broadly, with black, the black bars always much less than half as wide as the brown interspaces, except on secondaries, where much broader, those on the distal secondaries about as wide as the brown ones, here reduced to deep marginal indentations; rump white, @ Asa rule, the color is lighter and grayer in specimens taken in late spring and summer, darker and browner in those which have recently molted. 30 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. immaculate (or nearly so) centrally, broadly barred or transversely spotted with black laterally ; upper tail-coverts white, broadly barred with black, the black bars about as wide as the white interspaces, sometimes wider; upper surface of tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices narrowly edged with pale brownish, or sometimes slightly spotted or indented along edge with the same, the shafts bright, orange-red (flame scarlet) basally, the shafts of other rectrices clearer flame scarlet for most of their length; primaries brownish black or blackish brown, margined at tip (except in worn plumage) with whitish and sometimes with middle portion spotted or indented with pale brownish, their shafts bright, clear flame scarlet; rictal and auricular regions, sides of neck, chin, throat, and foreneck plain gray (nearest mouse gray); malar region bright red (between poppy red and carmine); a large, broadly reniform, patch of uniform black on chest, this margined anteriorly (next to gray of foreneck) by a more or less distinct narrow band of pale vinaceous-pinkish; rest of under parts pale vinaceous-pink or vinaceous-white, passing into white on lower abdomen, anal region, and under tail-coverts, thickly spotted with black, these spots very sharply defined, mostly roundish or sub- cordate, larger on flanks, still larger and more transverse on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts pale salmon-pink or flesh color, those along edge of wing still paler (pinkish white) and barred or flecked, more or less, with dusky ; inner webs of remiges mostly deeper salmon- pink or flesh color (in closed wing), the outermost and longer primaries darker orange-reddish, passing into dusky on edge, but proximally broadly edged with the general salmon-pink color, the secondaries with distal half or more broadly barred with dusky, the pinkish inter- spaces forming broad spots along edge of inner web; under surface of tail dull orange-red (between coral red and orange chrome, but nearer the former) for the greater part but broadly and abruptly black terminally, the shafts within the red portion brighter and purer red (flame scarlet or orange chrome), the lateral rectrices usually with a small terminal spot of dull whitish or pale brownish and the outer web blackish exteriorly, with or without dull whitish or pale brownish bars or indentations; bill dull black or slate- blackish; iris reddish brown to dark brownish red; legs and feet dull grayish (grayish blue or bluish gray in life); length (skins), 252-290 (274); wing, 153-162 (157.4); tail, 97-116.5 (105.6); culmen, 32.5-37.5 (35.1); tarsus, 26-29 (27.5); outer anterior toe, 19-23 (21.1).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but malar region gray, like throat, etc. (usually light brownish anteriorly); length (skins), a Twenty specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 31 243-290 (271); wing, 151-159 (156); tail, 95-108.5 (104.1); culmen, 33-36 (34); tarsus, 26.5-28.5 (27.6); outer anterior toe, 19-22 (20.7).¢ Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but coloration duller, gray of throat, etc., duller, more brownish, black jugular patch smaller and less sharply defined, black spots on under parts less sharply defined, less rounded, feathers of pileum indistinctly tipped @ Seventeen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES, Ten adult males from southeastern Mexico (Vera Cruz, Morelos, FSUPIIO SICO oe Shin asin cln a cil wc cp mae viseemaaaciadecteaSesees tee 158.4} 108.1 35. 6 27.3 21d Ten adult males from southwestern Mexico (Guerrero, Michoa- BA MATT ALISCO) le oiaia\ elas clone eiele siascice acess Bae antec acts 156.4 | 102.8 34.7 27.4 21 Three adult males ( C. c. cafer?) from Durango..........----.--- 161.5 | 106.7 37.5 28 Dz, Two adult males ( C. c. cafer?) from Chihuahua...........----- 159.7 | 104.2 36. 7 28.2 22 Five adult males ( @. c. collaris) from Arizona (3), New Mexico GupaAnlawesverit LOxas (Ll) o.8 (oe gst aescec cece sicccecessees 168.6 | 111.1 36.6 28. 8 21.9 Ten adult males (C. c. collaris) from California...........-...-- 165 113. 2 38 29. 7 22.4 Six adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Oregon.....-..-..-.------- 165.5 | 116 37.7 29.5 22.6 Two adult males ( C. c. collaris) from northern Lower California..| 161 105. 7 40. 2 29. 2 22. 5 Two adult males (C. c. collaris) from Santa Cruz Island, Cali- MID ee ac 6 sistas os cio ee ete ac asedceee ese eeeces'sates ae scese 157 102.5 36 29 24 Four adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Utah..........--------.- 165.5 | 112.8 37.3 29.6 22.5 Ten adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Colorado.........--------- 166.4 | 112 38. 4 29.8 2252 One adult male (C. c. collaris) from Wyoming..........------- 167-15) |e 07; 37 32 2325 Seven adult males ( C. c. collaris) from Montana........-..---- 165.6 | 114.2 37.8 29.6 22. 4 Ten adult males ( C. c. saturatior) from Washington and British MASLHUED Sefer Ae hh. ee Seas see e eles Voesue cone Jaknce 169.9 118.7 39.8 30 23.9 Six adult males ( C. c. rufipileus) from Guadalupe Island....... 150 110 38.9 27.3 22.2 FEMALES. Seventeen adult females ( C. c. cafer) from southern Mexico..... 156 104.1 34 27.6 20. 7 Five adult females ( C. c. cafer) from northern Mexico.......... 157. 1) 101 7 34.8 27.9 21.6 Seven adult females (C. c. collaris) from Arizona (3), New Mexico;(s) and western Texas (1) \oc5 52. ses2-S.0cessesecsne 163.6 | 106.5 37 28.8 22.1 Ten adult females (C. c. collaris) from California.............-- 162.1 | 109.8 36.5 27.4 22.1 Five adult females (C. c. collaris) from Oregon..........------- 163.9 | 110.7 37.6 30.1 22.1 One adult female ( C. c. collaris) from Utah........-...-.---.-- 160.5 | 109 35.5 29 21 Two adult females ( C. c. collaris) from Colorado..........-.--- 16722"|) 113 38. 7 28. 2 21 Three adult females ( C. c. collaris) from Wyoming........-.--- 163.5 | 108.5 35.8 28.7 21.8 Seven adult females ( C. c. collaris) from Montana...........--- 161.9 | 110.9 35. 2 29.1 21.9 One adult female ( C. c. collaris) from South Dakota..........- 169.5} 118.5 36 30 22. 5 Ten adult females (C. c. saturatior) from Washington and LILISH CONIDIA Me e188 tee es ce See wesc a bee eee es U67ed ly 37.7 28.7 22.7 Seven adult females (C. c. rufipilews) from Guadalupe Island..| 152.5 | 110.4 39 28 21.7 Specimens from the States of Guanajuato, Durango, Nuevo Leon, and Chihuahua, while small like those from the more southern parts of Mexico are decidedly paler and grayer in coloration, in this respect being undistinguishable from examples of C. c. collaris from the interior districts of the United States. 32 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. with paler, and red malar stripes less bright, less uniform, and black terminal area on under side of tail not sharply defined. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but malar region dull grayish brown or brownish gray instead of red. Central and southern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Ciudad Victoria, in southern part), Vera Cruz (Las Vigas; Orizaba; Mirador; Jalapa; Suapim; Monte Alto; Cofre de Perote), Puebla (base of Orizaba; San Martin Texmelucén; Huejotzingo; Totimehuacan; San Miguél Molino), Mexico (Volcan de Popocatépetl; Volcan de Ixtacci- huatl; Ixtapalapa; Teteleo; Xochimilco; Chimalapa; Tacubaya; Huipulco, Tlalpam; Temiscdltepec; near City of Mexico), Hidalgo (Reaél del Monte), Morelos (Huitzilac; Tetela del Volcan), San Luis Potosi (Sierra de San Luis Potosi), Aguas Calientes (Sierra de Xeres; Sierra de Calvillo), Jalisco (Volean de Nieve; Volcan de Colima; Los Masos; Tonila; La Pisagua; Sierra de Bolafios; Sierra Madre de Nayarit; Zapotlan), Michoacan (Patzcuaro), Tepic (Sierra de Nayarit; Sierra Madre), Guerrero (Omilteme; Sierra Madre del Sur), and Oaxaca (mountains near Ozocdétopec; La Parada; Totdéntepec; Tonaguia; Villa Alta). [Picus] cafer GMEtin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 431 (Cape of Good Hope; error).— LatuHaM, Index Orn., i, 1790, 242. Picus cafer Vretttot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 102. C[olaptes] cafer StEJNEGER, Stand. Nat. Hist., iv, 1885, 428, in text, part.— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296, part. Colaptes cafer AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISLS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 413, part.—Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (base of Volcan de Orizaba, Puebla; Volcan de Ixtaccihuatl and V. de Popocatepetl, 11,000- 12,000 ft.).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 134, part.—CHap- MAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 43 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft., breeding). Colaptes cafer cafer AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 195. P{icus] lathami WaautER, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 85 (new name for Picus cafer Gmelin). Colaptes mexicanus SwAINnsoNn, Philos. Mag., n. s., i, 1827, 440 (Real del Monte, Hidalgo, Mexico; coll. Bullock); Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 315; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 3.—SciatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 307 (Sua- pam, Vera Cruz); 1858, 305 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 367 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); 1864, 177 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344, part (Mexico).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 120, part (in synony- my).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 121, part (Mexico).— Sumicurast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 562 (alpine reg. Vera Cruz).— Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 578, part (Oaxaca; Vera Cruz).—FERRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 160 (San Martin Texmelucan, and Totimehuacan, Puebla).—Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 17, part (localities in Zacatecas?, San Luis Potos{f, Jalisco, Tepic, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Vera Cruz), 568 (Sierra Bolafios, Jalisco).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 402, part (Sierra Bolafios, Volcan de Colima, and Zapotlan, Jalisco; Sierra BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 33 de Xeres, and Sierra de Calvillo, Aguas Calientes; Sierra de San Luis Potosi; Sierra de Nayarit and Sierra Madre, Tepic; Guanajuato; Tetelco, Chimalpa, Ixtapalapa, and Temiscaltepec, Mexico; Real del Monte, Hidalgo; Popo- catepetl, Ixtaccihuatl, San Miguel Molino, Texmelucan, and Totimehua- can, Puebla; Las Vigas, Suapam, Jalapa, Orizaba, Monte Alto, and Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz; La Parada, Totontepec, Tonaguia, and Villa Alta, Oaxaca; Omilteme, Guerrero). [Colaptes] mexicanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8830, part.—CovEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 198, part.—ScLaTeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101, part.—SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. Clolaptes] mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part. Geopicus mexicanus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 262, part, pl. 110, figs. 4, 5. Picus mexicanus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 72, part. Pficus] rubicatus WaGLER, Isis, 1829, 516 (Mexico; coll. Berlin Mus.). Colaptes rubricatus Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 109 (Mexico); Nuov. Sc. Nat. Bol., ii, 1839, 403 (Mexico).—Bo te, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 319, part (Mexico; habits). [Colaptes] rubricatus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 114. COLAPTES CAFER COLLARIS (Vigors). RED-SHAFTED FLICKER. Similar to @. c. cafer, but decidedly larger, and averaging decidedly paler and more grayish (or less brownish) in coloration. Adult male.—Length (skins), 257-320 (280); wing, 156-174 (165.8); tail, 101-121 (112.6); culmen, 33.5-40 (37.9); tarsus, 27-32 (29.8); outer anterior toe, 20.5-24 (22.4).¢ Adult female——tLength (skins), 265-311 (282); wing, 152-173 (163.2); tail, 99.5-120 (109.8); culmen, 34-41.5 (36.9); tarsus, 27-31.5 (28.7); outer anterior toe, 20-23 (21.8).° Western United States and southwestern British Provinces (except coast district from northern California northward) and northern Mexico; north to British Columbia (east of Coast Range), central Alberta and southwestern Saskatchewan, east to western portion of the Great Plains (where interbreeding extensively with C. auratus borealis and C. auratus luteus), occasionally or accidentally to western Iowa (frequent), eastern Kansas (in winter), Oklahoma (Caddo), etc.; south over northern Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (northern portion), Nuevo Leén,° Coahuila (Agua Nueva), Guana- juato,© Chihuahua’ (Chupadero; San José; Concepcién; Chihuahua City; Temosachic; Colonia Garcia; Colonia Diaz; Pacheco; Chui- chupa), Sonora (Hermosillo), Zacatecas (Sierra de Jerez), northwest- ern Durango? (Rosario; Ciudad; Rancho Santuario; La Boquilla; Las @ Forty-five specimens. b Thirty-six specimens. ¢ As already stated on p. 31, specimens from Guanajuato, Durango, Nuevo Leon, etc., while small, like C. c. cafer, have the paler, grayer coloration of C. c. collaris, being thus intermediate between the two forms. On the whole, they seem best referred to the latter. 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——3 34 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Bocas; Cienega de las Vacas; Rio Sestin; Arroyo del Buéy), and northern Lower California (Nachiguero Valley; San Pedro Martir Mountains, 7,000-10,000 feet; Santa Ulalia; 45 miles east of San Quintin). Colaptes collaris Vieors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 354 (Monterey, California); Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ 1839, 24, pl. 9—GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 56 (New Mexico to California) —McCatt, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1851, 220 (New Mexico).—BonapaRrTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 114.—Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Exp. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (Monterey). C[olaptes] collaris REICcHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 414, pl. 667, fig. 4421. [Colaptes| collaris SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. C[olaptes] cafer collaris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296, footnote, in text (crit.). Colaptes cafer collaris Neuson, Auk, xvii, 1900, 123 (crit.)—AMERICAN ORNI- THOLOGISTS’ UN1on Comuirres, Auk, xviii, 1901, 301; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 195.—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 39 (California range).— Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 581 (Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., n. California; crit.).—MinLer (W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 165 (Rosario, Rancho Santuario, La Boquilla, Las Bocas, etc., n. w. Durango, breeding; crit.).—Larsen, Wilson Bull., no. 60, 1907, 114 (Lyman Co., South Dakota, summer res.).—CAMERON, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 270 (Custer and Daven- port counties, Montana, common, breeding; crit.; mostly ‘‘with auratus blood”).—ANDERSON, Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 279 (w. Iowa, frequent).—BeEnt, Auk, xxv, 1908, 26 (s. w. Saskatchewan, common, breeding; interbreeding with C. auratus borealis).—Srton, Auk, xxv, 1908, 453 (Winni- peg, 1 spec., Sept. 30, 1904) —Presie, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 388 (w. Alberta; Ft. Chippewyan, 1 spec.).—LintTon, Condor, x, 1908, 84 (San Clemente I., California), 127 (Santa Cruz I., California)—Kermope, Prov. Mus. Brit. Columbia, 1909, 50 (east of Cascade range).—VisHER, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 148 (w. South Dakota, abundant).—Berat, Bull. no. 34, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1910, 25 (food).—Ferry, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 199 (Saskatchewan, com- mon).—VisHER, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 12 (Harding Co., w. South Dakota, mostly west of Little Missouri R., breeding).—Brat, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 59 (food).—Isrty, Auk, xxix, 1912, 36 (Sedgewick Co., Kansas, Dec., Feb.).—Howett (A. B.), Condor, xiv, 1912, 190 (Todos Santos Islands, Lower California; straggler). Colaptes mexicanus (not of Swainson, 1827) Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. Xxvi, 315, part.—Jarpineg, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 43, 44, foot- note.—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 667.—ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley, Califor- nia); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344, part (synonymy only).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 120, part; Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound. Surv., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 6 (Saltillo and Agua Nueva, Coahuila; San Elizario, Texas); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 98, part.—BuLaxiston, Ibis, 1862, 3 (int. British America).—DreEsseEr, Ibis, 1865, 470 (San Antonio, Nueces R., and Piedras Negras, Texas, in winter).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 121, part (San Francisco).—Coopsr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 408.—Ho.LpEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 207 (Sherman, Wyoming; habits)—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 314, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 459, part; Birds Northwest, 1874, 294.—Snow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 3 (Lawrence, e. Kansas, in winter).—Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 578, pl. 55, figs. 3,4. — Hensuaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 79 (Utah).—Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 555 (localities in Nevada and Utah).—Hareirr, Cat. Birds BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 35 Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 17, part (localities in w. United States; Chihuahua; Durango).—SaLvIn and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 402, part (Hermosillo, Sonora; Chupadero, San José, Concepcion, Chihuahua City, and Temosachic, Chihuahua; Ciudad Durango, Durango). Colaptes ‘‘mexicanus” ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Great Porcu- pine Creek, Fort Rice, Yellowstone R., Musselshell R., etc., North Dakota and Montana; crit.; includes hybrid series). [Colaptes] mexicanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8830, part.—SciaTErR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101, part.—Covzs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 198, part. C[olaptes] mexicanus Maximitt1aNn, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 421 (Fort Union).—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part. Picus mexicanus AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 174, pl. 416, fig. 5; Synopsis, 1839, 185; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 290, pl. 274.—SunpEvaL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 72, part. Picus (Colaptes) mexicanus Nurraun, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 603. Geopicus mexicanus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 262, part. Colaptes auratus, var. mexicanus Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 185 (Colorado).—Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 48 (Utah), 67 (Platte R.). Colaptes auratus mexicanus Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 171 (Sac- ramento, California); vii, 1875, 13 (Carson, Nevada), 19 (West Humboldt Mts., Nevada), 21 (Ruby Mts., Nevada), 34 (Parleys Park, Utah); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 7, 190, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378), part.— Mearns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 195 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon).— Hensuaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 79 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico). Colaptes auratus, var. mexicanus Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 38 (Nevada). [Colaptes auratus.] Var. mexicanus JorDAN, Man. Vertebr. E. U. S., 4th ed., 1884, 105. Colaptes auratus, 8. mexicanus Ripaway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, April, 1878, 67 (Calaveras Co., California).—Brtpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 430 (Marysville, Stockton, etc., California). Colaptes rubricatus (not Picus rubicatus Wagler) Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 40.—Botxe, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 319, part (habits). Colaptes cafer (not Picus cafer Gmelin) AMERICAN OrNiTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 413, part (mostly).—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 428 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, mostly above 6,000 ft.).—Luoyn, Auk, iv, 1887, 191 (Tom Green, Concho, and Uvalde counties, w. Texas, in winter).— Cooke, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 134 (Manhattan, Kansas; Caddo, Okla- homa; San Angelo, Texas; in winter).—BrcxHam, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 665 (San Antonio, Texas).—Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 287 (San Rafael, San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, 7,000- 10,000 ft.).—Hasprouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 239 (Eastland Co., Texas, common).— CuapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (Ashcroft, int. Brit. Colum- bia).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 29 (e. of Cascade range).— Atrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 235 (San Antonio, Texas, in migration).—SINGLEY, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas, rare winter visitant).—BEn- pirE, Life Hist. Birds N. Am., ii, 1895, 134, part.—GrinNELL (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 234 (Santa Catalina I., California).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 234 (Black Hills, Wyoming). Colaptes mexicanoides (not of Lafresnaye) Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, 333 (California).—Woopuovss, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 91 (Rio Grande, Texas). 36 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. COLAPTES CAFER SATURATIOR (Ridgway). NORTHWESTERN FLICKER. Similar to C. c. collaris but larger and darker (darker even than C. c. cafer), the upper parts browner, the under parts of body more strongly vinaceous. Adult male—Length (skins), 297-312 (806); wing, 164.5-177.5 (169.9); tail, 113-124 (118.7); culmen, 3742.5 (39.8); tarsus, 29-31 (30); outer anterior toe, 22.5—25 (23.9).% Adult female—tLength (skins), 285-313 (297); wing, 163.5-171 (167.1); tail, 110-123.5 (117); culmen, 36-40 (87.7); tarsus, 26-30.5 (28.7); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (22.7).¢ Northwest coast district, from northern California (Humboldt Bay, etc.) to southern Alaska (Sitka; Taku River; Kupreanoff, Dall, Gravina, Revillagigedo, and Etolin islands). Colaptes mexicanus (not of Swainson) Nutra, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 667, part.—SciateErR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236 (Vancouver I.).—Coorer and Sucxirey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 163 (Washington and Oregon west of Cascade Mts.).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolw., iv, 1864, 112 (Brit. Columbia).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).—Datt and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 275 (Sitka, Alaska).—Coorrr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 408, part.— Coves, Check List, 1873, no. 314, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 459, part; Birds N. W., 1874, 294, part.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 425 (Esqui- mault, Vancouver J.).—Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 17, part (Vancouver, San Juan, and Orcas islands, and Esquimault, Brit. Colum- bia; Whitby Island, Washington; Albany, Oregon). [Colaptes] mexicanus Cours. Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 198, part. C[olaptes] mexicanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 493, part. Colaptes auratus mexicanus Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 378, part. Colaptes mexicanus saturatior Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., ii, April 10, 1884, 90 (Neah Bay, Washington; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Colaptes cafer saturatior AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 413a; 3d ed., 1910, 195.—Nerxson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 161 (Sitka).—TownsgEnp (C.H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 206 (‘‘Redwood region” and Red Bluff, California) —CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (Westminster, Brit. Columbia).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 29 (west of Cascade Mts.).—PatmeEr (T.S8.), Auk, ix, 1892, 309 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—Benopire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 137.—GrinnEtt (J.), Auk, xv, 1898, 127 (Sitka); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 39 (California range)—Kosst, Auk, xvii, 1900, 352 (Cape Disappointment, Washington, resident)—Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, 1901, 45 (Cumshewa Inlet and Massett, Queen Charlotte Islands).—Ratusun, Auk, xix, 1902, 135 (Seattle, Washington, resident).— ANDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 9 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit.).—Bowuzs, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 144 (Tacoma, Washington, resident).—Epson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 434 (Bellingham, Washington, resi- dent).—Criark, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxxviii, 1910, 60 (Dockton, Wash- ington; Union Bay, Vancouver I.).—Swartu, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 70 (Kupreanof, Dall, Gravina, Revillagigedo, and Etolin islands, and Taku R., Alaska; crit.; habits); Rep. Birds and Mam. Vance. I., 1912, 39 (crit.). a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA.’ 37 C[olaptes] cafer saturatior Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296. [Colaptes] saturatior SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. Colaptes cafer (not Picus cafer Gmelin) Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 44 (Grays Harbor, Washington). COLAPTES CAFER RUFIPILEUS (Ridgway). GUADALUPE FLICKER. Similar in coloration to C. c. saturatior, but pileum much more rufescent (the forehead and superciliary region and upper portion of loral region deep cinnamon-rufous), black terminal band on under surface of tail broader, and smaller, with relatively longer bill. Adult male.—Length (skins), 284-301 (290); wing, 149-152 (150); tail, 104-113 (110); culmen, 37-41.5 (38.9); tarsus, 26.5-28 (27.3); outer anterior toe, 21—23 (22.2).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 283-314 (296); wing, 148.5-158 (152.5); tail, 102.5-114 (110.4); culmen, 37-43 (39); tarsus, 26.5-29 (28); outer anterior toe, 20.5-23 (21.7).° Guadalupe Island, off Pacific coast of Lower California. Colaptes mexicanus rufipileus Ripeway, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., ii, no. 2, April 1, 1876, 191 (Guadalupe Island, Lower California; col. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Colaptes rufipileus Ripeway, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, ii, July, 1877, 60, 61; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 190, 219, 229; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 380.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 415, 3d ed., 1910, 195.—Brvant (W. E.), Bull. Calif. Ac. Sci., ii, 1887, 285 (habits; descr. eggs; crit.); Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 287.BenpirE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 140.—Tuayer and Banas, Condor, x, 1908, 104. C[lolaptes] rufipileus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296. [Colaptes] rufipileus SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. Colaptes mexicanus (not of Swainson) Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 17, part. COLAPTES MEXICANOIDES Lafresnaye. GUATEMALAN FLICKER. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck uniform deep cinnamon-rufous or rufous-chestnut; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries broadly barred with black and light brown (nearly wood brown to slightly vinaceous cinnamon), the black and brown bars of nearly equal width, except on wings, where the former are broader, the pale brown bars on the secondaries (except proximal ones, or “ter- tials”) interrupted by a broad median extension of the black; rump and upper tail-coverts white, the former with a few cordate or V-shaped spots of black, the latter broadly barred, or transversely spotted, with black; primaries and rectrices black, with shafts (also those of secondaries) bright orange or saturn red, except for terminal portion of rectrices and shafts of middle pair of rectrices, which are black; inner web of middle pair of rectrices and terminal portion of a Six specimens. b Seven specimens. 38 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. outer web of lateral rectrix usually with a few irregular bars of pale grayish brown near edge, the outer web of middle rectrices some- times narrowly edged, or indistinctly barred along edge, with the same; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions, chin, throat, foreneck, and sides of neck uniform gray (about no. 6¢ or between that and smoke gray); malar region bright poppy red, the feathers first black then gray beneath surface; a large crescentic or semilunar patch of black on chest; rest of under parts dull white medially, shading into very pale pinkish gray or ecru drab laterally, each feather with a subterminal cordate or roundish spot of black, these markings more transverse or bar-like on flanks and under tail-coverts; under wing- coverts pale grayish pink, those along margin of wing narrowly and irregularly barred with black; inner webs of remiges (except outer- most) pale buff-pink or salmon-pink for basal half (approximately) the terminal portion dusky, strongly glossed or suffused with orange- pink or salmon-pink, except along edges; under side of tail rufous- orange broadly tipped with black, the lateral rectrices with a small terminal spot of dull whitish or pale dull orange and sometimes with a few narrow bars of the same alternating with much wider inter- spaces of blackish along edge; bill dusky horn color (in dried skins) ; legs and feet dusky grayish or horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 259-329 (276); wing, 153-163 (157.9); tail, 95.5-115 (111.7); culmen, 36-40.5 (38.2); tarsus, 28-30 (28.8); outer anterior toe, 22-24 (22.7). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but red malar stripe replaced by a similar area of cinnamon; length (skins), 265-300 (288); wing, 151-163 (154.7); tail, 104.5-113.5 (110.5); culmen, 34.5-38.5 (35.6); tarsus, 25-29 (27.7); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (21.8).° Highlands of Chiapas (San Cristébal) and Guatemala (Coban to Chiséc; Tactic; Coban; Hacienda Chancél; Todos Santos; Volcan de Santa Maria; Calderas and Pajil Grande, Volcan de Fuego; Barranca de los Chocoyas; Lake Atitlan; near Tecpim, 5,000-9,500 feet; a Ridgway’s ‘‘Nomenclature of Colors,’’ plate 2. b Sixteen specimens. ¢ Hight specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. or toe. MALES. Nine adult males/from! Guatemala. 32.5 224s coe cele 157 110.8 37.9 28.8 2260 Seven adult males from Chiapas (San Cristobal).........--.--- 159.1 | 112.9 38.2 28.9 22.8 FEMALES. Seven adult females from Guatemala.................---.----- 153.5 | 110.3 35. 6 ial ai One adult female from Chiapas (San Cristobal)......-.....-.--- 163 112 34.5 27.5 22 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 39 Barranca Honda; El Rincén, San Marcos; Ciupaché; plains of Que- zaltenango; ridge above Totonicapim). Northern Nicaragua (Mata- galpa).? P{icus] rubicatus WaGLER, Isis, 1829, 516, part (female). C[olaptes] rubricatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 446. Colaptes rubricatus GRAY, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, pl. 111. Geopicus rubricatus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 265, pl. 110, figs. d, 2. Col[aptes] mexicanoides LAFRESNAYE, Rev. Zool., vii, Feb., 1844, 42 (‘‘Mexico;” coll, Lafresnaye). Colaptes mexicanoides SCLATER al Savin, Ibis, 1859, 137 (Coban and Los Cho- coyas, Guatemala; crit.).—ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 344 (Coban).— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 121.—Satv1n and Gopman, Ibis, 1892, 327 (Matagalpa, Nicaragua); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 404 (locali- ties in Guatemala; Matagalpa).—DEARBoRN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 94 (Lake Atitlan and near Tecpam, Guatemala, 5,000-9,500 ft.; descr. nest; crit.). [Colaptes] mexicanoides GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8831.—SciaTEeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101. Clolaptes] mexicanoides BAtRD, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 574.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 296.—AttEeNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 25, 37 (crit.). Geopicos mexicanoides MALHERBE, Mém. Ac. Metz, xxx, 1849, 359. Colaptes collaris (not of Vigors) BonAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 114. [Colaptes| collaris BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126. Picus submexicanus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 72 (new name for C. mexicanoides; the latter rejected on grounds of purism). Colaptes submexicanus Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 21 (Barranca Hondo, Tactic, Coban, and Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala). [Colaptes] swb-mexicanus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 201. Genus NESOCELEUS Sclater and Salvin. Nesoceleus ScLaATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101, 155. (Type, by original designation, Colaptes fernandinx Vigors.) Rather large Picidse (wing 144-157 mm.) similar to Colaptes, but with nostrils wholly exposed (no trace of antrorse prefrontal plumes), no black jugular patch, no white on rump, and with whole of body, wings, and tail barred with black and brownish yellow. Bill about as long as head, rather slender, very slightly decurved terminally, its tip pointed (not at all chisel-shaped), its width at posterior end of nostrils decidedly greater than its depth at same point; ridge of culmen indistinct basally, distinct terminally; an indistinct supranasal ridge, running parallel with culmen for about basal half of maxilla; gonys about as long as mandibular rami, straight or very faintly concave terminally, slightly prominent basally, rather distinctly ridged; commissure nearly straight to near base, where slightly deflected. Nostril wholly exposed, rather large, roundish. Feathers of frontal antiz small, short, and erect (not 2 TJ have not seen a specimen from Nicaragua, and doubt whether specimens from that country are subspecifically identical with those from Guatemala. They should be carefully compared. 40 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. antrorse); no obvious bristly tips to feathers of rictus, malar apex, nor chin. Wing moderately long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by much less than length of exposed culmen; sixth to eighth primaries longest, ninth about equal to second, the tenth (outermost) a little more than half as long as ninth. Tail more than two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices rather narrow, gradually acuminate. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw, but shorter than outer front toe with claw, rather slender; toes rather slender and claws rather weak. Coloration.—Whole body, wings, and tail barred with black and brownish yellow or buffy; shafts of remiges and rectrices on under side (only) light yellow; pileum and sides of head cinnamon, the former narrowly streaked with black; adult male with a broad black malar stripe. Range.—Island of Cuba; monotypic. NESOCELEUS FERNANDINE (Vigors). FERNANDINA’S FLICKER. Adult male——Pileum and hindneck light wood brown or cinnamon, narrowly streaked with black; loral, orbital, rictal, and auricular regions immaculate light wood brown, usually somewhat paler on suborbital and rictal regions; rest of upper parts dull black, sharply and very regularly barred with pale dull yellow (the bars on dorsum and tail sometimes deeper yellow), the bars much narrower on rec- trices (where extending entirely across both webs), much broader on primaries; malar region black; chin and throat thickly streaked with black and white or yellowish white, the black streaks broader than the whitish ones; rest of under parts light buffy yellowish (dull pale maize yellow to nearly ocher yellow), sharply and very regularly barred with black, the black bars broadest on chest and flanks; under wing-coverts light creamy yellow (naples yellow), more or less barred or flecked with blackish, at least along edge of wing; inner webs of remiges dusky grayish olive (changing to yellowish in certain lights), spotted along edge (except on distal portion of outer primaries) with light creamy yellow, their shafts clear naples yellow; under surface of tail olive, changing to dull golden yellow, narrowly barred with dull yellow (naples or maize yellow), the shafts of rectrices clear naples or maize yellow; bill dull black; legs and feet dusky grayish or horn color (in dried skins); length (skins), 297-312 (304.5); wing, 146.5-157 (151.6); tail, 112.5-123 (118.5); culmen, 39-42.5 (41.1); tarsus, 28-31 (30.3); outer anterior toe, 23-24 (23.6).% Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but malar region streaked with black and white, like chin and throat; length (skins), 307-320 313); wing, 144-155.5 (148.6); tail, 102-126 (113.7); culmen, 36.5-40 (38.4); tarsus, 28.5-31.5 (30); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (22.3).¢ a Five specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIGA, 41 Island of Cuba (near Havana; San Diego de los Bafios; Holquin). Colaptes fernandine Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, Dec., 1827, 445 (near Havana, Cuba; coll. Zool. Soc.).—D’ Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Fis. Nat. Cuba, Aves, 1839, 112, pl. 24; French ed., 148.—Waaner, Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturg., 1841, 100.—Dewnny, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1847, 39.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 114.—LEmBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 131.—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 104 (habits)—Brewer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Gunpuacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 295; Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 155 (habits).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 122. [Colaptes] fernandinae LicntENSTEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 77.—Bona- PARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126—Gunp.tacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 202, no. 8833. C[olaptes] fernandinae RrtcHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 415, pl. 667, fig. 4427. P{icus] fernandinae WaGcLtER, Isis, 1829, 517. Geopicos fernandine MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 359. Geopicus fernandine MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 273; iv, 1862, pl. 113, figs. 4, 5. [ Nesoceleus] fernandine ScuaTeR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 20.—SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 226. Nesoceleus fernandine Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 380; Birds West Ind., 1889, 176; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 128—Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 419. Nesoeleus fernandinae GUNDLACH, Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 144. Picus fernandi SUNDEVALL, Consp. Ay. Picin., 1866, 78. Genus MELANERPES Swainson. Melanerpes Swartnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 316. (Type, by orig. design., Picus erythrocephalus Linneus.) Melampicos MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 363. (Type, as fixed by Strickland, 1850, and Gray, 1855, Picus erythrocephalus Linnzeus. ) Melanopicos (emendation) MALHERBE, Nouv. Classif. Picin., 1850, 46; see Strick- land, in Jardine’s Contr. Orn., 1850, 19. Melampicus (emendation) MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 192. Medium-sized Picide (wing 112-150 mm.), with outer hind toe shorter than anterior front toe, supranasal ridge distinct only on basal half of maxilla, plumage of throat and chest hair-like, crimson, that of breast either hair-like and crimson or else blended and white, and back glossy bluish or greenish black. Bill about as long as head, rather stout, a little wider than deep at anterior end of nostrils (or about as wide in W. erythrocephalus); cul- men slightly but distinctly convex, distinctly ridged; gonys nearly twice as long as mandibular rami (MV. erythrocephalus) or about one and a half times as long (MM. portoricensis), convex and prominent basally, straight and ascending terminally, distinctly ridged (at least terminally); supranasal ridge distinct for basal half or less of maxilla. Nostril partly covered by small antrorse bristly prefrontal plumes, rather large, broadly oval, situated about midway between culmen and tomium. Feathers of malar apex bristly, antrorse, those of chin with bristly semiantrorse tips. Wing rather long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than length of exposed cul- 42 = BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. men; sixth and seventh, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, ninth shorter than sixth (JM. portoricensis) or seventh (M. erythrocephalus), the tenth (outermost) more than one-third as long as ninth (Jf. portoricensis) or less than one-third as long (J. erythro- cephalus). Tail slightly more than half as long as wing (in M. eryth- rocephalus) to about three-fifths as long (M. portoricensis), the middle rectrices strongly acuminate terminally. Tarsus shorter than either outer toe with claw, rather slender; outer hind toe about as long as outer front toe, or very slightly shorter. Coloration.—Adults with plumage of throat and chest hair-like, crimson; back, wing-coverts, primaries (secondaries also in M. porto- ricensis), and tail black; rump and upper tail-coverts white (second- aries and under parts of body, except chest, also white in MM. erythrocephalus). Range.—United States and southern Canada east of Rocky Moun- tains; one species peculiar to Porto Rico and St. Thomas, Greater Antilles. (Two species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF MELANERPES. a. Secondaries and under parts mostly white; lateral rectrices tipped with white. b. Head, neck, and chest uniform crimson; back uniform glossy blue-black; under parts of body immaculate white (sometimes tinged with red on abdomen); inner secondaries without black spots. (United States and southern Canada east of Rocky Mountains.)......... Melanerpes erythrocephalus, adults (p. 42). bb. Head, neck, and chest brownish gray or grayish brown streaked or spotted with dusky; back barred or squamated with grayish brown or brownish gray; under parts of body dull white streaked laterally with dusky; inner second- aries with a large subterminal spot of black. Melanerpes erythrocephalus, young (p. 44). aa. Secondaries wholly black (inner ones sometimes edged with white on distal por- tion); lateral rectrices not tipped with white. b. Malar region, chin, throat, and median portion of remaining under parts crimson. (Porto Euiea.) ss ecre eee ees Melanerpes portoricensis, adult male @ (p. 47). bb. Malar region, chin, and throat grayish brown; red on under parts of body more or less interrupted. Melanerpes portoricensis, adult female and young (p. 47). MELANERPES ERYTHROCEPHALUS (Linnzus). RED-HEADED WOODPECKER, Adults (sexes alike’)—Head, neck, and upper chest uniform bright crimson, margined posteriorly by a more or less distinct (usually more or less concealed) semicircular band of black across chest; back and scapulars uniform glossy blue-black, the wing- a Some adult females also. b After carefully examining a very large number of sexed specimens I have been unable to find any average (much less constant) difference of coloration between the sexes. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 43 coverts black margined with glossy blue-black; primary coverts, primaries, and tail uniform black, the latter (except two to four middle rectrices) tipped with white, the lateral pair sometimes edged with white; rump, upper tail-coverts, secondaries, and under wing-coverts (except along margin of wing) uniform pure white, the secondaries with shafts and basal portion (mostly concealed) black; under parts, posterior to upper chest, white, the abdomen more or less tinged with dull yellowish or salmon color, sometimes with bright red; bill grayish horn color, darker terminally, in dried skins, bluish white basally, passing into bluish gray or lead color terminally in life; iris deep brown or reddish brown; legs and feet dusky in dried skins, light greenish gray in life. Adult male——Length (skins), 194-235 (221); wing, 128-149.5 (139.5); tail, 70-81 (75.3); culmen, 25-29 (27.3); tarsus, 21.5-24.5 (23); outer anterior toe, 16-19 (17.6).% Adult female—Length (skins), 202-223 (213); wing, 127.5-144 (136.5); tail, 66-84.5 (74.1); culmen, 25-30 (26.6); tarsus, 20.5-24 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 16.5-19 (17.5).° a Thirty-two specimens. b Twenty-one specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. Tior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from east of Allegheny Mountains....-.....-.- 138 73.2 26.3 22.6 17.4 Ten adult males from Mississippi Valley (east of Missouri River).| 136 75.9 28.3 23 17.2 Ten adult males from west of Missouri River.......-..--.----- 145.6 Thal 27.3 23.5 18.2 wo adit males'from Florida... ..-.-2.2-.s2222--254---5-225% 134 74 26 23 16.8 FEMALES. Five adult females from east of Allegheny Mountains...-....-.-. 135.6 74.5 25.4 21.7 17.4 Eight adult females from Mississippi Valley (east of Missouri PICT) Wee ts See mere ce aeiae a aaiatd ots fy we eiats siete meses = 134.6 73.7 26.4 21.6 16.9 Six adult females from west of Missouri River.........-.--.--- 142.6 76.1 27.8 22.2 18.4 One adult female from Mississippi................------------- 131 71 27.5 21 16.5 One adult female from Plorida.. ... 2.222 2-.22<26-225-2452---6=% 125 67 26 23 18 Were it not for the fact that specimens from the Mississippi Valley agree with them in coloration but average even smaller than those from the Atlantic States, the specimens of this species from the region of the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains could easily be separated as a well-defined subspecies on account of their decidedly greater size and frequency of red on the abdomen. As already stated, however, Mississippi Valley specimens also usually have the abdomen more or less strongly tinged with red (a feature wanting in every one of the Atlantic coast specimens examined) but average even smaller (though very slightly so) than extreme eastern specimens. Florida examples are small, but the only two males examined from that State both exceed in length of wing an adult male from Richland County, Illinois, these measuring 133 and 135 mm., respectively, in the two Florida males, and 128, - 184, and 134 in three adult males from Richland County, another from Knox County, Indiana, having the wing 134.5. 44 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young.—Very different from adults: Head, neck, and upper chest brownish gray to grayish brown, more or less dark, streaked or spotted with black, sometimes suffused or intermixed with red on hindneck or on sides of head; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts black, the feathers more or less broadly margined with pale gray or brownish gray; secondaries white with one or two broad bands of black (sometimes more or less interrupted) on distal portion; under parts, posterior to chest, dull white to very pale brownish gray or grayish brown, the sides and flanks (especially the latter), sometimes also the breast, more or less distinctly streaked with dusky; otherwise much as in adults. Transition and austral zones from southeastern British Columbia, Wyoming, Colorado, and Texas, east to the Atlantic coast; north, regularly, to northern New York (breeding in Adirondack region), Ontario (as far as Muskoka and Parry Sound), Mani- toba (Big Plain; Red River Valley; Fort Dufferin; Winnipeg, acci- dental), central Alberta, and southwestern Saskatchewan (rare), south to southern Florida and Gulf coast to Refugio and Bee counties, Texas; rare and local east of the Hudson River, where breeding, however, north to Vermont (Rutland); casual in Nova Scotia (Ketch Harbor), New Brunswick, Utah (near Salt Lake City), New Mexico, and Arizona; irregularly migratory in northern parts of its range. [Picus] erythrocephalus Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 113 (based on Red- headed Woodpecker Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 20, pl. 20; Le Pic a téte rouge de Virginie Brisson, Orn., iv, 53, pl. 3, fig. 3); ed. 12, i, 1766, 174.— GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 429.—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 227. Picus erythrocephalus TEMMINCK, Cat. Syst., 1807, 62.—VierL1oT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 60, pls. 112, 113; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 85.—Wizson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 142, pl. 9, fig. 1—BoNNATERRE and VreILLoT, Enc. Méth., iti, 1823, 1317.—VaLENCIENNES, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 181.— Draptiez, Dict. Class., xiii, 1828, 496.—Bonaparre, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.., ii, pt.i, 1826, 45.—Lezsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 227.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 141, pl. 27; v, 1839, 536; Synopsis, 1839, 184; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 274, pl. 271.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 569, 2d ed., 1840, 674.—Hauw and Kister, Orn. Atlas, 1834, pl. 2.—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., i, 1856, 214 (Massachusetts).—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 50.—T ripper, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1871, 118 (Minnesota). Plicus] erythrocephalus BonaparteE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 369; Obs. Wils. Am. Orn., 1826,[29].—WacteErR, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 14; Isis, 1829, 518.—Maxim1An, Journ. ftir Orn., 1858, 419. Melanerpes erythrocephalus Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 316; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310.—BoNnapartE, Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 39.— GAMBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., i, 1847, 55 (Mission San Gabriél, Cali- fornia, ‘‘numbers”).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 113; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 94; in Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1870, 402 (as to alleged record by Gambel for San Gabriel, California)—Hrnry, Proc. Ac. Nat. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 45 Sci. Phila., 1859, 105 (Rio Grande, New Mexico, 1 spec., July).—VERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., iii, 1862, 145 (Oxford Co., Maine, rare summer resident).— Scrater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 340 (e. North America).—DresseEr, Ibis, 1865, 469 (Nueces, Guadalupe, Colorado, Brazos, and Medina rivers, Texas).—: McItwrair, Proc. Essex Inst., v, 1866, 83 (Hamilton, Ontario) —LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity of New York City).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 115.—Cooprr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 402.— ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 129 (Leavenworth and Topeka, Kansas), 139 (Ft. Hays, Kansas), 151 (Denver and Plum Creek, Colorado), 158 (South Park, Colorado); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Missouri R. to Mussel- shell R., abundant); Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 247 (Massachusetts, rare summer resident).—HoLpEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 207 (near Sher- man, Wyoming).—TrierE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 233 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding).—Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 173 (Salt Lake City, Utah, 1 spec., May), 177, 185 (Colorado); vii, 1875, 31 (Salt Lake City); Field and Forest, i, 1877, 209 (Colorado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 554 (Salt Lake City; Laramie, Wyoming); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 375; Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 (unusual migration in s. Illinois in fall of 1879); Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 383.—Covss, Check List, 1873, no. 309; 2d ed., 1882, no. 453; Birds Northwest, 1874, 290 (Nehama R.; Yellowstone R.; Platte R.; Ft. Lookout; Bitter Cottonwood and La Bonte creeks, Colorado, etc.); Bull. U.S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 617 (Pembina R., North Dakota, to Rocky Mts.).—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 564, pl. 54, fig. 4; special ed., 1875, plate facing p. 564.—FERNALD, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 437 (Orono, Maine, accidental).—HrNsHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 90 (South Park and Huerfano R., Colorado); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 398 (South Park, Pueblo, Twin Lakes, and El Paso County, Colorado).—GeEntry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1874, 109 (habits).—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia).—GRINNELL(G. B.), in Ludlow’s Rep. Recon., 1876, 81 (Mon- tana).—McCautey, Rep. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iii, 1877, 679 (Red R. Valley, Texas; crit.)—Bamery (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 97 (Vermilion, South Dakota; habits) —Maynarp, Birds Florida, 1878, 229.—MeERRIAM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 123 (Lewis Co., New York, resident; habits); vi, 1881, 232 (Adirondack region, breeding).—RAaTHBUN (F. R.), Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 25 (resident).—CovuEs (G. H.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 31 (Brooklyn, New York, summer resident).—Roserts, 8th An. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., 1880, 163 (Duluth, 1 spec., July 11, 1877); in Wilcox’s Hist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 176 (common).—AcGErRsBorG, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 ( Ver- milion, South Dakota; peculiar nesting site)—Brown (N.C.), Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., 1882, (19) (Portland, Maine, rareand irregular).—OaILBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 59 (Navarro Co., Texas, uncommon in summer).— Purnvig, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 57 (near Boston, Massachusetts, Sept., Oct., and Nov., 1881).—Wrt1ams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 63 (Belt Mts., Montana, 1 spec.).—Knowtrton, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 63 (Orwell, Brandon, Rutland, etc., Vermont, common).—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Om. Club., vii, 1882, 171 (Houston, etc., s. e. Texas, breeding).— ALLEN and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 196 (Colorado Springs, Colorado).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado, breeding from plains up to 10,000 ft.).—Brcxuam, Auk, ii, 1885, 143 (Pueblo, Colorado); 46 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 664 (San Antonio, Texas, Jan., Feb.).— BicKNELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 259 (notes)—AmMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 406; 3d ed., 1910, 192.—SrrTon, Auk, iii, 1886, 156 (Big Plain and Red R. Valley, w. Manitoba, summer resident).— Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 191 (Kickapoo Co., w. Texas).—Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 251 (7 miles n. of Tarpon Springs, Florida)—Hassrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 238 (Eastland Co., etc., Texas, abundant).—Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 145 (Ft. Dufferin, Manitoba; Pembina, North Dakota; Miami, Florida; Papalote, Bee Co., Texas; ‘‘Mexico;” etc.).—THompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 551 (Winnipeg, etc., Manitoba, rare in summer).— Ratpx and Baae, Auk, vii, 1890, 231 (Remsen, Oneida Co., New York, Dec.).—GrunptviG, Trans. Mich. Ac. Sci., etc., 1894, 114 (Shiocton, Wis- consin, breeding).—SineLEy, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas, resident).—BernpirE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 107.—THorNE, Auk, xii, 1895, 215 (Ft. Keogh, Montana, breeding).—Prers, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., 2d ser., i, 1895, 405 (Ketch Harbor, Nova Scotia, 1 spec.).— Brackett, Auk, xiii, 1896, 258 (Boston, Massachusetts, March, May).— Housrein, Auk, xvi, 1899, 353 (drumming habit) —F axon and HorrmMann, Birds Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 36 (rare summer resident).—BEYER, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 103 (Louisiana, resident).—CARROLL, Auk, xvii, 1900, 344 (Refugio Co., Texas, 1 spec., Nov.).—FLemine, Auk, Xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, rare).—Cary, Auk, Xvili, 1901, 234 (Black Hills, Wyoming).—Torrey, Auk, xviii, 190}, 394 (near Boston, Massachusetts, breeding).—Howe, Contr. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 15 (Vermont; rare straggler, but said to breed at Rutland).—Curnrirr, Auk, xxi, 1904, 36 (Leech Lake, Minnesota, rare).—Swates, Auk, xxii, 1905, 80 (Detroit, Michigan, wintering in large numbers).—Jonrs, Wilson Bull., no. 57, 1906, 116 (Cleveland, Ohio, com. sum. res.).—Hatt, Wilson Bull., no. 57, 1906, 125 (w. Adirondacks, rare).—SHERMAN, Wilson Bull., no. 59, 1907, 72 (provident habits).—TAVERNER and Swates, Wilson Bull., no. 61, 1907, 133 (Point Pelee, Ontario, com. in May).—Wooprure. Bull. vi, Chicago Ac. Sci., 1907, 111 (Chicago area, common summer resident).—WARREN (E. R.), Condor, x, 1908, 21 (Grand Co., n. w. Colorado, 1 spec., June); xii, 1910, 32 (Glendale, Pueblo, and Fountain Creek, Colorado).—Bent, Auk, xxv, 1908, 26 (s. w. Saskatchewan, rare).—Hrrsry and RocKweELtL, Condor, xi, 1909, 118 (Bear Lake district, Colorado, common summer resident).— HENDERSON, Univ. Colo. Stud. Zool., vi, 1909, 231 (plains and lower mts., Colorado, common summer resident).—CHANEY, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 274 (Mason Co., Michigan; a few pairs).—BEAt, Bull. 37, U.S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 35, pl. 3 (food).—TownsENnp (C. W.), Auk, xxix, 1912, 20 (Beaverdam, York Co., New Brunswick, June 1, 1911). [ Melaner pes] erythrocephalus BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 115; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 125.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 201, no. 8814.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 196.—Suarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 209. M{elanerpes| erythrocephalus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 444.—REIcHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picinz, 1854, 381, pl. 642, figs. 4284-4286.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 378 (Illinois).—Netson, Bull. Essex Inst., viii, 1876, 116, 153 (n. e. Illinois, resident).—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed. 1884, 489.—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 290. Melampicos erythrocephalus MALHERBE, Mém. Ac. Metz, xxx, 1849, 365. Melampicus erythrocephalus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 209; iv, 1862, pl. 97, figs. 1, 2, 3. Melaner pes arythrocephalus WoopHoUvsE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zuiii and Col. R., 1853, 91 (Indian Territory; Texas). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 47 Melanerpes erythrocephalous Nasu, Vertebr. Ontario, 1908, Birds, p. 51 (summer resident). [Picus] obscurus GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 429 (Long Island, New York; based on White-rumped Woodpecker Latham, Synopsis, i, pt. 2, 563).— LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 228. MELANERPES, PORTORICENSIS (Daudin.) PORTO RICAN WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Forehead and lores dull white; rump and upper tail- coverts pure white; rest of upper parts uniform glossy blue-black, the tail and remiges less bluish; malar region, throat and median portion of lower surface back to anal region glossy crimson, more or less interrupted on foreneck, where the red of the throat is some- times quite separated from that of the chest by a band (more or less broad) of glossy blue-black; sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts light grayish brown (nearly broccoli brown), the last usually paler (sometimes almost dull whitish); under wing-coverts white, those along edge of wing (broadly) uniform glossy blue-black; inner webs of remiges uniform black; under surface of tail grayish black; bill black; legs and feet dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 196-230 (213); wing, 119-128.5 (123.4); tail, 71-80.5 (76.4); culmen, 27-29 (27.9); tarsus, 21-24 (22.4); outer anterior toe, 17.5-20 (18.8).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male and not always distin- guishable, but usually with chin and throat light grayish brown or brownish gray (sometimes tinged or intermixed with red), red on under parts of body rather less extensive, white of lores nearly surrounding eyes, and secondaries (at least the inner ones) edged distally with white; length (skins), 185-213 (195); wing, 112-119 (116.4); tail, 66-74 (71.3); culmen, 21-24 (22.6); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.8); outer anterior toe, 17—-18.5 (17.4).¢ Young male.—Essentially like adult male but red of under parts duller, less extensive, gray of sides and flanks darker, and texture of plumage much softer. (Sometimes with feathers of crown tipped with dull red.) Young female.—Similar to the adult female, but under parts with the gray darker, the red duller and more restricted, and texture of plumage softer. Islands of Porto Rico (El Yanque; Caguas; Utuado; Mayaguéz; Aguadilla; Catania; Lares; Huacares), Viéques, and St. Thomas.? Picus portoricensis Daupin, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., ii, 1803, 286, pl. 51.—Sun- DEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 50; @fv. K. Vet. Akad. Férh., 1869, 599.— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, 1866, 256; Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 190. Melaner pes portoricensis VALENCIENNES, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 172.—Drapiez, Dict. Class., xiii, 1828, 505.—NerwrTon (A. and E.), Ibis, 1859, 377.—Cassin, @ Ten specimens from Porto Rico. 6 I have not been able to compare specimens from St. Thomas with those from Porto Rico. 48 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 377 (St. Thomas).—SciaTEer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 341 (Viéques I., near Porto Rico).—Taytor, Ibis, 1864, 170.— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 115.—Gunobtacg, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 312; 1878, 160, 183 (habits; descr. nest and eggs); Anal. Soc. Esp. Hist. Nat., vii, 1878, 227.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 377; Birds West Ind., 1889, 172; Cat. W. I. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 132.—Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 159 (Porto Rico and Vieques I.).—Bownisu, Auk, xix, 1902, 365 (habits); xx, 1903, 194 (food). [Melanerpes] portoricensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 201, no. 8819.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100.—Cory, List. Birds West Ind., 1885, 20.—SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 210. Melampicus porto-ricensis MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 205; iv, 1862, pl. 97, fig. 5. Picus rubidicollis VirrtLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 63, pl. 117; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 75.—SHaw, Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 156. P{icus] rubidicollis BONNATERRE and ViEILLoT, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1321.— Wacter, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 62.—Drapiez, Dict. Class., xiii, 1828, 499. ; M{elaner pes] rubidicollis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 444.—ReicHEenBacH, Handb. Scans. Picine, 1854, 383, pl. 643, figs. 4289-90. [Melaner pes] rubidicollis BoNApaRTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 115; Ateneo Italiano, li, 1854, 125.—LicuTENstEeInN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 76. Picus carolinus (not of Linnzeus) Lesson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 227. Genus CENTURUS Swainson. Centurus Swarnson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310. (Type, by monotypy, Picus carolinus Linnzeus.) Zebrapicus MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz., xxx, 1849, 360. (Type, Picus carolinus Linneeus.) Rather large to small Picide (wing 95-158 mm.) resembling Melanerpes in form but with relatively longer tail (about two-thirds as long as wing instead of half to three-fifths as long), plumage of throat and chest always soft and blended and never red, and with back and wings (except primaries), sometimes rump, upper tail- coverts and tail also, conspicuously barred with white and black. Bill slightly shorter to decidedly longer than head, its length from nostril usually about as long as tarsus (decidedly greater only in C. superciliaris and related species and C. radiolatus), usually more slender than in Melanerpes; culmen very faintly to rather dis- tinctly convex, distinctly though not sharply ridged; gonys much longer than mandibular rami, nearly straight, ascending terminally, more or less prominent basally, not distinctly ridged (except, some- times, terminally); supranasal ridge sometimes distinct for basal half (more or less) of maxilla, sometimes nearly obsolete. Nostril broadly oval, situated about midway between culmen and tomium, more or less covered by small, antrorse, prefrontal plumes; feathers of malar apex antrorse, bristly-tipped, those of chin with semiantrorse BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 49 bristly tips. Orbital region more or less naked (extensively and completely so in C. chrysogenys, much less so in C. carolinus, C. aurifrons, C. santacruzi, C. dubwus, C. polygrammus, C. hoffmanni, very little so in C. uropygialis and C. hypopolius). Wing rather long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by about one- fourth the length of wing, except in C. radiolatus, C. striatus, and C. chrysogenys, in which the difference equals about one-fifth the length of wing; sixth and seventh or sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest (fifth, sixth, and seventh longest in C. striatus), ninth usually shorter than fourth (nearly or quite equal to fifth in C. hypopolius, about equal to third in C. chrysogenys, C. radiolatus, and C. striatus), the tenth more than one-third as long as ninth in C. super- eiharis and allied forms, C. uropygialis, C. chrysogenys, C. radiolatus, and (@. striatus. Tail usually a little less than two-thirds as long as wing, quite two-thirds as long in C. superciliaris and allied forms, C. chrysogenys, and C. striatus, much less than two-thirds (scarcely half) as long in C. wagleri, the middle rectrices narrowly and rather abruptly acuminate terminally (except in C. striatus). Tarsus usually shorter than hind toe with claw (about as long in (. striatus, C. chrysogenys, C. uropygialis, and C. hypopolius); outer hind toe slightly but distinctly shorter than outer anterior toe, except in C. striatus, C. uropygialis, and C. hypopolius. Coloration.—Upper parts conspicuously barred with black and white or black and yellowish; under parts plain grayish, brownish, or yellowish, usually more or less barred posteriorly, the oo usually reddish or yellowish; adult males with more or less of red on pileum (whole pileum and hindneck sometimes red); no red on throat nor chest. Range.—Continental Tropical America, south to the Guianas, Venezuela, Tobago, Trinidad, and Colombia, southern portion of Nearctic Region, and Greater Antilles (Bahamas, Cuba, Grand Cayman, Haiti, and Jamaica). (About twenty-five species and subspecies.?) @ The ideal classification would probably require a subdivision of this genus, in which (as here considered) there are considerable structural differences in the several species. For example, in addition to variations of the wing-formula, relative length of wing and tail, relative length of toes, etc., there are other characters which, care- fully studied, may result in a satisfactory definition of additional groups. The feet are relatively very large and strong in C. superciliaris and C. radiolatus, as compared with the relatively small and weak, or slender, ones of C. uropygialis and C. hypo- polius; but the fact that unquestionably close relatives of the former, the several Bahaman forms, have the feet intermediate in this respect invalidates this character as a basis for subdivision. 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——-4 50 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CENTURUS. a. Rump and upper tail-coverts without red. b. Rump and upper tail-coverts white, with or without black bars or other markings. c. Hindneck red, orange, or yellow. d. Abdomen red or pink. e. Prefrontal region red or pink; larger (wing 122-157.5 mm.). jf. Middle rectrices with much white; inner webs of primaries with large spots or blotches of white on proximal half. g. Forehead light red (male) or gray (female); upper tail-coverts not dis- tinctly, ifatall, barred; abdomen palered. (Eastern United States.) Centurus carolinus (p. 55). gg. Forehead white, or, sometimes, pale brownish gray (both sexes); upper tail-coverts conspicuously barred with black. h. A conspicuous superciliary spot of black (females with black on occiput also). i. Black superciliary spot larger; under parts more yellowish; size larger (wing averaging more than 138, tail more than 94, culmen more than 38 in males, wing averaging more than 135, tail more than 92, culmen more than 34, in females). (Centurus superciliaris.) j. Larger (averaging: wing 147.3, tail 99.5, culmen 39.8, tarsus . 25.9, outer anterior toe 22.6, in male; 144.5, 98.7, 35.5, 25.1, 21.7 in female); general color of under parts darker and more yellowish. (Cuba, except Isle of Pines.) Centurus superciliaris superciliaris (p. 59). jj. Smaller (averaging: wing 138.4, tail 94.5, culmen 38.2, tarsus 24.4, outer anterior toe 20.8, in male; 185.5, 92.5, 34.5, 24.5, 19.8 in female); general color of under parts paler and less yellowish. (Isle of Pines, Cuba.) Centurus superciliaris murceus (p. 61). wi. Black superciliary spot smaller; under parts more grayish; smaller (wing averaging less than 134, tail less than 92, culmen less than 33, in males; wing averaging less than 130, tail less than 92, culmen less than 29, infemales). (Centurus blakei.) j. White bars of dorsal region and general color of under parts less strongly tinged with yellowish; forehead more purely white in male, dull white in female. (Island of Abaco, Bahamas.) Centurus blakei blakei (p. 61). 7j. White bars on dorsal region and general color of under parts more strongly tinged with yellowish; forehead duller white in male, pale smoky brownish in female. (Great Bahama Island, Bahamas.) ...... Centurus blakei bahamensis (p. 63). hh. No superciliary spot of black; females with little if any black on occiput. i. Black bars on upper parts much broader, the white areas less strongly tinged with yellowish, this mostly on back; a few small streaks of black on supra-postocular region; adult male averaging: wing 129.5, tail 88.9, culmen 32.9, tarsus 23.1, outer anterior toe 20; adult female averaging: wing 129.3, tail 91.3, culmen 28.2, tarsus 21.7, outer anterior toe 18.2. (Watling Teland, “Bahamgn:). ou. feces ase Centurus nyeanus (p. 63). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Bal uw. Black bars on upper parts much narrower, the lighter areas mostly buff-yellowish; no trace of black streaks on supra- postocular region; adult male averaging: wing 127.8, tail 87, culmen 33.6, tarsus 23.5, outer anterior toe 20.2; adult female averaging: wing 123.8, tail 85.8, culmen 30.4, tarsus 22.3, outer anterior toe 19.2. (Island of Grand Cayman, south of Cuba.) Centurus caymanensis (p. 65). Jf. Middle rectrices with little (mostly concealed) white or none; inner web of primaries regularly barred with white basally. (Centurus dubius.) g. White bars on back, etc., much narrower than black interspaces; outer webs of primaries without distinct if any white markings on basal portion; smaller (adult female with wing averaging less than 128 mm.). h. Coloration much lighter, the general color of under parts pale yel- lowish gray (dull whitish in faded specimens), the rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white, the adult male with white frontal band broader. 2. Averaging slightly larger (wing averaging 133.3 in adult male, 127.2 in adult female); white bars on back, etc., narrower (or black bars relatively broader), general color of under parts paler and less yellowish, red of abdomen deeper and more extended, and middle rectrices always (?) wholly black. (Yucatan, Cam- peche, and British Honduras.) Centurus dubius dubius (p. 66). uw. Averaging slightly smaller (wing averaging 126.9 in adult male, 124.7 in adult female); white bars on back, etc., wider (or black bars relatively narrower); general color of under parts darker and more yellowish; red of abdomen paler and more restricted (frequently tinged with orange), and adult female sometimes with inner web of middle rectrices marked with white on basal portion. (Vera Cruz, eastern Oaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and Guatemala.¢)............ Centurus dubius verecrucis (p. 68). hh. Coloration much darker, the general color of under parts yellowish broccoli brown (in unfaded specimens), the rump and upper tail-coverts more or less (often heavily) barred with black, the adult male with white frontal band narrower (sometimes obso- lete). (Island of Cozumel, Yucatan.) Centurus dubius leei (p. 69). gg. White bars on back, etc., nearly as wide as the black interspaces; outer webs of primaries (except three outermost) spotted or barred with white on basal portion; larger (adult female with wing averaging 130.3 mm.). (Island of Ruatan, Honduras.) Centurus dubius canescens (p. 70). ee. Prefrontal region yellow; smaller (wing 95-119.5). f. Back, etc., more narrowly barred (white bars about 1-1.5 mm. wide); lateral rectrices without whitish bars; tail longer (57.5-69 mm.). (Centurus rubriventris. ) g. Larger and paler, and with less white on middle rectrices; adult male usually with red of crown more extensive and broadly con- fluent with that on nape; adult male averaging: wing 107, tail 63, culmen 21.6; adult female averaging: wing 105.5, tail 62.3, culmen este CY UeATSI, ooo Ss. Centurus rubriventris rubriventris (p. 70). @ Typical specimens from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca only. 52 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. gg. Smaller and darker, with more white on middle rectrices; adult male with red of crown usually more restricted and separated from that of nape by a more or less complete band of olive-gray; adult male averaging: wing 98, tail 60.3, culmen 21; adult female averaging: wing 96.7, tail 58.8, culmen 19.5. (Island of Oozumel, Yueslan.)oo-s so -aeoty Centurus rubriventris pygmzus (p. 72). ff. Back, etc., more broadly barred (white bars about 2 mm. wide); lateral rectrices with broad whitish bars on distal portion; tail shorter (44.5-56.5 mm.). (Centurus subelegans.) g. Black bars on back, etc., averaging broader; adult male usually with red of crown separated from that of nape by a more or less com- plete occipital band of buffy grayish or light yellowish olive. (British Guiana, Venezuela, Trinidad, and Tobago.) Centurus subelegans subelegans (extralimital).@ gg. Black bars on back, etc., averaging narrower; adult male with red of crown usually broadly confluent with that of nape (except in C. s. neglectus?). h. Under parts paler; averaging smaller (adult female? averaging: Wing, 102; tail, 47; culmen, 19; tarsus, 16.8; outer anterior toe, 14.5). (Bogota district, central Colombia.) Centurus subelegans neglectus (extralimital).¢ hh. Under parts darker; averaging larger (adult females averaging: wing more than 102, tail more than 48, culmen more than 20, tarsus more than 17.5, outer anterior toe more than 16). i. Black bars on back, etc., as well as those on middle rectrices narrower; prefrontal region distinctly yellow; general color of under parts more yellowish; red of abdomen more restricted; wing longer, bill shorter. a Centurus subelegans Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 109 (‘‘Mexico,”’ i. e., Venezuela; see Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 119, and Richmond, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 666).—Melanerpes subelegans Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 666 (Margarita I., Venezuela; crit.) — Melanerpes tricolor (ex Picus tricolor Wagler, 1829, not of Gmelin, 1788) Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 174, part.—Melanerpes wagleri Salvin and Godman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 416, part (Venezuela). I am not able to satisfactorily distinguish specimens from Trinidad and Tobago from Venezuelan examples. One of the latter (from Mérida) has the red of the head broadly continuous from crown to nape, and is very little different in this and other characters from Santa Marta specimens (Melanerpes wagleri sanctz-martz Bangs). Specimens with barred rump and upper tail-coverts (=Centurus terricolor Ber- lepsch) have not been seen by me. b I have seen only one adult male of this form, its measurements being as follows: Wing, 109; tail, 49.5; culmen, 22; tarsus, 17.5; outer anterior toe, 15.5, thus agree- ing, except in length of wing, in small size with females from Bogota. This single male, however, has an imperfect grayish occipital band, as in most specimens of C. s. subelegans from Venezuela, etc. ¢ Melanerpes subelegans neglectus Richmond, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, no. 1093, Aug. 12, 1896, 668 (Bogoté, Colombia; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Of this form, whose status is somewhat doubtful, I have seen only one adult male and three adult females. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 53 j. Black bars or spots on inner web of middle rectrices smaller, usually not touching shaft (sometimes reduced to small irregular spots). (Santa Marta district, northeastern Colom- Bias)ececk Centurus subelegans sancte-marte (extralimital).¢ jj. Black spots or bars on inner web of middle rectrices larger, usually touching shaft. (Panama and Costa Rica.) Centurus subelegans wagleri (p. 73). ai. Black bars on back, etc., also those on middle rectrices, broader; prefrontal region orange-pinkish; general color of under parts more vinaceous; red of abdomen more extensive; wing shorter, bill larger. (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama.) Centurus seductus (p. 75). dd. Abdomen yellow or orange-yellow. e. No black on side of head. J. Tail shorter (53-61.5 mm.); wing 112-125.5 mm. (Nicaragua and Costa UEC teeta Site eects eatin en tee gets Centurus hoffmannii (p. 76). ff. Tail longer (63-85 mm.); wing 117.5-144 mm. g. Middle rectrices with much white on inner web, the outer web also with more or less white. (Centurus polygrammus.) h. Larger (averaging wing 138.9, tail 80.5, culmen 31 in male, wing 133.1, tail 76.1, culmen 27.2, in female); white bars on back, etc., narrower (averaging about 1.5 mm. wide); rump and upper tail-coverts usually immaculate white; yellow of abdomen deeper and more extended; adult male with red crown-spot fre- quently confluent with orange-red of nape. (Oaxaca and adja- cent portion of Chiapas.) Centurus polygrammus polygrammus (p. 78). hh. Smaller (averaging wing 133.6, tail 74.4, culmen 29.2, in male, wing 130.6, tail 72.6, culmen 26.1, in female); white bars on back, etc., broader (averaging about 2 mm. wide); rump and upper tail-coverts always conspicuously barred with black, yellow of abdomen paler and more restricted; adult male with red crown-spot always (?) separated from orange or orange-yellow nuchal area by an occipital band of gray. (Southeastern NS EYRIAS ater ai aint hic = Centurus polygrammus frontalis (p. 80). gg. Middle rectrices with little if any white (the outer web with none). h. Back broadly barred with white (the bars averaging about 2 mm. wide); primaries with much white on basal portion; under wing- coverts mostly white; under parts much paler (pale buffy gray- ish), the yellow of abdomen paler; middle rectrices always wholly black; nape yellow to orange, the adult male with red crown-patch usually separated from color of nape by a gray occipital band. (Texas and northern and middle Mexico, south to States of Tamaulipas, Hidalgo, Guanajuato, Michoacan, and URLSeOSt Le Sule cUig east Sot eee Centurus aurifrons (p. 81). @(?)Centurus rubricapillus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., x, Sept., 1862, 328 (Barran- quilla, Colombia; coll. Heine Mus.).— Melanerpes wagleri sanctx-martx Bangs, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xii, June 3, 1898, 134 (Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Comparison of a fine series of this form with an equally good one of M. s. wagleri from Panamd4 and Costa Rica, fails to verify other characters given in the original description. (See measurements on p. 74.) 54 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. hh. Back narrowly barred with white (the bars averaging less, usually much less, than 2 mm. wide); primaries with little if any white on basal portion of outer web; under parts darker (deep olive- drab or yellowish drab) with yellow of abdomen deeper (saffron yellow or orange-yellow); middle rectrices sometimes with white on basal portion of inner web; nape orange-red, in adult male usually confluent with red crown-patch. (Centurus santacruzt.) i. Larger (averaging wing more than 131, tail more than 72, culmen more than 29 in male, wing more than 129, tail more than 72, culmen more than 26, in female). j. Under parts averaging darker, white bars on back, etc., narrower; and forehead less purely white. (Chiapas and Guatemala through Salvador to northern Nicaragua.) Centurus santacruzi santacruzi (p. 84). jj. Under parts averaging paler, forehead more purely white, and white bars on back, etc., broader. (Southern Tamaulipas, Puebla, Vera Cruz, and northeastern Oaxaca.) Centurus santacruzi grateloupensis (p. 87). vi. Smaller (averaging wing 123.7, tail 69.2, culmen 27.4 in male, wing 119.5, tail 66.9, culmen 25.8 in female); in coloration averaging darker than C. s. santacruzit. (Honduras.) Centurus santacruzi pauper (p. 88). ee. A large superciliary patch of black; outer (as well as inner) web of middle rectrices broadly barred with white; lateral rectrices barred to base. (Centurus chrysogenys. ) f. Nape reddish orange or orange-red. (Sinaloa and Tepic.) Centurus chrysogenys chrysogenys (p. 89). ff. Nape orange-yellow (in adult male abruptly contrasted with red of occiput and crown). (Jalisco, Michoacan, Colima, and Guerrero.) Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus (p. 91). ec. Hindneck grayish brown or drab. d. Orbital region partly black; lateral rectrices barred only on distal portion; rump and upper tail-coverts streaked with black; abdomen white. South- ern Mexico, in States of Puebla, Oaxaca, Morelos, and Guerrero.) Centurus hypopolius (p. 92). dd. Orbital region without any black; lateral rectrices barred to base; rump and upper tail-coverts barred with black; abdomen yellow. (Centurus uropygialis.) e. Larger, with relatively smaller bill; bars on back, etc., averaging broader (white ones about 2-2.5 mm. wide), and bars on rump, upper tail-coverts, and lateral rectrices averaging broader; adult male averaging: wing 131.1, tail 81, culmen 30.3, tarsus 22.8, outer anterior toe 19.1; adult female, wing 128, tail 73, culmen 26.4, tarsus 26.4, outer anterior toe 18. (Southeastern California, northern Lower California, Arizona, and west- ern Mexico south to Durango and Jalisco.) Centurus uropygialis uropygialis (p. 93). ee. Smaller, with relatively larger bill; bars on back, etc., averaging narrower (white ones about 1.5-2 mm. wide), black bars on rump and upper tail- coverts averaging narrower and more numerous, and bars on tail nar- rower; adult male averaging: wing 127.8, tail 77.9, culmen 29.9, tarsus 22.6, outer anterior toe 17.7; adult female, wing 123, tail 73.2, culmen 24.9, tarsus 21, outer anterior toe 16.6. (Cape San Lucas district of Lower California.) 4.14: soenoseae Centurus uropygialis brewsteri (p. 96). bb. Rump and upper tail-coverts black, narrowly barred with white. (Jamaica.) Centurus radiolatus (p. 97). aa. Lower rump and upper tail-coverts red. (Haiti.).....- Centurus striatus (p. 98). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 55 CENTURUS CAROLINUS (Linnezus). RED-BELLIED WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Forehead and nasal tufts light red, the latter usually paler (sometimes dull whitish) anteriorly; crown, occiput, nape, and hindneck bright poppy red, lighter or more scarlet on hindneck; back and scapulars regularly and sharply barred with black and white, the white bars usually rather narrower than the black interspaces, the wing-coverts similarly barred but the white bars relatively narrower, the secondaries also with broad white bars changing to spots on the distal quills; primaries and primary coverts black, the former blotched with white subbasally, the longer quills (except outermost) narrowly edged with white distally (except in worn plumage), the others tipped or broadly margined at tip with white; upper rump barred with black and white, but bars less sharply defined than on back; lower rump white, usually barred, spotted, or broadly streaked with black (rarely immaculate or nearly so); upper tail-coverts white, often immaculate, but (usually) with a narrow shaft-streak of black, at least basally; tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices white with bars or transverse spots of black (exceedingly variable as to number, size, etc.), the outer web usually with a wedge- shaped longitudinal streak of white on basal half, at least, the lateral rectrices tipped with white and with broad (usually interrupted) bars of white on distal portion; loral, superciliary, auricular, suborbital, and malar regions pale to very pale buffy grayish, usually more or less tinged with pale red (sometimes wholly pale red, like frontal region) ; chin and upper throat similar but paler dull grayish buffy white (some- times pale red or more or less tinged with the same), passing poste- riorly into pale yellowish smoke grayish on chest, breast, and sides (the yellowish tinge, however, sometimes absent); abdomen pale red or reddish pink, this color sometimes tinging, more or less strongly, the breast, etc.; flanks and under tail-coverts white, barred or streaked with black or with V-shaped markings of the same, the white ground color usually tinged, more or less, with dull yellowish; bill blackish or slate-blackish, the basal portion of gonys sometimes light grayish; iris varying from ferruginous to scarlet; legs and feet olivaceous, or grayish olive-green; length (skins), 200-237 (221.9); Wing, 123.5-139 (131); tail, 72.5-85 (77.7); culmen, 28-33 (29.8); tarsus, 20-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 16.5-20 (17.9).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but whole crown and occiput gray (paler anteriorly, the occiput frequently intermixed, more or less, with black), and red of abdomen usually much paler as well as more restricted; length (skins), 196-238 (215); wing, 122-133 a Forty-one specimens. 56 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (128.3); tail, 68-83.5 (77.1); culmen, 25.5-30 (27.6); tarsus, 20-22 (21); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18 (17.2).¢ Young male.—Kssentially like the adult female, but coloration much duller, the barring of back, ete., less sharply defined, abdomen without red tinge (in first plumage), chest with indistinct shaft- streaks of dusky, and without any distinct red on head, the hindneck faintly tinged with pink, the crown (usually at least) tinged with deeper reddish on a dusky or dingy grayish ground color, the forehead lighter dingy grayish, the nasal tufts still paler grayish or brownish. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but pileum darker gray- ish or dusky. 4 Forty specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Atlantic States (New York to Virginia)..| 133 78.8 30.3 21.9 18 Ten adult males from Illinois (8), Kentucky (1),and Missouri(1).} 1383.3 79.4 30.6 21.5 17.8 Qneadult: male from’ Oklahoma.s oes ee dese een eee se bets 131 (Ge 26.5 22 18 Hight adult males from) Texas. 252022522. ssbb ee ke 130. 4 76.9 29.7 22 17.9 Onersdult male from Wowisianal se. oe Jose eemen eee cee 129 78 30.5 22.5 18.5 One adult male from! Mississippie. (2. eee cee seca wiane ae aes LPS Ollie ceneee 30 21.5 18.5 Ten! adult males from: Mloridace-che oss. weet chase eee a eee 127.9 76 29 22.1 17.8 FEMALES, Ten adult females from Atlantic States............------------ 128.6 76 29.5 22 17 Ten adult females from Illinois (6), Indiana (1), and Ken- tueky. (8) edo ccs ceeleeusceesese us se ee eee 130.8 79.1 28. 6 21.3 17.5 One‘adult female from Obishomass: 2225-322 ses en ae wi 130 80 28 21 17.5 Bight adult'females from ‘Texas...--...--.---.---2--.-22------ 128.6 76.1 27.9 21.1 17.3 Oneladilt feniale from! Wouisiana ts) cee cee eee ee eee 123 73.5 2 21 17.5 Nine adulifemales trom iBlonidat.5- 226 3. -e seas: fee eae 125.6 76.9 26.8 20.6 16.8 One adult female from South Carolina. .........-.-.-.--------- 126 80 26 20 17 The individual variation in this species is very considerable, especially in respect to the amount of red tinge to the under parts and sides of the head in adult males. Asa general rule, specimens from the Mississippi Valley and Texas are much more strongly tinged with red than those from east of the Allegheny Mountains; but occasional specimens from the Atlantic coast district are similarly colored, while many of those from the interior are not at all different from eastern examples. Specimens from Florida, Georgia, and lower South Carolina, besides averaging smaller, are slightly darker in color, especially the under parts, which rarely if ever have the yellowish cast so often observable in those from other sections. This greater darkness and dullness of the under parts is, however, to a certain extent due to the soiling of the plumage by contact with charred wood. The white bars on the back, too, as a rule, are relatively somewhat narrower than in specimens from northern and western localities, the oppo- site extreme being observable in some of the Texan examples. While the differences noted would, if reasonably constant, be quite sufficient for the definition of three geographic forms or subspecies, according to my present views they are not sufficiently correlated with geographic area to justify subdivision of the species. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 57 Upper and Lower Austral zones of eastern United States; north, regularly, to Delaware, central and western New York, southwestern Ontario, southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin, and southeastern Minnesota, irregularly or casually to northern New York (Lewis County), Connecticut, and Massachusetts; west to southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, Oklahoma (Mount Scott), west central Texas, etc., casually to Colorado (Boulder County; Yuma; Greeley; Limon); south to southern Florida and along Gulf coast to central Texas (south to Bee and Concho counties); accidental in Arizona (Fort Grant). [Picus] carolinus Linnmus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 113 (based on The Red- bellied Woodpecker, Picus ventre rubro, Catesby, Nat. Hist. Car., i, 19, pl. 19, fig. 2); ed. 12, i, 1766, 174, part (excl. syn. Picus varius medius Sloane, Picus varius jamaicensis Brisson, and Picus jamaicensis Edwards).¢—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 431.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 231. Picus carolinus Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 113, pl. 7, fig. 2—Vuzertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxiv, 1818, 93.—Bonaparts, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 45.—VALENCIENNES, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 181.—Draprez, Dict. Class., xiii, 1828, 496.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 572; 2d ed., 1840, 677.—AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 169, pl. 415, fig. 3; pl. 416, fig. 4; Synopsis, 1839, 183; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 270, pl. 270.—Maxrmi1ian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 418.—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 53. Piicus] carolinus LicHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 10.—BoNnaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 370; Obs. Wils. Am. Orn., 1826, [31]. Centurus carolinus BONAPARTE, Comp. and Geog. List, 1838, 40.—SciaTEr, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 342 (e. North America).—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 109; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 91.—CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 324 (crit.).—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida)—ALLEN, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, 1864, 53 (Massachusetts, accidental); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 306 (Florida); iii, 1872, 180 (Kansas); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 183 (Massachusetts).—DressEr, Ibis, 1865, 469 (San Antonio, etc., Texas, common resident).—Lawrenceg, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (vicinity New York City).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 99.—TriprE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 233 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, Iowa, breeding).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 129 (Leavenworth and Topeka, Kansas; crit.).—SNow, Birds Kansas, 1873, 3.—Couves, Check List, 1873, no. 306; 2d ed., 1882, no. 450; Birds Northwest, 1874, 289.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riveway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 554, pl. 52, figs. 1, 4.— Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 177, 185 (Colorado); Field and Forest, i, 1877, 209 (Boulder Co., Colorado); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; iv, 1881, 99 (monogr.); Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 372.— Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie Co., West Virginia; habits); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 181 (descr. young female).—Merriam, Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 65 (accidental in Connecticut); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 6 (Lewis Co., New York, 1 spec., winter).—Merarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 146 (Cornwall, 1 spec., Sept., 1870).—RatuBun (I. R.), Rev. List Birds Centr. New York, 1879, 25 (resident).—PiLumMeER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 120 (Newton, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Nov. 25, 1880).—Brown, (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 40 (Boerne, Kendall Co., s. w. @ =C(., radiolatus (Wagler). 58 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Texas, rare).—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 171 (s. e. Texas, breeding).—Oa1LBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 59 (Navarro Co., Texas, abundant resident; habits)—AGErspore, Auk, ii, 1885, 283 (s. e. South Dakota).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTE£, Auk, xx, 1903, 342; Check List, 3rd ed., 1910, 193.—Hess, Auk, xxvii, 1904, 24 (Cham- paign Co., centr. Illinois, breeding).—Srocxarp, Auk, xxi, 1904, 466-467 (breeding habits in Mississippi).—Witson, Wilson Bull., no. 54, 1906, 4 (Scott Co., Iowa, resident).—HENNINGER, Wilson Bull., n. s., xiii, 1906, 53 (Seneca Co., Ohio, May 10-Nov. 26).—Fow.er, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 399 (Boca Chica, Big Pine, Knight, and Grassy Keys, Florida).—Fiemine, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 76 (Toronto, Ontario, 4 records).—Wooprurr, Bull. vi, Chicago Ac. Sci., 1907, 112 (Chicago area, rare migrant).—ANDERSON, Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 277 (s. and centr. Iowa, resident).—Nasu, Vertebr. Ontario, 1908, Birds, p. 51 (s. w. Ontario, rare summer resident).—CookeE, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 413 (Yuma, Colorado, Oct.)—SnHErMAN, Wilson Bull., xxi, 1909, 156 (Steuben, Wisconsin, 1 spec., April 16, 1909) —McKecunig, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 199 (Hull, Massachusetts, 1 spec., 1882).—Woop and Tinker, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 132 (Michigan records).—Brat, Bull. 37, U.S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 47 (food). [Centurus] carolinus BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 119.—Gray, ‘Hand-list, i, 1869, 197, no. 8758.—Covsgs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 196. C{enturus] carolinus Newson, Bull. Essex Inst., vili, 1876, 116, 153 (n. e. Illinois, rare summer resident).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 97 (diagnosis).—Covugs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 488. [Centurus carolinus] var. carolinus Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 554. Zebrapicus carolinus MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 361; Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 234; iv, 1862, pl. 103, figs. 7, 8. M[elanerpes] carolinus Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, Jan., 1874, 378 (Illinois); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 293. Melanerpes carolinus AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ UNron, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 409.—AtLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 247 (Massa- chusetts, rare straggler; records)—Luoyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 191 (main Concho R., w. Texas, winter resident).—BrcxuaM, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 664 (San Antonio, Texas, common; Corpus Christi).—Kryes and Witt1ams, Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci., v, 1888, (21) (Des Moines, Iowa City, etc., common resident).—Hassrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 238 (Eastland Co., Texas; crit.).— Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 251 (Tarpon Springs, Punta Rassa, and Key West, Florida).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 384.—Brrerotp, List Birds Buffalo, New York, 1889, 12 (straggler).—Lewis, Auk, vii, 1890, 206 (New- ton, n. w. New Jersey, 1 spec., Nov. 16).—Mortimer, Auk, vii, 1890, 339 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).—Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 170 (‘‘Canada;” Locust Grove, New York; Evanston, n. e. Illinois; Cedar Keys, Bluffton, Hawk, Hawkinsville, Volusia, and Okahumkee, Florida; Texas; ‘‘Mexico;” etc.).—Smitu (R. W.), Journ. Cine. Soc. N. H., 1891, 117 (Warren Co., Ohio, resident).—Mituer (G. 8.), Auk, ix, 1892, 201 (Madison Co., New York, 1 spec., Dec.).—Coox, Bull. 54, Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1893, 90 (Albion, St. Joseph, Port Sainlac, Niles, etc., s. Michigan, breed- ing).—Dvurcuer, Auk, x, 1893, 275 (Long Island records).—Jacoss, Summer Birds Green Co., Pennsylvania, 1893, 7 (common).—Grunptvia, Trans. Wisc. Ac. Sci., etc., 1894, 114 (Shiocton, Wisconsin, Sept., Nov., Dec., Feb., April).—Sine.ry, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas, resident).—BENpIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 121.—Savacz, Auk, xii, 1895, 813 (Erie Co., Pennsylvania, 1 spec., Oct.).—Utrey and WALLACE, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 59 Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1895, 152 (Wabash, Indiana, abundant resident).— LAWRENCE (R. B.), Auk, xiii, 1896, 82 (Flushing, Babylon, and Raynor South, Long Island; 3 specs.).—OBERHOLSER, Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta., tech. ser., i, 1896, 290 (Wayne Co., n. e. Ohio, common resident).—HADLEY, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1897, 187 (Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, resident).— Cooke, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 84 (Greeley, etc., Colorado; very rare); no. 56, 1900, 208 (Limon, Colorado, 1 spec., May, 1899).—JoNnEs, Wilson Bull., no. 16, 1897, 61 (Oberlin, Ohio; increasing); no. 22, 1898, 62 (Lorain Co., Ohio; increasing).—BEYER, Proc. Louis. Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 103 (Louisiana, resident).—FisHer (W. H.), Auk, xx, 1903, 305 (Harford Co., Maryland, breeding). [ Melaner pes] carolinus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. C[enturus] carolinensis Swa1nson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 310. Centurus carolinensis ABBott, Am. Nat., iv, 1870, 538 (New Jersey).—BrEcK- HAM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 164 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana).—SETon, Auk, ii, 1885, 335 (Toronto, Ontario). Picus zebra BopDAERT, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43 (based on Epeiche ou Pic rayé de la Louisiane Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 692). Picus carolinus var. 7. Lattam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 231. Picus griseus V1E1LLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 62, pl. 116 (Pennsylvania, New Jersey, etc.).—BoNNATERRE and Vieri1ot, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1308. P{icus] erythrauchen WacuER, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 38 (new name for Picus carolinus Linneus); Isis, 1829, 513. Picus querulus (not of Wilson) Haymonp, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1856, 293 (s. e. Indiana). CENTURUS SUPERCILIARIS SUPERCILIARIS (Temminck). SUPERCILIARY WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Crown, occiput, nape, and hindneck bright crimson or carmine, rather lighter on the hindneck; back and scapulars broadly barred with black and pale buffy yellowish, the bars of the latter rather narrower than the black interspaces; rump and upper tail-coverts white, barred with black, the black markings more spot- like, more or less cordate, on rump, usually V- or U-shaped on longer upper tail-coverts; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices broadly barred with white (white bars sometimes broader than the white interspaces), the lateral rectrices more narrowly barred with white, at least on outer web and terminal portion of inner web; wings black, the coverts and secondaries broadly barred with white (the white bars sometimes exceeding the black interspaces in width, either on coverts or secondaries), the basal portion of primaries spotted or otherwise marked with white; forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull grayish white or brownish white, the latero-frontal or post-nasal region red; a large, elongated supra-auricular spot or patch of black, extending anteriorly around upper portion of eye to the anterior angle of the latter; loral and suborbital regions white, passing into duller white or very pale grayish buffy on auricular and malar regions, the chin and upper throat similar but slightly darker; under parts mostly plain light buffy grayish brown to dull brownish buffy, 60 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. more or less tinged or suffused with saffron yellowish posteriorly, the abdomen (more or less extensively) bright poppy red; flanks broadly but irregularly barred with dusky (the bars sometimes more or less V-shaped); under tail-coverts similarly, but more distinctly, barred, the ground color paler and more or less tinged with red; under wing- coverts white, irregularly and rather sparsely barred with black, sometimes nearly immaculate; inner webs of remiges extensively white basally, more or less barred with dusky; bill dull black; legs and feet greenish dusky in dried skins (greenish gray or grayish green in life?); length (skins), 259-300 (278); wing, 142.5-157.5 (147.3); tail, 86.5-111 (99.5); culmen, 37.5-42.5 (39.8); tarsus, 25-27 (25.9); outer anterior toe, 21.5-24 (22.6).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but crown pale brownish eray, passing gradually into the dull whitish of forehead, and the black supra-auricular areas connected by a broad band across occiput; length (skins), 245-285 (261); wing, 137-150 (144.5); tail, 85-105 (98.7); culmen, 32.5-39.5 (35.5); tarsus, 23-27 (25.1); outer anterior toe, 20-23 (21.7). Young male.—Siunilar to the adult male, but red of frontlet less extensive, paler; anterior portion of crown much duller red, the remainder of crown and occiput black washed with red; back, scapu- lars, chest, and breast tinged with red; posterior under parts less distinctly barred. Young female-—Similar to the young male, but anterior portion of crown pale buffy grayish, tinged with red. Island of Cuba (Remédios; Fermina; Guamaé; El Guama; Hol- quin; Guantanamo Bay; Trinidéd; Camaguéy; Yateras; Santiago de Cuba; San Diego de los Bafios; Santa Fé; Tuabéque). Picus superciliaris Temminck, Pl. Col., 73e livr., 1827, pl. 433 and text (Cuba; coll. Mus. Pays-Bas).—Lxsson, Man. d’Orn., 1828, 112; Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 227; Compl. Buffon, ix, 1837, 324.—Cuvimr, Régne Anim., 2 ed., 1829, 451.— THEINEMAN, Journ. ftir Orn., 1857, 153.—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 55. P{icus] superciliaris WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 515. Colaptes superciliaris Vicors, Zool. Journ., iii, 1828, 445.—WaaGNneEr, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg., 1841, 100.—D’Orsieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Nat. Cuba, Aves, 1839, 111, pl. 23 (albino); French ed., p. 146.—LEmBEYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 131. Zebrapicus superciliaris MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 361; Mon. Picid., li, 1862, 223; iv, 1862, pl. 102, figs. 1, 2, 3. [Centurus] swperciliaris BoNaAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 118; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126.—Gunptacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334; Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 294.—ScLateR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.— Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 20. @ Ten specimens. i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 61 Centurus superciliaris CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 103 (habits; crit.).—Guwnp- LACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 152 (habits); Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 141.— BrewER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 342.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 115 (monogr.).—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 379; Birds West Ind., 1889, 174.—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., iv, 1892, 301 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba). Clenturus] superciliaris ReticHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 408, pl. 662, figs. 4400-4401.—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 98 (diagnosis). Clenturus] superciliaris superciliaris BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, Dec. 29, 1910, 173, in text. M[elaner pes] superciliaris Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 292. Velaner pes superciliaris Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 167.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 128.—Mrnraaux, Rev. Frang¢. d’Orn., no. 2, 1909, 23 (Guantanamo, e. Cuba). [ Melaner pes] superciliaris SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 210. C[lolaptes] superciliosus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 446. “*Picus subocularis Less[on], Descr. d’Ois. réc. découv., 1847, p. 205, no. 33, le male’’ (Malherbe). CENTURUS SUPERCILIARIS MURCEUS Bangs. ISLE OF PINES WOODPECKER. Similar to C. s. superciliaris but decidedly smaller, and under parts of body paler and decidedly less yellowish. Adult male-——Length (skins), 246-264 (255.6); wing, 135.5-143 (138.4); tail, 92-97 (94.5); culmen, 36-40.5 (38.2); tarsus, 23-25.5 (24.4); outer anterior toe, 20-21.5 (20.8).% Adult female—Length (skins), 242-259 (250); wing, 131.5-139.5 (135.5); tail, 85.5-99 (92.3); culmen, 34-35 (84.5); tarsus, 24-25 (24.5); outer anterior toe, 19-20.5 (19.8).2 Isle of Pines, Cuba (Nueva Gerona; Santa Fé; San Juan; Jticaro; Almacigos). Melaner pes superciliaris (not Picus superciliaris Temminck) Banas and Zappey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 206 (Isle of Pines; crit.). Centurus superciliaris murceus BANGS, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiii, Dec. 29, 1910, 173 (San Juan, Isle of Pines; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.). CENTURUS BLAKEI BLAKEI Ridgway. BLAKE’S WOODPECKEER. Similar to C. superciliaris but much smaller; black superciliary area much smaller; postnasal region (frontal antiz) much paler red; rectrices with much less white; red of abdomen lighter and more restricted, and color of breast, etc., more grayish (less yellowish). Similar also to @. nyeanus but postnasal spots smaller and much less deeply red, forehead less purely white, white bars on upper parts @ Six specimens. b Two specimens. 62 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. averaging narrower, and posterior under parts more heavily or dis- tinctly barred, the adult male with a conspicuous superciliary spot of black, the adult female with posterior half of crown mostly black (instead of wholly pale gray). Adult male.—Postnasal region (frontal antiz) pale dull red; fore- head (broadly), loral region, and adjacent parts of orbital region, dull white; a conspicuous superciliary area of black, originating above anterior extremity of the naked orbital area and extending backward as far as middle of auricular region (at least); crown, occiput, and hindneck bright poppy red, somewhat lighter or more scarlet posteriorly; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts sharply and regularly barred (broadly) with black and white, the white bars averaging rather narrower than the black ones, the secondaries similarly barred but the black interspaces much wider and (except on inner secondaries) the white bars also much wider; rump and upper tail-coverts white, rather distantly barred with black, the - bars on longer upper tail-coverts less regular, sometimes more or less U- or V-shaped; primaries black, their outer webs blotched or spotted with white on sub-basal portion, the inner quills tipped or terminally margined with white; tail black, the inner web of middle rectrices with broad oblique bars or transverse quadrate spots of white, the outer web sometimes with spots, or a wedge-shaped streak, of white, the outermost pair with several broad white transverse spots, or interrupted bars, on distal portion; auricular region very pale buffy smoke grayish, fading into dull buffy grayish white on malar region, chin, and upper throat, this gradually deepening into pale smoke gray on foreneck and chest, this gradually passing into a more yel- lowish light smoke grayish on breast, upper abdomen, and sides; lower abdomen, superficially, bright red, but beneath surface pale dull yellowish and grayish, rather indistinctly barred with dusky; flanks and under tail-coverts dull white, tinged with pale ocher- yellow, broadly barred with black, the black bars more V-shaped on under tail-coverts; bill slate-blackish; legs and feet dusky grayish (in dried skins); length (skins), 224-256 (245); wing, 129-137 (133.3); tail, 85.5-91 (88.9); culmen, 31.5-33 (82); tarsus, 22-24 (22.8); outer anterior toe, 18-19.5 (19).% Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but crown dull buffy grayish white (like forehead) anteriorly passing, through pale smoke grayish on middle portion, into black posteriorly, the black feathers tipped, more or less broadly, with pale smoke gray, this black area confluent laterally with the black superciliary spots; length (skins), 220-250 (232); wing, 123.5-132 (129.6); tail, 85.5-91 (88.1); cul- a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 63 men, 27-30.5 (28.4); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.7); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19 (18.4).¢ Island of Abaco, Bahamas. Centurus blaket Ripaway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 337 (Abaco Island, Bahamas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I.).—Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 296; Auk, v, 1888, 159; viii, 1890, 350—ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 126 (Great Abaco). M[elaner pes] blaket Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 292. Melanerpes blaket Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 126, 127, 142. [ Melaner pes] blaket SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 210. Centurus superciliaris blakei Rey, Auk, xxii, Oct., 1905, 355, in text (crit.). Melanerpes blakei Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 168. Centurus nyeanus blaket Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911, 422 (Abaco I.; measurements; crit.).—WorTHINGTON, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 454 (Abaco). CENTURUS BLAKEI BAHAMENSIS (Cory). BAHAMA WOODPECEER. Similar to C. 6. blakei, but dorsal region and under parts more strongly tinged with yellowish, forehead slightly duller whitish, postnasal region deeper red, and with red of abdomen paler and rather more restricted. Adult male.—Length (skins), 223-228 (225.5); wing, 131-131.5 (131.2); tail, 91-92.5 (91.8); culmen, 30-31 (80.5); tarsus, 22.5-23 (22.8); outer anterior toe, 18-18.5 (18.3). Adult female.—Length (skin), 205; wing, 128.5; tail, 85.5; culmen, 28.5; tarsus, 22; outer anterior toe, 18.° Great Bahama Island, Bahamas. Centurus bahamensis Cory, Auk, ix, Oct., 1892, 270 (Great Bahama I., Bahamas; coll. C. B. Cory); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 126, 127, 143. [ Melaner pes] bahamensis SHarve, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. Clenturus] nyeanus bahamensis Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911, 423, in text. CENTURUS NYEANUS Ridgway. NYE’S WOODPECKER, Similar to C. blakei bahamensis but without a distinct (if any) black superciliary spot, postnasal region (frontal antiz) much more deeply red, forehead more purely white, white bars on back, etc., relatively wider, under parts of body more strongly tinged with yellowish, posterior under parts less distinctly barred, and adult female without black on posterior crown or occiput. Adult male.—Frontal anti poppy red (paler anteriorly); forehead (broadly), together with loral and orbital regions and anterior portion @ Nine specimens. 6 'Two specimens. ¢ One specimen. 64 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. of malar region, dull white or buffy white, passing into very pale grayish buffy or dull buffy grayish white on auricular region and posterior portion of malar region; crown (except lateral-anterior por- tion), occiput, and hindneck bright poppy red, somewhat lighter or more scarlet posteriorly; back, scapulars, and wing-coverts broadly and regularly barred with black and white, or yellowish white, the black bars averaging rather narrower than the white interspaces; the secondaries similarly but (except on inner or proximal ones) much more broadly barred; primaries black, heavily blotched with white on sub-basal portion of outer web, the inner quills broadly margined at tip with white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, rather distantly barred with black; tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices with several broad oblique bars, or transverse quadrate spots, of white, the outer web with a longitudinal, wedge-shaped streak of white on proximal portion (usually concealed, or mostly so, by upper coverts), the outer pair with several broad bars or transverse spots on distal portion; chin and upper throat (sometimes whole throat) very pale ocherous gray or dull buffy grayish white, gradually deep- ening into a more decided buffy grayish hue on foreneck, chest, breast, sides, and upper abdomen, the under parts of body tinged or stained with light ocher-yellow or dull gallstone yellow, especially on upper abdomen; lower abdomen bright red superficially; flanks and under tail-coverts dull white strongly tinged or washed with light gallstone yellow (the under tail-coverts frequently tinged slightly with red), broadly but not very sharply barred with blackish, the bars more or less inclining to V-shaped form, especially on under tail-coverts; bill slate-blackish, usually somewhat paler along gonys, at least basally; iris red or reddish brown; legs and feet dusky gray- ish in dried skins, pale olive in life; length (skins), 232-248 (236); wing, 127.5-132.5 (129.5); tail, $4.5-92 (88.9); culmen, 32-33.5 (32.9); tarsus, 22.5-24 (23.1); outer anterior toe, 19.5-20.5 (20).2% Adult female-—Similar to the adult male but crown dull white (like forehead) anteriorly, shading gradually into light smoke gray posteriorly; length (skins), 223-235 (224); wing, 128-131.5 (129.3); tail, 89-93 (91.3); culmen, 28-28.5 (28.2); tarsus, 21-22 (21.7); outer anterior toe, 18-18.5 (18.2).° Watling Island, Bahamas. Centurus nyeanus Ripaway, Auk, iii, July, 1886, 336 (Watling I., Bahamas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 295; Auk, v, 1888, 159; vili, 1891, 337.— Nye, Auk, xvi, 1899, 273 (supposed to be extinct—error).— Ritey, Auk, xx, 1903, 434 (second specimen; crit.). Melanerpes nyeanus Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 169.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 126, 127, 142. @ Seven specimens. b Three specimens, s BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 65 M[elaner pes] nyeanus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 292. [ Melaner pes] nyeanus SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. Centurus superciliaris nyeanus Ritey, Auk, xxii, Oct., 1905, 355 (crit.). Centurus nyeanus nyeanus Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, Oct., 1911, 421 (crit).— Worruineton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 454 (habits. etc.). CENTURUS CAYMANENSIS Cory. CAYMAN WOODPECEER. Somewhat like C. superciliaris but smaller; no trace of black superciliary spot; back, etc., more narrowly barred with black; post- nasal red spot nearly obsolete and under parts paler and less yel- lowish; adult female without a black occipital area. Adult male.—Forehead and superciliary region dull brownish white, the former tinged with red on the latero-frontal anti; crown, occi- put, and hindneck bright poppy red, the first rather deeper, more carmine; back, scapulars, and rump barred with black on a pale buffy yellowish ground, the black bars much narrower than the interspaces; upper tail-coverts dull white, more or less tinged with buffy yellowish, narrowly and distantly barred, or otherwise marked, with black; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices with broad, oblique bars of white or yellowish white on inner web, and quadrate spots or a narrowly wedge-shaped streak of the same on outer web, the lateral rec- trices broadly barred terminally and on outer web of the outermost with the same; wing-coverts barred with black and brownish white or buffy white, the black bars much narrower than the whitish inter- spaces; secondaries broadly barred with black and white or dull yel- lowish white, the bars of the two colors about equal in width, the black bars broadly confluent along the median (concealed) portion of each quill; primaries dull slate-blackish, their outer webs more or less spotted or otherwise varied with white basally and edged ter- minally with white, the inner primaries also tipped, more or less, with white; primary coverts and alule black, the latter sometimes narrowly edged with white; sides of head and neck and most of lower parts plain pale buffy grayish (much more buffy or yellowish than drab-gray), becoming gradually but decidedly paler on upper throat, chin, and malar and suborbital regions, the upper abdomen sometimes rather strongly tinged with yellowish; lower abdomen, superficially, bright, rather light, red; flanks and under tail-coverts dull whitish, strongly suffused with pale buff-yellowish, and barred (rather dis- tantly) with dusky, the bars on under tail-coverts more or less V-shaped; under wing-coverts dull white with a few irregular and rather indistinct bars of dusky; inner webs of primaries with large blotches or irregular areas of white on basal portion, the inner webs of secondaries very broadly barred with white; bill dull black, paler on 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——5 66 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lower basal portion of mandible; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray or greenish gray in life ?); length (skins), 205-253 (232); wing, 123-131.5 (127.8); tail, 80-94 (87); culmen, 31-37 (83.6); tarsus, 22.5-24 (23.5); outer anterior toe, 19-21 (20.2).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but crown and occiput pale buffy gray (deeper posteriorly), the upper part of occiput, or hind part of crown, irregularly barred or spotted with black; length (skins), 212-245 (227); wing, 116-128 (123.8); tail, 80.5-91.5 (85.8); culmen, 29-33.5 (30.4); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.3); outer anterior toe, 19-20 (19.2).° Grand Cayman Island, south of Cuba. Centurus caymanensis Cory, Auk, iii, Oct., 1886, 499, 502 (Grand Cayman, W. I.; coll. C. B. Cory); v, 1888, 158; Birds West Ind., 1889, 295.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1888, 574 (Grand Cayman).—LoweE, Ibis, 1909, 341 (Grand Cayman). Melanerpes caymanensis Harartt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 169.—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 129, 142.—Nicot1, Ibis, 1904, 584 (Grand Cayman; crit.).—Lowe, Ibis, 1911, 150. [ Melaner pes] caymanensis SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. CENTURUS DUBIUS DUBIUS (Cabot). UXMAL WOODPECEEBR. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck bright poppy red, interrupted by a frontal band of dull white, the latero-frontal (post-nasal) region slightly paler red, usually narrowly margined anteriorly and below by whitish; back, scapulars, and upper rump black, narrowly barred with white or dull yellowish white; lower rump and upper tail- coverts immaculate white; tail black, the lateral rectrices with a few narrow bars on terminal portion, their under surface more grayish or hoary; wings black, the coverts and proximal secondaries (tertials) narrowly barred with white, the distal secondaries more broadly barred or transversely spotted with the same; primaries narrowly edged with whitish or grayish for terminal half (approximately), the shorter (innermost) ones margined terminally with white; sides of head (including a broad superciliary stripe), chin, and throat, dull grayish white or very pale buffy grayish, gradually deepening in color on foreneck, sides of neck, chest, breast, and sides into very pale yellowish gray; abdomen (superficially) bright poppy red; flanks and under tail-coverts white, more or less suffused with red, rather broadly barred with black, the bars on under tail-coverts more or less V- or U-shaped; under wing-coverts white, barred with blackish; inner webs of primaries rather broadly barred with white for basal half (approximately), the inner webs of secondaries more @ Ten specimens. 6 Nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 67 narrowly barred, along edge, for entire length; bill dull black, more brownish on lower basal portion of mandible; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray or greenish gray in life?); length (skins), 228-241 (233); wing, 130-137 (133.3); tail, 77-83.5 (79.6); culmen, 30.5-34 (32.2); tarsus, 22-25 (23.5); outer anterior toe, 19-22 (20).¢ Adult female——Similar to the adult male, but crown dull white, like forehead, passing into light buffy gray on occiput; length (skins), 206-238 (221); wing, 123-132 (127.2); tail, 71-80 (76.7); culmen, 25-32 (28.3); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.8); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.5).2 Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but prefrontal region much paler and duller red, red of crown lighter and duller and more or less intermixed with blackish, general color of under parts grayer, red of abdomen paler, and white bars on back, etc., less sharply defined. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but crown and occiput light buffy brownish gray. Southeastern Mexico, in States of Campeche (Campeche; Canasa- yat), and Yucatan (Uxmél; Izamél; Temax; Tunkas; Tekanto; Tabi; Peto; Buctzotz; Shkolak; Labna; Chichen-Itza; La Vega; Puerto Morelos; Rio Lagartos), British Honduras (near Manatee Lagoon; Manatee River; Cayo; Rio Mopan; San Felipe; Belize), and adjacent lowlands of Guatemala. Picus dubius Casor, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1844, 164 (Uxmal, Yucatan; coll. Dr. 8. Cabot); Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., v, 1845, 91. [Centurus aurifrons] 7. dubius Ringway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, July 18, 1881, 97 (diagnosis). Centurus aurifrons dubius Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iv, July 18, 1881, 108 (monogr.). Centurus dubius Boucarn, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Buctzotz, Temax, Izamal, and Peto, Yucatan; habits)—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 206 (Tunkas, Shkolak, Tekanto, and Labna, Yucatan). M{elanerpes| dubiws Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 293. @ Fourteen specimens. 6 Fifteen specimens. Ex- | Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Four aduit males from British Honduras..................-.-- 134. 2 80 32.9 23.9 20.9 Mentadulgumalestirom ucatany ss 9c see Seek eee PES ee eee 132.9 79.5} 31.9 23.3 19.7 FEMALES. | Two adult females from British Honduras..................--- 127 77.8 30.3 21.5 19.3 phen adit females from) Vucatan..¢. 6-0-2222 eckeneeninwc- ccc 127.1 76.8 28. 6 21.7 18. 4 Three adult females from Campeche..........-.....----------- 127.3 75.3 26. 2 22.2 18.5 68 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Melaner pes dubius Harearrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 173, part (Buctzotz, Temax, Peto, and Tabi, Yucatan; Cayo, San Felipe, Rio Mopan, and Belize, Brit. Honduras).—Satvry and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 422, part—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 285 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—Cotez, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 130 (Chichen-itza). [ Melanerpes] dubius SHarrr, Hand-list, 11, 1900, 211, part. Picus carolinensis (not Picus carolinus Linneus) Casot, App. Stephens’ Trav. Yucatan, ii, 1848, 475 (Uxmal, Yucatan). [Centurus] erythrophthalmus LicutENstEIN, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 76 (nomen nudum; coll. Berlin Mus.). Clenturus] erythrophthalmus REICHENBACH, Hand. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 409, pl. 664, figs. 4396, 4397. Zebrapicus erythrophthalmus MaLHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 243; iv, 1864, pl. 105, figs. 1, 2, 3. Centurus santacruzi (not of Bonaparte) SctaTer and Saxvin, Ibis, 1859, 136, part. (Yucatan). Centurus albifrons (not Picus albifrons Swainson) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 102.—Casanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 324 (crit.)—NEHR- KORN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 69 (Yucatan; descr. eggs).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 205 (Mérida, Yucatan; crit.).—Satvin, Cat. Strick- land Coll., 1882, 399 (Guatemala). [Centurus] albifrons Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 198, no. 8768.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100. Picus albifrons (not of Swainson) SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 52, part (“‘Mexico’’). CENTURUS DUBIUS VERACRUCIS (Nelson). VERA CRUZ WOODPECEER. Similar to C. d. dubius, but slightly smaller, white bars on back, etc., slightly broader (or black bars narrower), under parts slightly darker and more strongly tinged with yellowish (especially on sides and upper abdomen) and red of abdomen more restricted, paler, and frequently inclining to orange-red;? adult female frequently with white markings on inner web of middle rectrices.¢ Adult male—tLength (skins), 209-241 (224); wing, 122-133 (126.9); tail, 64-82 (74.4); culmen, 24.5-33.5 (29.9); tarsus, 21-24 (22.2); outer anterior toe, 18-20 (19.2). a These characters show, clearly, ‘“‘intergradation’’ with C. santa-cruzi grateloupensis, as does also an occasional tendency in adult males to an interruption of the red pileum by an invasion of the supra-auricular gray on each side of the occiput, one specimen (no. 106,235, coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., from Rio Givicia, Oaxaca) having a com- plete, though narrow, occipital band of gray; but I am disposed to consider the inter- mediates, which constitute a small minority of the specimens examined, as hybrids, as otherwise it would be very difficult to account for the existence of two conspecific forms, so different as are C. d. verxcrucis and C. s. grateloupensis in their typical state, in the same districts. + Nineteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 69 Adult female.—Length (skins), 203-231 (218); wing, 118-134.5 (124.7); tail, 65-83.5 (72); culmen, 25-28.5 (26.5); tarsus, 19.5-23.5 (21.3); outer anterior toe, 17-19 (18.1).¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Coatzocoalcos; Pasa Nueva; Tlalcotalpam; Playa Vicente; Sochiapa; San Juan; Orizaba), Oaxaca (Rio Givicia; Guichicovi; Tixtepec), Tabasco (Frontera; Atasta; Montecristo; San Juan Bautista), and Chiapas (Tila), and adjacent parts of Guatemala. Picus albifrons (not of Swainson) SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 52, part (Vera Cruz). Melanerpes dubius verxcrucis Neuson, Auk, xvii, no. 3, July, 1900, 259 (Coatzo- coalcos, Vera Cruz; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Melanerpes santacruzi (not Centurus santacruzi Bonaparte) Savin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 420, part (Playa Vicente and Sochiapa, Vera Cruz; crit. on p. 421). [ Melanerpes| dubius SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211, part. CENTURUS DUBIUS LEEI (Ridgway). LEE’S WOODPECKER. Similar to C. d. dubius, but under parts much darker (yellowish broccoli brown in unfaded specimens), rump and upper tail-coverts usually more or less (often heavily) barred with black, the adult male with whitish frontal band much narrower, sometimes obsolete; bill and feet averaging larger. a Fourteen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- . culmen. rior toe. MALES. Three adult males from Guatemala...................--------- 126 1D. Slee 22.3 19 Beaacai; males arom Tabasco. i422). .f22-cccatee. bce d- bess 125.5 75.3 29.9 22.2 18.9 mirce aduitmales from, Oaxaca. 2.2 3 a5. ek ee oc oe cen 128 72.8 28.7 22.7 19.5 even acuiimales from Vera Cruze... clic. coceccon cee et esas ens 128 73.8 29.9 22 19.4 FEMALES. One adult female from Guatemala (locality not given).......-. 124 75.5 26.5 21 18.5 One adult female from Chiapas (Tila)................22.2.2---- 124 73.5 28.5 20.5 18 Three adult females from Tabasco...............-------------- 120 67.7 26.5 20.7 18.3 Three adult females from Oaxaca............--------2--e--eeee 125.3 68.7 26. 2 21.8 18 mixadult females fromm Vera Cruz. /s....5-2 joes colecetleet ess 127 75 26.5 21.6 18 As might be expected, specimens from Tabasco, Chiapas, and Guatemala are not typical. They are intermediate in coloration between the birds from Vera Cruz and Oaxaca and those from Yucatan and Campeche, some of them nearer the latter; but they are even smaller than Vera Cruz and Oaxaca specimens, and therefore can not properly be referred to C. d. dubius. 70 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 228-257 (245); wing, 129-133 (130.8); tail, 78-84 (82.1); culmen, 33.5-35.5 (84.4); tarsus, 23.5-25 (24.1); outer anterior toe, 19-21 (20.2).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 218-240 (231); wing, 124.5-131 (127.7); tail, 75.5-84.5 (80.3); culmen, 30-32 (31.2); tarsus, 22.5- 24.5 (23.2); outer anterior toe, 18.5-20.5 (19.6). Cozumél Island and Meco Island, Yucatan; Mugeres Island ? Centurus leet Rripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., iii, Feb. 26, 1885, 22 (p. 3 of reprint) (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Centurus dubius leet Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 36, Oct. 17, 1885, 561, 575 (descr.; crit.). M{elaner pes] leei Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 293. Centurus dubius (not Picus dubius Cabot) Satvin, Ibis, 1885, 186, 192 (Cozumel I.; crit.); 1889, 369, part (Cozumel and Meco islands; crit.). ’ Melaner pes dubius Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 172, part (Cozumel T.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 422, part. [ Melaner pes] dubius SHarrr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211, part (Cozumel I.). CENTURUS DUBIUS CANESCENS (Salvin). RUATAN WOODPECEER. Similar to C. d. dubius, but upper parts more broadly barred with white (the white bars about as wide as the black interspaces), outer webs of primaries (except three outermost) spotted or barred with white, and size slightly larger. Adult female.-—Length (skins), 234-239 (236.5); wing, 127-136 (130.3); tail, 76-79.5 (77.8); culmen, 30-31 (30.5); tarsus, 21-23 (22.2); outer anterior toe, 18.5-19 (18.8).¢ Ruatdn Island, Honduras. Centurus dubius? (not Picus dubius Cabot) Ripaway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, Aug. 6, 1888, 579 (Ruatan I., Honduras). Centurus canescens SALVIN, Ibis, July, 1889, 370 (Ruatan I., Honduras; coll. Sal- vin and Godman. Melanerpes canescens Haratrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 174 (Ruatan). _ SALVIN and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, li, 1895, 423. [ Melaner pes] canescens SuARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. CENTURUS RUBRIVENTRIS RUBRIVENTRIS Swainson. SWAINSON’S WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Postnasal region (frontlet), usually also loral region, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and extreme upper portion of throat, chrome yellow to deep cadmium yellow or orange; forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull white; crown, occiput, a Nineteen specimens. ¢ T have not seen the adult male of this form. b Twenty specimens. ¢ Three specimens. mn BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. fa and hindneck bright red (between poppy red and carmine); back, scapulars, and upper rump narrowly barred with black and white, the white bars decidedly narrower than the black interspaces; lower rump and upper tail-coverts immaculate white, the longer of the latter sometimes with shaft partly black; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices with basal portion variously marked with white (mostly, sometimes wholly, concealed), the outermost pair usually narrowly margined terminally with white or with outer web narrowly barred or indented with the same and with the under surface more or less grayish or hoary; wings black, the coverts and secondaries narrowly barred with white, the basal portion of primaries spotted or blotched with white; sides of head (except anterior portion), including posterior portion of superciliary region, sides of neck, throat, and foreneck, plain pale buffy grayish, passing into deeper buffy grayish, or pale buffy grayish olive, on chest, breast, and sides; abdomen (super- ficially) bright poppy red; flanks and under tail-coverts dull white, more or less tinged with yellowish (sometimes with red also), barred with slate-blackish or dusky, the bars more or less V-shaped, espe- cially on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, barred or transversely spotted with black; inner webs of remiges (except ter- minal half, approximately, of primaries) broadly barred with white; bill dull black, more brownish on lower basal portion of mandible; legs and feet grayish dusky (bluish gray or greenish gray in life ?); length (skins), 176-187 (181); wing, 103.5-110 (107); tail, 58.5-69 (63); culmen, 20.5-23 (21.6); tarsus, 17.5-20 (18.5); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16 (15.2).4 Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but crown dull smoky whitish, like forehead, passing into light buffy gray on occiput, the red of hindneck lighter and more orange-red or scarlet; length (skins), 165-182 (173); wing, 103.5-108 (105.5); tail, 58-66 (62.3); culmen, 18-20.5 (19.1); tarsus, 17-19 (17.9); outer anterior toe, 14-15.5 (14.8).4 Yucatan (Mérida; Tem4x; Xbac; Peto; Chichen-Itza; La Vega; Puerto Morelos; San Felipe; Rio Lagarto). Bonaca Island, coast of Honduras ? ® Picus aurifrons (not of Wagler) Bonaparte, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1837, 116. [Centurus] aurifrons Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 119; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126. Centurus rubriventris Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 354 (no locality men- tioned).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 100.—LawreENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 206 (Mérida, Yucatan; crit.); Ann. N. Y. Ac. Sci., ii, 2 Ten specimens. 5 I have not seen specimens from Bonaca Island. These should be different from the Yucatan bird. 72 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 1882, 247 (Mérida, Yucatan; crit.; descr. adult female).—Rimeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 102 (monogr.)—Bovucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Mérida, Yucatan).—Satvin, Ibis, 1889, 369, part (Yucatan; Bonaca I., Honduras?; crit.); 1890, 88 (Bonaca I.). Clenturus] rubriventris Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 442.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 97 (diagnosis). Zebrapicus rubriventris MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 248; iv, 1862, pl. 107, fig. 1. M{elaner pes] rubriventris Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 293. Melanerpes rubriventris Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 176, part (Mérida and Peto, Yucatan).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 417, part —CHapmMaNn, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 285 (Chichen- Itza, Yucatan). [ Melaner pes] rubriventris SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211, part (Yucatan; Bo- naca I.?). Melaner pes rubriventris CoLE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 180 (Chichen-Itza). Centurus tricolor (not Picus tricolor Wagler) CaBANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 327, part (in synonymy). Picus tricolor (not of Wagler) SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 54, part. CENTURUS RUBRIVENTRIS PYGMAUS Ridgway. LESSER COZUMEL WOODPECKER. Similar to C. r. rubrwentris but decidedly smaller; color of under parts and sides of head darker; red of pileum usually more restricted, often interrupted by a light sooty grayish band across occiput; white on basal portion of middle rectrices more extensive, and white bars on back, etc., usually decidedly narrower. Adult male.—Length (skins), 156-181 (172); wing, 95.5-101 (98); tail, 58—62.5 (60.3); culmen, 20-22 (21); tarsus, 17-20 (18.5); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16 (15.3).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 155-178 (171); wing, 95-99.5 (96.7); tail, 57.5-61 (58.8); culmen, 18-20.5 (19.5); tarsus, 17.5-19 (18.3); outer anterior toe, 14-15.5 (14.9). Cozumél Island, Yucatan. Centurus rubriventris (not of Swainson) SALvin, Ibis, 1885, 186, 192 (Cozumel I., Yucatan; crit.; habits); 1889, 368, part (Cozumel I.; crit.). Melanerpes rubriventris Harertr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 176, part (Cozumel I.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 417, part. [ Melaner pes] rubriventris SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211, part (Cozumel I.). Centurus rubriventris pygmxus Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, sig. 36, Oct. 17, 1885, 576 (Cozumel Island, Yucatan; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). M[elanerpes| pygmxus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 293. @ Ten specimens. b Nine specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. ie CENTURUS SUBELEGANS WAGLERI (Salvin and Godman). WAGLER’S WOODPECKEER. Similar to C. s. subelegans* but red of pileum more extensive, never(?) interrupted on occiput, and white bars on back, etc., aver- aging slightly broader. Adult male.—Forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull brownish white, the latero-frontal antiz more or less strongly tinged with yellow; crown and occiput bright poppy red, changing eradually to more orange-red on hindneck; back, scapulars, and upper rump rather broadly barred with black and white or yellowish white, the black bars slightly wider than the white ones; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, usually immaculate, rarely with a few irregular narrow bars of blackish; tail black, the inner web of middle rectrices very broadly barred or transversely spotted with white, the outer web with transverse spots or a longitudinal streak of white; wing-coverts and secondaries black, broadly barred with white, the distal secondaries with the bars shortened into spots along the edge; primaries black (the outer and longer ones fading into dull slaty beyond their sinuated portion), spotted or otherwise marked basally with white, and narrowly tipped or terminally margined with the same; primary coverts and alule black, the outermost feathers of the latter edged or indented with white; sides of head (including broad superciliary stripe), sides and fore part of neck and lower throat light buffy grayish, gradually fading into paler (but not approaching white) on suborbital and malar regions, chin, and upper throat, gradually deepening into light buffy olive-grayish on chest, breast, sides, and upper abdomen; lower abdomen (superficially) bright poppy red; flanks and under tail-coverts dull yellowish white or very pale dingy yellowish broadly barred with black, the bars more or less V-shaped, at least on longer under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, irregularly barred with blackish; inner webs of remiges very broadly barred or transversely spotted with white, the terminal half ormore of primaries uniform dark slate color; bill dull black, paler on under side of mandible, at least basally; legs and feet grayish dusky (greenish gray or bluish gray in life?); length (skins), 153-185 (167); wing, 105.5-119.5 (111.5); tail, 47.5-58 (52.8); culmen, 21.5-25.5 (23.7); tarsus, 18-20 (18.9); outer anterior toe, 15.5-18.5 (16.9).2 Adult female——Similar to the adult male, but crown and occiput light. buffy gray or hair brown, and red of hindneck paler and duller (usually more orange red); length (skins), 147-175 (151); wing, @ See page 52. b Twenty specimens. 74 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 102-112 (106.9); tail, 44.5-56 (49.8); culmen, 18.5—22.5 (21); tarsus, 17-19.5 (18.2); outer anterior toe, 15.5-17 (16.4).¢ Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but prefrontal region dull light yellowish or dull yellowish white, red of crown duller or less uniform, red of nape paler (frequently more orange-red), bars on back, etc., less sharply defined, the white ones tinged, more or less, with buffy, red of abdomen usually paler and more restricted, and chest sometimes narrowly and indistinctly streaked with dusky. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but fore part of crown dull buffy whitish, shading into light buffy grayish on occiput, nape paler red, and red of abdomen still paler and more restricted. Panamé (Colén, Lion Hill, Frijole, Paraiso, Panama, Sabana de Panam4, Punta de Sabana, Rio Grande, and Obispo, eastern Panamé; El Banco, David, Castillo, Boquete, Divala, Chitra, Calovévora, Cor- dillera de Tolé, Santa Fe de Veragua, and Boquerén, western Panama) and southwestern Costa Rica (Palmar; Legarto; Boruca; Paso Real; Pozo del Rio Grande; Pozo Azil de Pirris; Rio Grande de Térraba; Buenos Aires) ; Caribbean coast of Colombia (Cartagena) ? a Twenty specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Six adult males from eastern Pamama...............---.------- 112.8 53.9 24 18.8 17 Four adult males from western Panama..........------------- 115.2 55.1 24.4 18.9 Aged Tenjadult males from Costa (Rica... .-.2-5- s.----.-0- --2----0- 109.3 50.9 23.2 19 16.8 Ten adult males ( C. seductus) from San Miguel Island.....-.-. 104.2 49.1 25 19.1 17.5 Ten adult males ( C. s. sanctz-martz) from Santa Marta, Colom- MDS Sate ate oicle wicie oes wine Gea atelere ele eal eee ee EE er eer era re es 108. 8 51.7 24.5 18.9 16.6 One adult male (C. s. neglectus) from Bogota, Colombia... -.--. 109 49.5 22 17.5 15.5 Ten adult males (C. s. suwbelegans) from Venezuela. .-.-- eae 108.5 53 24.2 18.4 16.2 Four adult males (C. s. subelegans) from Margarita Island...... 108.3 57.4 25 18.9 17.3 One adult male (C. s. swbelegans) from Trinidad............-.- 111 57 25.5 20 16.5 Two adult males (C. s. subelegans) from Tobago......-...------ 107.8 55.8 25.8 19.3 16.8 FEMALES. Five adult females from eastern Panama..............--------- 108.9 51.3 22.4 18.4 16.5 Five adult females from western Panama.............--.------ 107.9 50.7 21.1) 18.2 16.6 Ten adult demales from’ Costa Ricai: 22-22 2..2-22-2 22-2. see eee 105. 4 48.3 20.3 18.1 16.2 Eight adult females ( C. seductus) from San Miguel Island....-. 102.1 48.3 22.4 17.9 16.5 Ten adult females ( C. s. sanctz-martz) from Santa Marta, Co- JOM DIG See disss voeu ccs sites dob euisie neces ae aescecek see miuee eee ers 103. 4 47.9 21.4 18 16 Three adult females ( C. s. neglectus) from Bogoté, Colombia...) 102 47 19 16.8 14.5 Five adult females ( C. s. swbelegans) from Venezuela. ....-..---- 104 48.8 21.4 17.3 15.4 Two adult females ( C. s. subelegans) from Margarita Island....} 106 56.5 2255 18.8 16.8 Two adult females ( C. s. swbelegans) from Tobago.......------- 104.3 52.5 21.3 18 16 One adult female ( C. s. subelegans) from British Guiana....... 104 53 23.5. 18 16 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 15 P{icus] tricoler (not of Gmelin) WaateER, Isis, 1829, 512 (‘‘Mexico,” i. e., Carta- gena, Colombia; see Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 327). Centurus tricolor CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 327, part (Cartagena, Colombia} crit.).—ScLaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367 (Panama; crit.).—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 157 (Santa Fé de Veragua and Cordillera de Tolé, w. Panama); 1870, 213 (Calovevora, Castillo, and Chitra, w. Panama).—CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 47 (Palmar, Legarto, and Boruca, s. w. Costa Rica).—Banes, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 287, in text (Rio Grande de Térraba, s. w. Costa Rica). [Centurus] tricolor SctatER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100, part (Panama). C[enturus] tricolor Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iv, 1881, 97, part (Veragua, w. Panama). Melaner pes tricolor Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1891, 174, part (Veragua, Panama, and Paraiso Station, Panama; ‘‘Central America”). [Centurus carolinus] var. tricolor Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 554, part (‘‘Central America’’). Centurus subelegans (not of Bonaparte) SctaTeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui, w. Panama). Centurus rubriventris (not of Swainson) Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion Hill, Panama). (?)Centurus rubricapillus ¢ CaBants, Journ. fiir Orn., x, Sept., 1862, 328, in text (Baranquilla, Colombia; coll. Heine Mus.). Melanerpes wagleri Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, li, sig. 52, Jan., 1895, 416 (Lion Hill Station, Panama Railway; coll. Salvin and God- man).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 18 (Lion Hill; crit.); iii, 1902, 33 (Boquete, w. Panama, 4,000 ft.); Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, 1907, 107 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 292 (Boruca, Paso Real, and Pozo del Rio Grande, Costa Rica). [ Melanerpes| wagleri SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211, part (Panama). Melanerpes wagleri wagleri THayeR and Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1906, 216 (Sabana de Panama).—CarrikER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 587 (Costa Rica). Melanerpes subelegans waglerti Richmonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xviii, Aug. 12, 1896, 668 (Chiriqui; Panama; coast of Colombia). Centurus wagleri SAtvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 8 (Punta de Sabana, Panama). CENTURUS SEDUCTUS (Bangs). SAN MIGUEL WOODPECEER. Similar to C. subelegans wagleri, but smaller, except bill, which is relatively larger and stouter; white bars or spots on inner webs of remiges narrower; postnasal feathers tinted with pale red instead of yellowish, and general color of under parts more ochraceous or vinaceous, sometimes tinged with red. Adult male.—Length (skins), 161-179 (168); wing, 103-106 (104.2); tail, 46-53 (49.1); culmen, 22-26.5 (25); tarsus, 18.5-19.5 (19.1); outer anterior toe, 17-18 (17.5).° 2 It isimportant that the types be carefully examined, for the name has priority over both Melanerpes wagleri and C. s. sanctz#-marte. 6 Ten specimens. 76 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female.—Length (skins), 145-171 (155); wing, 100-104.5 (102.1); tail, 46-51.5 (48.3); culmen, 21.5-23 (22.4); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.9); outer anterior toe, 16-17 (16.5).% San Miguél Island, Bay of Panama. Malanerpes seductus Banas, Auk, xviii, Jan., 1901, 26 (San Miguel Island, Bay of Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Melanerpes seductus THAYER and Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xlvi, 1905, 150 (San Miguel Island; crit.). CENTURUS HOFFMANNI Cabanis. HOFFMANN’S WOODPECEER. Most like C. polygrammus frontalis but much smaller, with tail relatively shorter; under parts decidedly darker and more yellowish gray, yellow of abdomen much deeper and much more extended, sub-basal portion of outer web of primaries much less heavily marked with white, lower rump and upper tail-coverts usually immaculate white, less white on middle rectrices, and adult male with red crown- patch larger and frequently confluent with the yellow or orange of nape. Adult male.—Postnasal region pale cadmium or chrome yellow; forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull white, pass- ing into light yellowish mouse gray or light drab-gray on supra- auricular region; crown bright poppy red, usually margined pos- teriorly by a more or less broad and distinct occipital band of light yellowish gray (confluent with the similar color of the supra-auricular region) but sometimes in contact with, or merging into, the bright cadmium yellow or orange (more rarely chrome yellow) of nape; back, scapulars, and upper rump regularly and sharply barred with black and white, the white bars averaging about 1.5-2 mm. in width and slightly narrower than the black ones; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, usually immaculate; wings black, the coverts and secondaries conspicuously barred with white (the black interspaces broader than on back, etc.), the primaries spotted with white on sub-basal portion and (except outer quills) margined ter- minally with white; tail black, the middle pair of rectrices with inner web broadly barred or indented with white, the outer web with a longitudinal, usually wedge-shaped, streak of white on basal half (more or less), the two lateral pairs narrowly tipped or termi- nally margined with white, the outermost with distal portion. of outer web barred or indented with white; auricular region, sides of neck, foreneck, chest, breast, and sides plain yellowish drab-gray fading into dull grayish, buffy white, or yellowish white on throat, chin, and malar region, and passing into bright saffron, indian, or cadmium yellow on abdomen; flanks and under tail-coverts dull @ Eight specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. a4 yellowish white broadly barred with black, the bars more or less V-shaped on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts white, rather narrowly barred with blackish; inner webs of remiges dull slate color or dusky, the greater part of secondaries and proximal portion of primaries with broad transverse spots of white; bill slate-black; feet dusky (olive-greenish in life); length (skins), 176-198 (186); wing, 116.5-125 (120); tail, 53-61.5 (57); culmen, 24-28 (26.3); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); outer anterior toe, 17-19.5 (18.3).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum without any red, the anterior portion of crown dull white, like forehead, passing into light smoke gray or drab gray on occiput, and nape usually lighter yellow (chrome yellow, more rarely cadmium yellow); length (skins), 170-190 (179); wing, 112-125.5 (117.8); tail, 50-60.5 (54.9); culmen, 22-26 (23.7); tarsus, 19-21 (19.6); outer anterior toe, 16.5-19 (17.6).® Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but nape paler and duller yellow, prefrontal region dull pale yellow or dull whitish, bars on back, etc., less sharply defined, general color of under parts duller, chest (usually, at least) more or less streaked or flecked with dusky, and yellow of abdomen duller and more restricted. Costa Rica (San José; Cartago; Grécia; San Mateo; San Pedro; Santo Domingo de San Mateo; Pigres; La Palma de Nicoya; Punta Arenas; Tendrio; Bolsén; Cerro Santa Maria; Volcan de Miravalles; Bebedero; Alajuela; Escazi; Orosi; Carrillo; Guapiles; Guayabal; Guayabo; Bonilla; Juan Vifias) and Nicaragua (Grenada; Leon; Tres Granadas; Ometepe; Sucuy4; San Juan del Sur; San Gerdénimo; Volcan de Chinandega; Virgen). Centurus hoffmannii CaBANis, Journ. fiir Orn., x, Sept., 1862, 322 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.?).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 100. Centurus hoffmanni Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (San José and Grecia, Costa Rica) —Frantztius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).— BoucarpD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1878, 49 (San José, Cartago, and Punta Arenas, Costa Rica).—ZELeDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 124 (San José; Cartago; Alajuela)—CHERRIE, a Thirteen specimens. 6 Eighteen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Costa Rica.....-....-----------+----+-+-- 120.2 56.2 26.1 20.4 18.3 Three adult males from Nicaragua...........--.--------------- 119.2 59.7 26.7 20.5 18.3 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Costa Rica..............-.---+.-------- 119 55. 4 23.8 19.6 1753. Eight adult females from Nicaragua......-.-.--..----------+--- 116.3 54.3 23.6 19.6 17.9 78 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Auk, ix, 1892, 327 (Costa Rica, both coasts and up to 6,500 ft.; descr. nest and eggs).—Frrry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., orn. ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 267 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). [Centurus aurifrons] var. hoffmanni Batrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 554. [Centurus aurifrons] 0. hoffmanni Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iv, July 18, 1881, 97 (diagnosis). Centurus aurifrons hoffmanni Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iv, July 18, 1881, 110 (monogr.); v, 1882, 501 (San José).—Nurrine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., v, 1882, 399 (La Palma de Nicoya, Costa Rica); vi, 1883, 375, 387, 394 (San Juan del Sur, Sucuyd4, and Omotepe, Nicaragua).—ZELEDON, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica). [Centurus] hoffmanni Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 197, no. 8760.—SciaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100. Picus hoffmanni SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 54. Melanerpes hoffmanni Harartr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 181 (San José; Punta Arenas).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 419 (Leon, etc., Nicaragua; Costa Rican localities) —-UNDERWOoD, Ibis, 1896, 443 (Volcan de Miravalles, Costa Rica) —CarrikEeR, Ann. Car- negie Mus., vi, 1910, 587 (syn.; range in Costa Rica; habits). [ Melaner pes] hoffmanni SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 211. Melanerpes aurifrons hoffmanni Lantz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Grenada, Nicaragua). CENTURUS POLYGRAMMUS POLYGRAMMUS Cabanis. ' OAXACA WOODPECKER. Similar to C. santacruzi gratelowpensis, but white bars on back, etc., averaging decidedly broader (or black bars narrower), inner web of middle rectrices with much more white, general color of under parts paler and grayer (less yellowish or fulvescent), the adult male usually with a broad gray occipital band, separating the red crown- patch from the yellow or orange-yellow nuchal area, as in C. auri- frons; differing from C. aurifrons in large amount of white Gnstead of none) on middle rectrices; back, etc., much more narrowly barred, color of chest, breast, etc., darker, and wing and tail averaging decidedly longer, the adult female usually with the nape more orange. Adult male.—Prefrontal region cadmium yellow (more or less deep); forehead and anterior portion of superciliary region dull white, passing into light buffy smoke gray or light yellowish drab-gray on supra- auricular region, the latter color usually passing across occiput as a more or less well-defined band; center $f crown bright poppy red, forming a roundish or ovoid patch, sometimes, however, continued over occiput where merging into the chrome or ee ane yellow, orange, or orange-red of nape, but usually separated from the yellow, orange, or aneeed nuchal area by an occipital band (more or less distinct) of light gray; back, scapulars, and upper rump narrowly, regularly, and very sharply barred with black and white, the white bars averaging about 1.5 mm. in width and very slightly narrower BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 79 than the black interspaces; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, usually immaculate but sometimes with a greater or less number of narrow sagittate markings of black, the longer upper tail-coverts more often with a narrow shaft-streak of black; wings black, the coverts narrowly barred with white, the secondaries more broadly barred with the same; the primaries blotched on sub-basal portion with white, the inner quills margined terminally with the same; tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices largely (usually mostly) white, with a greater or less number of broad bars or trans- verse spots of black, the outer web with a wedge-shaped streak of white on proximal portion, next to shaft; auricular region, sides of neck, chest, breast, and sides, plain light yellowish drab-grayish,? fading into paler (sometimes dull whitish) on upper throat, chin, and malar region and passing into saffron yellow on center of abdo- men; flanks and under tail-coverts white, stained or washed, more or less, with yellowish, and rather broadly barred with black, the bars more or less V-shaped on under tail-coverts; bill dull black or slate- black; iris reddish;? legs and feet greenish gray ° in life; length (skins), 218-250 (233); wing, 132-144 (138.9); tail, 74-85 (80.5); culmen, 28.5- 33 (31); tarsus, 22.5-25 (23.8); outer anterior toe, 20.5—22.5 (21.2).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but without any red on. crown, which shades from dull buffy white (like forehead) anteriorly to smoke gray on occiput, the nape chrome yellow to cadmium orange, and yellow of abdomen paler and more restricted; length (skins), 206-237 (223); wing, 129-138 (133.1); tail, 72.5-80 (76.5); culmen, 25-31 (27.2); tarsus, 21—-23.5 (22.3); outer anterior toe, 18-20.5 (19.4).¢ Southern Mexico, in State of Oaxaca (San Bartolomé; Tehuante- pec; San Gerénimo; Santa Efigénia; Chicapa; Chimalapa; Chihuitan; Huilétepec; Juchitaén; Santo Domingo; Sierra de Santo Domingo) and western Chiapas (Tonala). @ The color is paler (light buffy grayish) in summer or worn plumage, darker (deep yellowish drab-gray to yellowish broccoli brown) in fresh plumage. 6 Sumichrast, manuscript. ¢ Twelve specimens. @ Ten specimens. be | Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- ieee rior toe. MALES. Mormad mtimalesifrom Oaxaca ss . part, CABANIS and Heng, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, Oct.9, 1863, 157. (New name for Chrysopicus Bonaparte (not Chrysopicos Malherbe) and Lam- propicus Malherbe, on grounds of purism.) Medium-sized Picidee (wing 98-137 mm.) closely similar in struc- tural characters to Tripsurus, Centurus, etc., but differing con- spicuously in coloration, the upper parts mostly plain olive-greenish, under parts barred with olive, or dusky, and yellowish, and inner a Eleven specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus,| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from southwestern Costa Rica.........--.---- 112.1 54.6 26 19.5 17.9 Five adult males from western Panama............--.-------- 112.4 55.7 25 19.4 17.4 FEMALES. Ten adult females from southwestern Costa Rica........-.---- 110.2 53.9 23.3 18.8 Nie One aduit female from western Panama.........-.-...-------- 108 50.5 22.5 18.5 16.5 b“ Von xpabyaco¢g (=Kpavyéc, Specht).’’ (Cabanis and Heine.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 125 webs of remiges broadly edged or spotted with vinaceous-cinnamon or yellow, the sides of head or the throat sometimes bright yellow. Bill shorter than head, rather broad and depressed basally (de- cidedly broader than deep at anterior end of nostrils), regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile; culmen straight or, sometimes, very faintly convex, distinctly (usually sharply) ridged; gonys slightly to decidedly longer than mandibular rami, faintly concave anteriorly, faintly convex and slightly prominent basally; supranasal ridge very distinct, extending for basal half or more of maxilla, much nearer to culmen than to tomium (except anteriorly). Nostril rather small, longitudinally oval or elliptical, situated rather nearer to tomium than to culmen, at least partly covered by small bristle-like antrorse prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex small, bristle-like, antrorse, or semiantrorse, those of chin with small bristle-like, semi- antrorse tips. Orbital region naked, including margin of eyelids except posterior portion of the lower, which sometimes has a few minute feathers. Wing rather long and pointed, the longest. pri- maries exceeding secondaries by about one-fourth the length of wing; sixth and seventh or sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the ninth equal to or longer than third, the tenth (outer- most) one-third to one-half as long as ninth. Tail slightly to de- cidedly more than half as long as wing, the middle rectrices grad- ually acuminate. Tarsus decidedly longer than either outer toe without claw, the outer hind toe decidedly shorter than the outer front toe; tarsi and toes rather slender, but claws large and strongly curved. Coloration.—Upper parts mostly plain olive-green or oil-green; under parts conspicuously barred with olive, or dusky, and yellowish; inner webs of remiges broadly edged, or banded, with vinaceous- cinnamon or more narrowly edged with yellow; sides of head or throat sometimes bright yellow; adult males with more or less of the pileum and a broad malar stripe (sometimes throat also) bright red, adult females with red only on nape or part of pileum or with none at all. Range.—Middle Mexico to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About twenty species and subspecies.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CHLORONERPES. a. Under wing-coverts and edges of inner webs of remiges light yellow; remiges not barred, and with yellow shafts. 6. Chin and throat whitish, streaked or barred with blackish or grayish; adults with only part, or none, of pileum crimson; adult females with malar region whitish streaked with grayish or dusky. c. Pileum and nape uniform slate-gray (without red in either sex). (South- qwesterl. WemiCG) i). ccc. esas s-sbinos scans Chloronerpes auricularis (p. 128) ce. Pileum crimson laterally (at least posteriorly); nape wholly crimson. 126 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. d. Chest and breast irregularly barred or squamated; larger (wing averaging more than 130, tail more than 85). (Eastern Mexico.) : Chloronerpes zeruginosus (p. 129) dd. Chest and breast regularly barred; smaller (wing averaging less than 130, tail less than 80). e. Whole under parts barred. (Chloronerpes rubiginosus.) f. Larger (wing 114-133.5, averaging much more than 115); lateral rectrices usually not distinctly, if at all, barred; adult males with red on sides of pileum broader, never interrupted above eye. g. Chest more narrowly barred with yellow, the yellow bars usually less than half as broad as the olivaceous interspaces. h. Posterior under parts less distinctly barred; bill stouter. i. Color of back, etc., averaging more greenish or yellowish olive; olivaceous bars on chest less dark, less, or not at all, tinged with orange. (Southeastern Mexico to Nicaragua.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus yucatanensis (p. 131). wi. Color of back, etc., averaging more golden or orange olive; olivaceous bars on chest darker, more or less strongly tinged with orange. (Costa Rica and Panama.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus uropygialis (p. 133). hh. Posterior under parts more strongly barred; bill more slender. (Andes of Mérida, Venezuela.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus meridensis (extralimital).¢ gg. Chest more broadly barred with yellow, the yellow bars more than half as wide as the very dark olive interspaces. (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus alleni (extralimital).4 ff. Smaller (wing 98-115, averaging less than 112); lateral rectrices dis- tinctly barred, at least on outer web; adult males with red on sides of pileum narrower, frequently interrupted above eye. g. Back, etc., yellowish olive; chest. barred with pale yellowish or yellowish white and dull blackish, the yellowish bars broader. (Arid coast district of Venezuela.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus rubiginosus (extralimital).¢ gg. Back, etc., bright tawny-olive; chest barred with light yellowish and dark olive, the yellowish bars narrower. h. Smaller (wing 98-106, tail 55-62, culmen 20-23.5, tarsus 18.5-20.5). (Island of Trinidad.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus trinitatis (extralimital).¢@ a Chloroner pes rubiginosus meridensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 33 (Merida, Venezuela; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). b Chloronerpes yucatanensis alleni Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iu, March 31, 1902, 83 (San Sebastian, Santa Marta, Colombia; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). ¢ Picus rubiginosus Swainson, Zool. Ilustr., ser. 1, i, no. 3, Dec., 1820, pl. 14 and text (‘Spanish Main”; type locality subsequently fixed by Hartert as Cumana, Venezuela; coll. E. Falkner); Sundevall, Consp. Picin., 1866, 69.—Chloronerpes rubiginosus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 308; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 86, part.—Chloronerpes rubiginosus rubiginosus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, 1906, 38, part (Los Palmales and Cumand, Venezuela; crit). d Chloronerpes rubiginosus rubiginosus Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xili, 1906, 38, part (Caparo, Valencia, Seelet, and Chaguanas, Trinidad; crit.).—Chloroner pes rubiginosus trinitatis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 32 (Princestown, Trinidad; coll. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.). ee ee ee ae a a rena me BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 127 hh. Larger (wing 106-115, tail 61-67.5, culmen 22-25, tarsus 19.5-21). (Island of Tobago.) Chloronerpes rubiginosus tobagensis (extralimital).¢ ee. Posterior half of under parts immaculate yellow or with sides and flanks very indistinctly barred. (Central Peru.) Chloronerpes chrysogaster (extralimital).? 6b. Chin and throat black spotted with white (sometimes uniform black in young); adults with whole pileum crimson; adult female with malar region black speckled with whitish. (State of Antioquia, central Colombia, to western HGuador y=. Seer sees Oe ate ek As Oe Chloronerpes gularis (extralimital).¢ aa. Under wing-coverts and greater part of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, the latter sometimes with spots or broad bars of dusky (mostly concealed) on distal portion, their shafts whitish or light cinnamon and dusky. b. Outer webs of remiges plain golden olive or deep citrine; chin and throat immacu- late dull light orange-yellow or antimony yellow; chest regularly barred with dull light orange-yellow and dusky olive. (Chloronerpes chrysochlorus.) e. Auricular region dusky olive; distal portion of primaries less extensively dusky. (Southern Brazil; Paraguay.) Chloronerpes chrysochlorus chrysochlorus (extralimital).¢ cc. Auricular region lighter olive; distal portion of primaries more extensively dusky. (Eastern Panama.).-...Chloronerpes chrysochlorus aurosus (p. 134). bb. Outer webs of remiges spotted with cinnamon-rufous; chin and throat uniform sooty or grayish brown or spotted or streaked with sooty brownish and dull whitish; chest olive spotted with dull whitish. c. A broad suborbital stripe, together with chin and upper throat (or streaks on same), dull buffy whitish. (Panama.)....Chloronerpes callopterus (p. 135). @ Chloronerpesrubiginosus tobagensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 33 (Tobago; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). b Chloronerpes chrysogaster Berlepsch and Stolzmann, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., vol. 2, pt. 1, Oct., 1902, 32 (Garita del Sol and La Gloria, central Peru; coll. Branicki Mus.). Of this very strongly characterized form, the U. 8S. National Museum possesses a fine adult male from Vitoc, Garita del Sol. If not a distinct species it certainly is the most distinct of all the forms of C. rubiginosus. ¢ Chloroner pes gularis Hargitt, Ibis, sixth ser., i, no. 2, April, 1889, 230 (Santa Elena, Antioquia, Colombia); Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 86.—(?)Chloronerpes rubri- pileus Salvadoriand Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xv, no. 368, Feb. 19, 1900, 14 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador; coll. Turin Mus.). The U.S. National Museum possesses an adult male of a Chloronerpes from Guaya- quil, western Ecuador, which seems to be C. rubripileus of Salvadori and Festa. It has the entire pileum crimson, the malar patches crimson, and the throat spotted with black and white. It is evidently closely related to C. gularis Hargitt, but the speci- men in question is in badly abraded plumage, and therefore a satisfactory comparison can not be made, especially since the only examples examined of C. gularis are two females, one of them a young bird. @ Picus chrysochlorus Vieillot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 98 (Paraguay; based on Carpintero verde dorado Azara, Apunt. Parag., ii, 317).—C[raugiscus] chryso- chlorus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, 1863, 159 (Brazil).—Chloronerpes chryso- chlorus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picid, 1868, 106; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Xvili, 1890, 72.—Chloropicus chrysochlorus Malherbe, Mon. Pic., ii, 1862, 141, pl. 84, figs. 1, 2.—Picus macrocephalus Spix, Av. Bras., i, 1824, 60, pl. 53, fig. 2—[Chloronerpes] macrocephalus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 308.—Ch[loronerpes] brasiliensis (not Picus braziliensis Swainson) Reichenbach, Scansores, Picinz, 1854, 351, pl. 622, figs. 4148, 4189.—Chloropicus brasiliensis Malherbe, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, pl. 85, figs. 1, 2. 128 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ec. Suborbital and auricular regions, chin, and throat light brown or olive, the first sometimes partly crimson. (Chloronerpes simplex.) d. Spots on chest smaller; yellowish of posterior under parts paler, bill larger (culmen in adult male 19-21.5). (Costa Rica and Nicaragua.) Chloronerpes simplex simplex (p. 136). dd. Spots on chest larger, more transverse; yellowish of posterior under parts deeper, more buffy; bill smaller (culmen in adult male, 18). (Northern Honduras) i. 233 -o eee eee Chloronerpes simplex allophyeus (p. 138). CHLORONERPES AURICULARIS Salvin and Godman. GODMAN’S WOODPECEER. Adult male-—Pileum and hindneck uniform light gray (between no. 6 and no. 7); back and scapulars plain light olive-green more or less tinged or intermixed with gray, the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but narrowly barred with pale yellow or yellowish white; wings similar in color to back, ete., but rather brighter olive-green, the terminal portion of inner webs of remiges dull grayish brown; tail light yellowish olive-green, the middle rectrices dusky terminally and with dusky shafts, the lateral rectrices sometimes with broad indistinct bars or transverse spots of darker; loral, orbital, and auricu- lar regions dull pale brownish buff or brownish white (sometimes approaching dull broccoli brown), the auricular region (at least pos- terior portion) sometimes indistinctly barred with grayish; malar region bright crimson; chin and upper throat dull whitish clouded or irregularly flecked with dull grayish, the lower throat more regularly barred with the same; foreneck and chest olive, rather irregularly but sharply barred with yellowish white or pale yellowish (the bars of the latter color sometimes nearly as wide as the olive interspaces, sometimes much narrower), the remaining under parts more broadly barred with olive and pale yellowish; under wing-coverts pale yellow (between straw and primrose, sometimes tinged with canary), some- times sparsely barred (narrowly), at least near edge of wing, with dusky; inner webs of remiges yellowish gray distally, broadly edged basally with pale creamy yellow, their shafts clear sulphur or light canary yellow; under surface of lateral rectrices light olive-yellowish, the shafts pale yellow; bill grayish black, the mandible paler (more — horn color) basally; feet dusky grayish (in dried skins); length (skins), 202-222 (210); wing, 116. 5-122 (120.2); tail, 67-72 (69. 3): culmen, 25-26 (25.5); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20. 3); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18.5 (17.7) .% Young male.—Similar to the adult male but red of malar region ~ duller (the gray at base of feathers considerably exposed), and sides of hindneck very slightly tinged or intermixed with red. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but malar region streaked with dull gray and whitish; length (skins), 206-212 (209); wing, a Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 129 119-121.5 (120); tail, 67.5-72 (70); culmen, 23-24.5 (23.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.8); outer anterior toe, 16.5-18 (17.2).¢ Southwestern Mexico, in States of Guerrero (Xautipa, in Sierra Madre del Sur), Jalisco (Hacienda San Marcos, 5,200 feet; Sal se Puerdes; Hacienda Santa Gertrudis; Minerdl de San Sebastian), and southern Sinaloa (Plomosas; Mount Juan Lisiarraga, 5,500 feet). Chloronerpes auricularis Satvin and Gopman, Ibis, July, 1889, 381 (Xautipa, Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero, Mexico; coll. Salvin and Godman); Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 408, pl. 59a, fig. 3—Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 83. [Chloroner pes] auricularis SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205. Chloronerpes godmani Hararrtt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 83 (Hacienda San Marcos, Jalisco, Mexico, alt. 5,200ft.; coll. Brit. Mus.).—Satvrn and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 409, pl. 59a, figs. 1, 2 (Hacienda San Marcos, H. de Sta. Gertrudis, and Mineral de San Sebastian, Jalisco).— Miter (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 352 (Juan Lisiarraga, s. Sinaloa). [Chloronerpes] godmant SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205. CHLORONERPES ZRUGINOSUS (Malherbe). LICHTENSTEIN’S WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Pileum plain slate-gray; hindneck bright crimson, this color extending forward laterally, on each side of occiput and crown, to or beyond posterior angle of eye; back and scapulars plain olive-green (varying from a more grayish to a more “‘golden”’ hue,? the rump and upper tail-coverts similar but usually more or less barred, narrowly, with pale yellowish; wings plain golden brown (more yellowish than tawny-olive), duller on primaries, especially on terminal portion of inner webs, the shafts of remiges yellowish dis- tally; under wing-coverts light creamy yellow (maize yellow), those near edge of wing barred with blackish; inner webs of remiges mostly yellowish olive, but proximal portion (nearly all on secondaries) broadly edged with light creamy yellow, the shafts clear canary yellow; tail olive or olive-brownish basally, blackish distally except the lateral rectrices, the shafts of middle rectrices black or blackish brown; under surface of lateral pair of rectrices olive or yellowish olive, the inner portion of inner web, more or less broadly, dusky; loral region dull buff or cream-buff, the suborbital region and super- ciliary region (narrowly) similar but paler; auricular region grayish white, narrowly streaked with dusky grayish; malar region crimson, the anterior end, more or less extensively, grayish; chin and throat grayish white (sometimes tinged with pale yellow), rather broadly streaked with blackish or dusky grayish; foreneck and chest olive, irregularly barred with pale olive-yellow, this pattern passing grad- 4 Three specimens. 5 As if washed with wax yellow. 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14—9 130 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ually on more posterior under parts to pale citron yellow, broadly and rather regularly barred with olive, the under tail-coverts, how- ever, with the yellowish bars much narrower than the olive inter- spaces; bill grayish black; iris brown;? feet dusky grayish (bluish ash in life) ;% length (skins), 221-261 (240); wing, 130.5-137 (133.6); tail, 81.5-90 (86.3); culmen, 25-29 (26.6); tarsus, 23-25 (23.7); outer anterior toe, 20-21 (20.4).? Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but under parts of body much less distinctly barred (sometimes whole abdomen and flanks nearly immaculate) and much duller yellowish; chest and foreneck regularly barred, but the bars less strongly contrasted; and red of nape extending forward, along sides of crown and forehead, to base of bill. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but malar region pale gray or grayish white, narrowly streaked with blackish, and red of nape not extending laterally to eye; length (skins), 217-250 (226); wing, 127.5-135.5 (130.9); tail, 78-89 (85.5); culmen, 23-25.5 (24.2); tarsus, 22—23.5 (22.6); outer anterior toe, 18-19.5 (18.7).° Eastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Cérdova; Jalapa; Orizaba; Miradér; Codtepec; Papantla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca), San Luis Potosi (Jilitla), Nueva Leén (Cerro de la Silla; Boquillo), and Tamaulipas (Victéria; Sierra Madre, above Victoria; Tampico; Alta Mira; Rio Pilén; Rampahuila; Rio Santa; Rio de la Cruz; Santa Leonora; Guiaves; Galindo; Potrero; Rio Martinez). (?)Picus poliocephalus LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Vég., 1830, 1 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 55 (reprint). C[hloroner pes] rubiginosus (not of Swainson) Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 443. Chloronerpes rubiginosus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, pl. 110. C{hloronerpes] xruginosus Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 22 (ex Lichten- stein manuscript); nomen nudum! Chloronerpes xruginosus GRAY, List Picide Brit. Mus., 1868, 104 (Cordova, Vera Cruz).—SciaTer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 339 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz).—Sumr- cHRrast, La Naturaleza, v, 1882, 240, part (Orizaba, Vera Cruz).—Harelrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 81 (Tampico, and Sierra Madre above Victoria, Tamaulipas; Cordova, Jalapa, Orizaba, and Coatepec, Vera Cruz; Atoyac, Mexico).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 406.—RicHMmonpD, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xviii, 1896, 629 (Alta Mira, Tamau- lipas).—Puiturs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 75 (Rampahuila, Rio Santa, Rio de la Cruz, Rio Martinez, Santa Leonora, Guiaves, Galindo, and Potrero, Tamauli- pas). [Chloroner pes] aeruginosus LicHTENSTEIN, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 76. [Chloronerpes] xruginosus BonaPartTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 124 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 9).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 198, no. 8775.—Scxa- TER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100.—SHarprz, Hand-list, 1i, 1900, 205. C[hloroner pes] aeruginosus CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 161 (Jalapa). ES a According to Sumichrast. b Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 131 C{hloroner pes] xruginosus SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 177 (near City of Mexico). Picus xruginosus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 70. Chrysopicus xruginosus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 171; iv, 1862, pl. 90, figs. 1, 2. Chloronerpes yucatanensis (not Picus yucatanensis Cabot) SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 307 (Cordova, Vera Cruz; diagnosis; crit.); 1859, 367 (Jalapa).— CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 321 (diagnosis; Mexico). Chloronerpes yucatensis CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 321 (Mexico; crit.). CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUS YUCATANENSIS (Cabot). YUCATAN WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Pileum bright crimson laterally and (more or less) anteriorly, this confluent posteriorly with a crimson area covering whole of nape, the red enclosing a large central area of slate-gray covering greater part of forehead, crown, and occiput; back and scapulars plain yellowish olive-green to nearly orange-olive or deep yellowish olive tinged with orange; wings plain orange-brown or yellowish tawny-olive, passing into dull brown or grayish brown on alula, primary coverts, and terminal portion of primaries; rump and upper tail-coverts olive-yellow or citron yellow, broadly barred with light olive; tail light brownish olive, the middle rectrices blackish distally; loral, orbital, and auricular regions pale buffy brownish or pale broccoli brown, the posterior portion of the last usually indis- tinctly barred with darker, the post-auricular region dull whitish, dis- tinctly barred with dusky; malar region (broadly) bright crimson; chin and throat dull white or grayish white, streaked and barred (pos- teriorly) with dusky, the chin sometimes uniform dusky; foreneck and chest dark yellowish olive, narrowly and sharply barred with pale yellow or yellowish white, the remaining under parts similar but the yellow bars much broader and the bars less sharply defined, especially on abdomen, anal region, and flanks; under wing-coverts buffy yellow (maize yellow to buff-yellow), those along edge of wing usually narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky; inner webs of remiges light yellowish olive, broadly edged (except distally) with pale buffy yellow, their shafts clear light yellow; under surface of lateral rec- trices light yellowish olive or dull wax yellow, their shafts clear light yellow; bill dull blackish, sometimes more brownish or horn color on basal portion of mandible; iris dark brown?; feet dusky grayish (dark gray in life’); length (skins), 180-230 (211); wing, 118.5-132.5 (126.4); tail, 65-79.5 (72.2); culmen, 22.5-27 (25.4); tarsus, 20.5— 23.5 (21.6); outer anterior toe, 17.5-20.5 (19.1).° Young male.—Similar to the adult male but posterior under parts nearly immaculate light olive-yellowish, the rump and upper tail- @ According to Morton E. Peck. 6 Kighteen specimens, 132 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. coverts also nearly immaculate (the darker bars indistinct or obsolete). Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but malar region streaked or spotted with dull white or dusky, like throat; length (skins), 171- 225 (205); wing, 116-133.5 (124.7); tail, 62-77.5 (70.5); culmen, 22-27.5 (24.1); tarsus, 20.5-23 (21.3); outer anterior toe, 17.5-19.5 (18.3) .¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Playa Vicente; Ori- zaba; Pasa Nueva; Buena Vista), Oaxaca (Chimalapa; Guichicovi; Comiltepec; Tapana; mountains near Santo Domingo; near Totén- tepec; Teotalcingo), Tabasco (Teapa; Frontera), Yucatan (Tizimin; Izamal; Peto) and Chiapas (Gineta Mountains; Canjéb; mountains near Tonal4), and southward through Guatemala (San Gerénimo; Tactic; Coban; Duefias; Chiséc; Toliman; Retalhuleu; Telimén; Barranca Honda; Savana Grande; Volcan de Agua) and Salvadér (La Libertéd; Volcan de San Miguél) and Honduras? to Nicaragua a Twenty-four specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. a toe. MALES. Five adult males from Vera Cruz (3), Oaxaca (1) and Ta- IDASCON GL) Sameete cece ieee oteete hae ateiateictarainicisie ais erste mineral araie iar 121.6 69. 6 24.7 21.5 19.1 Seven adult males from Chiapas (2) and Guatemala (5)-......-.- 128 73. 6 25. 3 21.8 18.8 Two adult males from British Honduras.................- Sezse le Lao 69. 3 26. 3 Zao 19.5 Four adult males from Nicaragua.................-.----------- 130.1 73. 8 26. 1 21.4 19. 4 Ten adult males (C. r. uropygialis) from Costa Rica........-..- 118. 4 66.5 24.5 Dit 18.5 Ten adult males (C. r. uropygialis) from Panama..........-.-.- 119. 2 67.1 24. 6 21S 18. 4 Six adult males (C. r. alleni) from Colombia (Santa Marta dis- EEL OT ease etal stash aie tere testcre te tale eahe staat at tata) State late em ieee latte tole 123. 4 78. 5 26. 5 21.6 19.3 One adult male (C. r. alleni ?) from central Colombia (Bogoté).| 126 79 26. 5 23 19 Two adult males (C. r. meridensis) from mountains of Vene- | muela (Merida) cere occ cieaiss se eeeecee eer eae cemee ater c= | 123 71.8 24. 5 21 18 Three adult males (C. r. rubiginosus) from coast of Venezuela (San*Antonioand) Hl) Guadearo) 22s eaicoac a aee eee neseae om 110.5 65.5 23. 5 20. 3 16.8 Seven adult males (C. r. tobagensis) from Tobago...........-.-.| lll 63. 8 24.1 20. 4 17.6 Five adult males (C. r. trinitatis) from Trinidad................ 105. 4 60. 7 22.9 20 16 FEMALES. Six adult females from Vera Cruz (3) and Oaxaca (8)..-......-.} 121.7 67.7 23. 8 21.3 18.2 Ten adult females from Chiapas (2) and Guatemala (8) ...-.-.-.-. 125. 1 70. 8 21.4 21.4 18.3 Eight adult females from Nicaragua.................-.-------- 126. 4 72. 1 24.7 21.3 18.3 Ten adult females (C. r. uropygialis) from Costa Rica........-- 118. 9 66. 1 24.1 20. 2 17.5 Four adult females (C. r. uropygialis) from Panama..........-- 118 1 67.5 24.1 20. 9 18.1 Five adult females (C.r. alleni) from Colombia (Santa Marta)..} 122.9 79.3 24.5 20. 5 19 Two adult females (C. r. meridensis) from mountains of Vene- mUClan( Meri Gayo: cscs satis cease saisoh bine Otlaciane seb csieeine tctoiciee 122. 3 73. 5 22. 8 20. 8 17.8 Three adult females (C. r. tobagensis) from Tobago..........--- 110. 3 65.5 22. 8 19.5 17 Three adult females (C. r. trinitatis) from Trinidad............. 100 57.3 21.8 18.8 15.8 One adult female (C. r. canipileus) from Bolivia...........-..- 127 74 24. 5 22. 5 18 bNo Honduras specimen seen by me, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. © 133 (Le6n; Matagalpa; Chinandega; San Gerénimo, Chinandega; Volcan de Chinandega; Rio Grande; Rio Coco; San Carlos; San Rafaél del Norte). Picus yucatanensis CaBot, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, May, 1844, 164 (Yucatan; coll. Dr. S. Cabot, jr.); Journ. Bost. Soc. N. H., v, pt. i, 1845, 92 (road from Chemax to Yalahao, Yucatan). Chloronerpes yucatanensis ScLatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Honduras; crit.); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 339 (Coban, Guatemala).—ScLaTER and SALVIN, Ibis, 1859, 136 (Duefias, Guatemala; Yucatan).—Moore, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Honduras; crit.)—Satvin and Scrarer, Ibis, 1860, 144 (Coban; crit.).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 104, part (Mexico).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 396 (Guatemala).— BoucarD, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Tizimin, Yucatan).—Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 84, part (Teapa, Tabasco; Peto, Yucatan; Orange Walk and Southern Pine Ridge, Brit. Honduras; Duefias, Coban, Chisec, Tactic, Barranca Honda, Savana Grande, and Volcan de Agua, Guatemala).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 518 (San Carlos, Nicaragua).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 407, part (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Teapa, Tabasco; Chimalapa, Tapana, and Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas; Tizimin, Izamal, and Peto, Yucatan; Orange Walk, British Honduras; San Gerénimo, Toliman, Retal- huleu, etc., Guatemala; La Libertad and Volcan de San Miguel, Salvador; Leén, Chinandega, Matagalpa, San Rafael del Norte, etc., Nicaragua). C[hloroner pes] yucatanensis CABANIS and He1nk, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 161, part (Mexico). [Chloroner pes] yucatanensis Gray, Hand-list, i, 1869, 198, no. 8777, part.—ScLATER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100, part.—Suarpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205, part. Picus yucatanensis SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 70, part (Mexico).— GIEBEL, Thes. Orn., iii, 1876, 186. Plicus] yucatacensis Gray, Gen. Birds, iii, 1849, App., p. 21. [Chloronerpes] canipileus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 198, no. 8776, part. Chrysopicus rubiginosus (not Picus rubiginosus Swainson) MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 174, part. (?)Chloronerpes xruginosus (not of Malherbe?) SciarEr, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 388 (Teotalcingo, Oaxaca). Chloronerpes xruginosus (not of Malherbe) Lawrence, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 35 (Tapana and Guichicovi, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas).— BoucarpD, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 27 (Guatemala). CHLORONERPES RUBIGINOSUS UROPYGIALIS (Cabanis). COSTA RICAN WOODPECKER. Similar to C.r, yucatanensis, but more richly colored; the foreneck and chest washed with golden brown and with yellow bars averaging narrower, color of upper parts averaging more golden brownish (less greenish), and rump frequently less distinctly barred (often uniform or nearly so);* wing, tail, and bill averaging shorter. a eS SE ee ME eae EY red @ Occasional specimens, both from Panama and Costa Rica, have the rump quite as plain colored as C. r. rubiginosus. One adult male from Sarchi, Costa Rica (no. 101920) has the crimson malar patches united posteriorly by a broad band across the lower throat, the foreneck washed with crimson, and touches of the same color over whole back, scapulars, rump, and upper tail-coverts. 134 —° BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male-—Length (skins), 187-213 (200); wing, 114-123 (118.8); tail, 64-71.5 (66.8); culmen, 22.5-27 (24.6); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.2); outer anterior toe, 17.5-20 (18.4).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 187-211 (198); wing, 115.5-122.5 (118.7); tail, 64-71 (66.5); culmen, 22-26 (24.1); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.4); outer anterior toe, 17-18.5 (17.7).° Costa Rica (Cerro de la Candelaria; Cerro Santa Maria; Sarchi de Alajuela; Cariblanco de Sarapiqui; Naranjo and Azahar de Cartago; Guayabo; Bonilla; Juan Vifias; Turrialba; Carrillo; La Hondura; Barranca; Laguaria; Santa Maria de Dota; Atirro; Rio Sticio) and western Panama (Boquete, 4,000-5,600 feet; Boquerén; Cordillera del Chucu; Voledn de Chiriqui). Chloronerpes uropygialis CaBanis, Journ. fiir Orn., x, Sept., 1862, 321, 322 (Cerro de la Candelaria, Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.). Chloronerpes yucatanensis uropygialis (not of Bangs, 1899) ¢ Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, Jan. 30, 1902, 33 (Boquete, Panama, 4,000-5,600 ft.).— CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 584 (Costa Rica; habits). Chloronerpes yucatanensis (not Picus yucatanensis Cabot) LAwRENcE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Turrialba and Barranca, Costa Rica).—FRantzivs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 124 (Rio Sucio, Sarchi de Alajuela, and Naranjo de Cartago, Costa Rica).—Frrry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., Orn. Ser., i, 1910, 267 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). C{hloronerpes] yucatanensis CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 161, part. [Chloronerpes] yucatanensis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 198, no. 8777, part.— SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205, part. Picus yucatanensis SUNDEVALL, Consp. Picin., 1866, 70, part (Costa Rica). Chloronerpes canipileus (not Picus canipileus D’Orbigny) Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 212 (Cordillera del Chucu and Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama; crit.). [Chloronerpes] canipileus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 198, no. 8776, part.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 100, part. CHLORONERPES CHRYSOCHLORUS AUROSUS Nelson. GOLDMAN’S WOODPECEER. Similar to C. c. chrysochlorus, of southern Brazil and Paraguay, but auricular region paler olive and distal portion of primaries more extensively dusky.? Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck bright deep poppy red or clear carmine red, the feathers grayish beneath surface; rest of upper parts a Twenty specimens. b Fourteen specimens. For comparative measurements of Panama and Costa Rican specimens see p. 1382. ¢ =Chloronerpes yucatanensis alleni Bangs, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, March 31, 1902, 83 (San Sebastian, Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia, 6,600 it.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). d@1 doubt, however, whether these characters would prove constant in a larger series of the supposed two forms. ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 135 plain deep citrine or between this and medal bronze,? duller on outer webs of primaries, the rectrices dusky terminally and medially (next to shafts); loral, suborbital, and auricular regions deep citrine or light brownish olive (Saccardo’s olive); a rictal stripe (originating on lower edge of frontal anti) of dull orange-yellow (antimony yellow), passing into buff-yellow or pinard yellow posteriorly (on subauricular portion) ; a broad malar patch of carmine red, succeeded by a broad stripe of uniform brownish olive or olive-brown on sides of neck (beneath the yellow subauricular stripe); chin and throat immaculate light cinnamon-buff; rest of under parts light cinnamon- buff or dull light orange-yellow (deepest on chest, much paler on under tail-coverts) everywhere regularly and rather narrowly barred with dusky olive-brown; axillars and under wing-coverts immaculate pinkish cinnamon or light vinaceous-cinnamon; under surface of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, with distal portion abruptly dusky; bil dark horn color, with terminal portion of maxilla darker and basal portion of mandible slightly paler; legs and feet dusky horn color Gn dried skins); length (skins), 204.5; wing, 124.5; tail, 67; exposed culmen, 23; tarsus, 20.5; outer anterior toe, 19.° Eastern Panama (Marraganti). Chloroner pes chrysochlorus aurosus NELson, Smithson, Misc. Coll., vol. 60, no. 3 (pub. 2148), Sept. 27, 1912, 3 (Marraganti, 150 miles east of Canal Zone, eastern Paname; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). CHLORONERPES CALLOPTERUS Lawrence. PANAMA WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Pileum and hindneck carmine red, more or less broken on forehead and crown by slate-grayish, only the tips of these feathers bemg red; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, and secondaries plain bright orange-brown (nearest raw-umber but more orange- yellowish or greenish), the outer webs of secondaries with inner portion (next to shaft and concealed, except terminally, in closed wing) light cinnamon-rufous, rather distantly barred or spotted (except sometimes on proximal feathers) with black; primaries clear cinnamon-rufous rather distantly spotted with blackish, their distal portion uniform brownish dusky or sepia brown; under wing-coverts deep pinkish buff, or cinnamon-buff; inner webs of remiges light cinnamon-rufous with distal portion, abruptly, dusky (extensively on longer primaries), the distal portion of cimnamomeous area on secondaries showing a greater or less number of bars or transverse spots of dusky next to shaft; primary coverts olive-brown, the innermost ones spotted with light cinnamon-rufous; rump and upper tail-coverts light olive or yellowish olive, the former transversely spotted or broadly barred - @ Of the author’s ‘‘Color Standards,”’ pl. iv, colors 212 and 19m. 6 One specimen (the type). 136 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. laterally with pale buffy yellowish, the latter with more or less dis- tinct (sometimes large) mesial streaks or central spots of pale yellow- ish or buffy; tail olive passing into dusky terminally, the two outer developed rectrices on each side sometimes with a median streak of pale cinnamon-rufous, the under surface of lateral rectrices dull light olive-grayish; a broad subloral and suborbital stripe of dull olive-whitish, originating immediately behind nostril, on lower- anterior portion of loral region, this stripe passing into into grayish olive on auricular region; a broad malar stripe, chin and throat dull yellowish, or brownish, white, irregularly streaked, spotted, or flecked with olive; chest and lower foreneck olive, broken by guttate streaks (anteriorly) and spots (posteriorly) of pale dull buffy yellowish; rest of under parts pale dull yellowish (nearly straw yellow) barred with dusky olive, the under tail-coverts sometimes more buffy and partly immaculate; bill, in dried skins, dusky horn color, paler (sometimes dull whitish) on basal half of mandible; feet dull grayish brown (in dried skins); length (skins), 167-175 (171); wing, 106-108.5 (107); tail, 56.5-59 (58); culmen, 21; tarsus, 17-18 (17.3); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.7).¢ Adult female—Similar to the adult male, but pileum dull slaty olive, only the lower occiput and hindneck being red; the malar region similar but rather lighter grayish olive; length (skins), 165-169.5 (167); wing, 106-108.5 (107.5); tail, 55.5-58 (56.7); exposed culmen, 20-21.5 (20.7); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.7); outer ante- rior toe, 15-16 (15.5). Panama (Lion Hill; Veragua; Cana; Cerro Brujo). Chloronerpes callopterus LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., vii, 1862, 476 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 106.—Satvin, Ibis, 1874, 317 (Veragua; crit.).— Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 80 (Veragua).—SaLvin and Gop- MAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 409, pl. 59, fig. 1 (Veragua; Lion Hill). [Chloronerpes] callopterus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 199, no. 8785.—SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205. C[raugasus] callopterus CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 159. Chrysopicus callopterus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 326. Picus callopterus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 12. CHLORONERPES SIMPLEX SIMPLEX Salvin. ' BUGABA WOODPECKER. Similar to C. callopterus but with suborbital and subauricular regions, chin, and throat light brown, concolor, or nearly so, with adjacent parts of head. Adult male.—Pileum (including superciliary region), hindneck, malar region, and more or less of suborbital region, bright, rather dark, poppy red, the feathers dusky grayish or dull slate color beneath surface; upper parts mostly plain yellowish olive-green, or a Three specimens from Panama. b Three specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 137 between olive-green and raw umber, the outer webs of distal primaries more or less distinctly spotted with dull cinnamon-rufous, the inner webs of proximal secondaries (except first two) showing more or less of the same along margin, the upper tail-coverts sometimes tipped or terminally margined with wax yellowish; tail dull black terminally, passing into dull olive-greenish basally; auricular region, chin, and throat plain olive or brown (between broccoli brown and raw-umber); foreneck and chest greenish olive to ochreous olive, the latter more or less conspicuously spotted with pale buffy yellowish, the breast similar but with the yellowish spots more transverse (bar-like); rest of under parts rather broadly barred with deep or dark olive on a yellowish buff or pale buff- yellowish ground, the darker bars narrower, and yellowish interspaces correspondingly wider, on under tail-coverts; under wing-coverts vinaceous-cinnamon or light cinnamon-rufous, the carpo-metacarpal region more or less spotted or barred with dusky; inner webs of remiges light cinnamon-rufous, tipped with dusky (extensively so on outermost and longer primaries), with transverse spots or broad bars of dusky on inner half (approximately), these concealed in the closed wing; under surface of tail light glaucous-olive; bill dull black, the mandible with basal half or more pale horn color or whitish; legs and feet dusky (olive-green in life); length (skins), 172-182 (177); wing, 108-118.5 (113); tail, 58.5-66.5 (61.9); culmen, 19-21.5 (20); tarsus, 17-19 (17.7); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.8).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but only the nape and hindneck bright red, the pileum dull olive, and malar region lighter, more yellowish, olive; loral, superciliary, and suborbital region tinged with dark red; length (skins), 170-185 (178); wing, 112-116 (113); tail, 57.5-65.5 (62.4); culmen, 19.5-21.5 (20.7); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.8); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.8).° Young female.—Similar to the adult female, but general color of under parts more buffy, the chest broadly barred with buff, and foreneck spotted with the same. Western Panama (Bugaba, Chiriquf), through Costa Rica (Tala- manca; Rio Sicsola; Guayabo; Carrillo; El Hogar; Cachi; Bonilla; a Nine specimens. b Five specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.! ante- culmen. jrior toe. MALES. Seven adult males from Costa Rica................-..------+- 112.3 61.8 20.1 17.6 15.9 Two'adult males:from Nicaragua... ........2.....0.ssc0e--es0e" 115.5 62.5 19.8 17.8 15.5 One adult male (type of C. s. allophyeus) from Honduras...... 112 61.5 18 17 15.5 FEMALES, Five adult females from Costa Rica....................-----2-- 113 62.4 20.7 17.8 15.8 138 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. El Pozo de Térraba; Pozo Azil de Pirris; La Vijagua) to Nicaragua (Pefia Blanca; Rio Grande; La Libertad, Chontales). Chloronerpes simplex Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., Aug. 1, 1870, 212 (Bugaba, Chiriqui, w. Panama; coll. Salvin and Godman;=adult female); Ibis, 1874, 315, 317 (Chiriqui; Talamanca, Costa Rica; descr. adult male).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nat. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Costa Rica).—HareirT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 81 (Bugaba, Panama; Veragua).— CHERRIE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 536 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 410, pl. 59, fig. 2 (La Libertad, Chontales, Nicaragua; etc.).—Frrry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., orn. ser., i, 1910, 267 (Guayabo, Costa Rica). _ [Chloroner pes] simplex SctatTER and Satvin, Nom. Ay. Neotr., 1873, 99.—SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 205. C[hloroner pes] simplex simplex Banas, Bull. Mus, Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 145, in text. Chloronerpes simplex simplex CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 584 (Costa Rica; habits). CHLORONERPES SIMPLEX ALLOPHYEUS Bangs. YARUCA WOODPECEER. Similar to C. s. simplex, of Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and western, Panama, but bill slightly smaller, chest broadly barred with pale yellowish buff, general color of under parts of body pale buff-yellow or dull maize yellow, and outer web of two lateral rectrices (on each side) spotted with pale cinnamon-rufous. Adult male-—Length (skin), 167; wing, 112; tail, 61.5; culmen, 18; tarsus, 17; outer anterior toe, 15.5.4 Northern Honduras (Yaruca, 1,000 feet altitude). Chloronerpes simplex allophyeus Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, July, 1903, 145 (Yaruca, Honduras, 1,000 ft.; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).. Genus CELEUS Boie. Celeus Bork, Isis, 1831, 542. (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1841, Picus flavescens Gmelin.) Celeopicos MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 332. (Type, Picus flavescens Gmelin.) , Xanthopicus MatuerBE, Mon. Picid., Introd., 1861, p. liii. (Type, Prcus flavescens Gmelin.) Malacolophus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 300. (Type, according to Gray, 1855, Picus flavescens Gmelin.) Malacolaphus (emendation?) Swarnson, Anim. in Menag., 1838, 229, in text. a One specimen (the type). I am somewhat doubtful whether this supposed form will prove really separable when a larger series of specimens has been examined. Examination of additional specimens of true C. simplex from Nicaragua requires the elimination of some of the characters given in the original description; for example, as to measurements, while Mr. Bangs says it is ‘“‘considerably smaller,’’ all the measurements, except culmen (which really is less) and tarsus (which is exactly the same) are in reality decidedly greater than the minimum of the same measurements of a series of nine adult males of C. s. simplex. P ? R 4 . : - 4 ' BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 139 Medium-sized to rather large Picide (wing about 109-170 mm.) with nostrils wholly exposed; no antrorse bristly feathers near nostril, on malar apex, nor on chin; bill rather stout with chisel- shaped tip and distinct supranasal ridge, and with upper parts mostly chestnut or cinnamon-rufous (with or without black bars), or barred with black and buff-yellow or brown and yellowish; usually conspicuously crested, the pileum always without red; adult males with a broad malar patch of red. Bill® shorter than head, stout, broad and rather depressed at base (width at anterior end of nostrils decidedly greater than its depth at same point), its tip distinctly though narrowly chisel- shaped; culmen distinctly ridged, faintly to rather strongly convex (nearly straight in C. loricatus); gonys slightly to decidedly longer than mandibular rami, obviously (usually distinctly) ridged, straight or faintly concave terminally, more or less convex and prominent basally; supranasal ridge very distinct, much nearer to culmen than to tomium, extending for at least basal half of maxilla. Nostril wholly exposed, small, roundish or oval, sometimes nearer to culmen than to tomium, sometimes the reverse. Prefrontal feathers short, erect, without bristle-like tips, the feathers of malar apex and chin also short and without bristly tips. Orbital region naked, including margin or edge of eyelids, except posterior portion of lower lid. Wing moderate, rounded; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by one-seventh to one-fourth (C. loricatus) the length of wing; fifth and sixth, sixth, or sixth and seventh primaries longest, the ninth sometimes shorter than first (C. flavescens, C. lugubris?*), interme- diate between first and second (C. castaneus), or intermediate between second and third (C. loricatus), the tenth (outermost) slightly less than half (C. castaneus, C. loricatus) as long as ninth to decidedly more than half as long (C. flavescens, C. lugubris?®). Tail about three-fifths as long as wing to nearly half as long, the middle rectrices gradually narrowing terminally and (except in C. castaneus and C. loricatus) with shafts somewhat expanded subterminally. Tarsus nearly as long as outer hind toe with claw (C. castaneus, C. loricatus, @ Sometimes, in adult males, there are touches of red on the forehead or super- ciliary region, but there is never a definite area of this color, and the crest is invariably buff-yellow, olive-buff, cinnamon-rufous, or some analogous color. 5 C. rufus (Gmelin) is excluded from the species upon which this generic descrip- tion is based, as I am by no means satisfied that it belongs here. The single speci- men examined has the bill very different from that of any species of Celews proper, being relatively smaller and more pointed (not at all wedge-shaped at tip), the culmen rounded (instead of distinctly ridged) and distinctly convex or arched in middle portion, the nasal fosse relatively much larger and less feathered, and the nostril apparently different. ¢ In the specimen examined of C. lugubris the ninth primary is not fully grown. The specimen of C. jumana examined in this connection also has the primaries imperfect. 140 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. C. lugubris, C.jumana) to decidedly longer (C. flavescens); outer hind toe decidedly shorter than outer front toe; tarsi and toes very stout (less so in C. loricatus), the claws very large and strongly curved. Coloration.—General color of upper parts cinnamon-rufous or chestnut (with or without black bars), brown barred with yellowish or buffy, or black barred with buff-yellow; under parts plain brown, cinnamon-rufous, ochraceous, or tawny with black spots, bars or lunules, chestnut with buff flank-patch, or plain black; crest plain buff-yellow, ochraceous, olive-buff, or chestnut; adult male with a broad malar patch of bright red but without any red area on pileum. Texture of plumage peculiar, the feathers of head distinctly outlined (not blended), those of sides and flanks (beneath wings) soft and downy. Range.—Southeastern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About fifteen species, mostly South American.) KEY TO THE SPECIES OF CELEUS. a. Head conspicuously crested; tail and outer webs of remiges not barred; rump immaculate. b. Under parts, back, and wing-coverts immaculate; middle rectrices wholly black (except basal portion of shaft). c. Inner webs of remiges broadly barred with dusky. (Venezuela, Trinidad, and porihern Brazil) 2c .citt oot deen oe abe Celeus elegans (extralimital).@ cc. Inner webs of remiges immaculate yellow. (Panama.) - Celeus immaculatus (p. 141). bb. Under parts, back, and wing-coverts barred or transversely spotted with black; middle rectrices with basal half or more chestnut. (Southern Mexico to Con baie) Ai Se ha a Se a Celeus castaneus (p. 141). aa. Head not crested; tail and outer webs of remiges barred; rump barred with black. (Celeus loricatus.) b. Under parts of body light dull vinaceous-cinnamon, conspicuously paler than color of throat or foreneck; upper parts with black markings smaller and less numerous, sometimes nearly absent; smaller (male with wing averaging 119, tail 64.8, culmen 21.8, tarsus 20, female with wing averaging 120.2, tail 65.7, culmen 21.5, tarsus 19.5.) (Eastern Panama to northwestern Peru.) Celeus loricatus loricatus (p. 143). bb. Under parts of body deep cinnamon, nearly concolor with color of foreneck or (in female) throat; upper parts with black markings larger, more numerous; larger (male with wing averaging 123.9, tail 68.4, culmen 21.5, tarsus 20.5; fe- male with wing averaging 124.2, tail 68.2, culmen 23.1, tarsus 20.5). (Costa Ricas western Panama?) 0 ees wee Celeus loricatus diversus (p. 145). a Picus elegans Miiller, Syst. Nat. Suppl., 1776, 92 (Cayenne; based on PI. Enl., pl. 524).—Celeus elegans Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 87; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 426.—Picus fusco-fuluus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 30 (Cayenne; based on Pl. Enl., pl. 524).—[Picus] cinnamomeus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 428 (Cayenne; based on PI. Enl., pl. 524; etc.).— Celeus cinnamomeus Boie, Isis, 1831, 542.—Celeopicus cinnamomeus Malherbe, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 32, pl. 56, figs. 1, 2. The Trinidad bird has, however, been separated as Celeus elegans leotaudi by Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 39, 40 (Valencia, Trinidad; coll. Tring Mus.). | i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 141 CELEUS IMMACULATUS Berlepsch. IMMACULATE WOODPECEER. Similar to C. elegans (Miller),* but inner webs of remiges without dusky bars (plain yellow). Panama (Agua Dulce) ? Celeus immaculatus BERLEPSCH, Ibis, 4th ser., iv, no. 1, Jan., 1880, 113 (Agua Dulce, Panama?; coll. Count von Berlepsch) pees and ScHALOw, Journ. fiir Orn., 1880, 314 (reprint of orig. descr.).—Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., wee 1890, 426.—Satvin and GopmaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 443. [Celeus] immaculatus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 226. CELEUS CASTANEUS (Wagler). CHESTNUT-COLORED WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Malar and suborbital regions, together with part of loral and postocular regions, dull carmine or dark poppy red; rest of head, together with upper neck, all round, plain dull ochraceous or clay color to tawny, the pileum, especially the elongated occipital crest, sometimes noticeably paler; body and wings chestnut or rufous- chestnut, the feathers of rump paler, often light yellow (straw yellow to maize yellow), beneath surface, the back, scapulars, lesser and mid- dle (sometimes also greater and primary) wing-coverts rather sparsely barred or transversely spotted with dull black, the under parts with broader cordate, U-shaped or V-shaped bars or spots of the same; terminal portion (extensively) of primaries plain dusky; tail chestnut basally, dull black or dusky terminally; axillars, under wing-coverts, and outer portion of sides and flanks plain sulphur yellow or straw yellow to pale yellowish buff or cream color; inner webs of remiges plain dull cinnamon-rufous or vinaceous-cinnamon, the terminal por- tion (extensively on outer primaries) abruptly plain dusky; bill pale yellowish, sometimes light grayish horn color basally; iris brown; legs and feet horn color or olive (in dried skins); length (skins), 200— 237 (212.5); wing, 121.5-134.5 (129.1); tail, 73.5-90 (82.4); culmen, 23.5-27 (25.4); tarsus, 21-24 (22.7); middle toe, 20-22 (21.2).® a See p. 140. For the more satisfactory identification of this form, which I have not seen, the following description of C. elegans is given: Adult male.—General color plain deep cinnamon-rufous, the pileum (including occipital crest) decidedly paler; rump, upper tail-coverts, flanks, and under wing- coverts, immaculate dull naples yellow (the first two tinged with olive-yellow); inner webs of remiges pale buff basally passing into pale cinnamon-rufous terminally, broadly barred or spotted with dusky; tail dull black, with shafts of rectrices pale dull yellow basally, the rudimentary lateral rectrices plain cinnamon-rufous with yellow shaft; malar region bright red; bill dull brownish white (in dried skin); length (skin), 204 mm.; wing, 128; tail, 80; culmen, 27; tarsus, 24; outer anterior toe, 22. (No. 109769, coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.; Orinoco district, Venezuela; trade skin.) 6 Thirty-one specimens, 142 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female—Similar to the adult male, but without any red on the head; length (skins), 200-248 (220.5); wing, 121.5-132.5 (126.7); tail, 72-87 (80.5); culmen, 23-26.5 (24.6); tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (22.5); middle toe, 19-22.5 (20.8).% Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Santecomapém; Atoyaéc; Cuesalapa; Omealca; Uvero; Motzorongo; Orizaba; Mina- titlin; Pasa Nueva; Buena Vista; Tolosa; Playa Vicente), Oaxaca (Taxtepec; Chimalapa; mountains near Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Teapa), and Yucatan (Tizimin), and southward through Guatemala (Choctim; Teleman; Gualain; Chapulco; Los Amates, Ysabal), Salvadér (La Libertad), British Honduras (Orange Walk; Toledo District; near Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (Chaloma; Chamelicén; Santa Ana; San Pedro; San Pedro Sula; San Pedro Montafia; Omoa; Potrerillos; Julian), Nicaragua (Greytown; Rio San Juan; Rio Grande; Chontales; Lavala and Uluce, Matagalpa; Quilili; Pefia Blanca), to Costa Rica (Siptrio, Talamanca; Rio Sicsola; Limén; Pacuare; Turrialba; Guayabo,; Angostura; Guacimo; La Vijégua). P{icus] castaneus WAGLER, Isis, 1829, 515 (ex Lichtenstein, manuscript; coll. Berlin Mus.; no locality mentioned, but cites ‘‘Pic roux rayé de Cayenne Hol- landre Abregé d’hist. nat. 3, p. 4045”). Picus castaneus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 86 (Mexico to Surinam). a Thirty-nine specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Seven adult males from Vera Cruz, Mexico..................--- 127.2 83. 3 24.9 22. 2 20.9 One‘adultamale‘from ‘Guatemalasys. 72 22ee ee eee eee ec SI 133 84 DF Peete | es Se eee Four adult males from British Honduras................-.-.-- 129. 8 83. 2 24.5 oe 21.8 Nine adult males from Honduras (3) and Nicaragua (6)......-- 128. 1 80. 3 25. 3 22.9 21. 4 en ‘adult malesirom Costa ica sess eae cee een eeekeee semen see 129. 6 83. 8 Daal 22. 6 211 FEMALES. Seven adult females from Vera Cruz.............-..----------- 125. 4 79 24. 3 22. 4 20. 9 Rive adult females from Oaxaca. fac ssenee sameness ser aaeee 126. 3 80 24.6 22. 9 21.2 Three adult females from British Honduras..............------ 125. 3 81.5 24.5 22a d 215 Seven adult females from Guatemala......................-.-- 126.5 82. 8 24.9 22.2 20. 8 Nine adult females from Honduras (3) and Nicaragua......-..- 126. 6 78.3 24. 7 22. 4 20. 5 Kight adult females from Costa Rica..................--------- 128.9 82 24. 6 22. 8 20. 8 Specimens examined from Mexico and Guatemala have, as a rule, the color of the head and crest appreciably darker than those from Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, but examples from British Honduras are variable in this respect, some agreeing with the more northern, others with the more southern, specimens. On the whole, the difference does not seem to be sufficiently marked or constant to justify the recog- nition of two forms, and probably is, to a certain extent at least, seasonal. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 143 [Celeus] castaneus LicuTENstEIN, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 77.—Gray, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 194, no. 8716.—Scuater and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.—SHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 227. Celeus castaneus ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 359 (Potrerillos, Honduras); 1859, 60, 388 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 336 (Hondu- ras; ‘Central America”).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Omoa, Honduras; habits)—Scrarer and Sarvin, Ibis, 1859, 137 (Atlantic slope Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (Julian and San Pedro, Hon- duras).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 119 (Potrerillos, Honduras).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picide, 1868, 88.—Lawrencr, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 183 (Greytown, Nicaragua); ix, 1868, 130 (Turrialba and Angostura, Costa Rica).—FRantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).—Sumr- curast, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., i, 1869, 560 (tierra caliente Vera Cruz); La Naturaleza, v, 1882, 240 (Omealca and Uvero, Vera Cruz).—Satvin, Ibis, 1872, 320 (Chontales, Nicaragua).—ZrELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 123 (Turrialba and Pacuare, Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 27; Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Tizimin, Yucatan; hab- its)—Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 483 (Atoyac and Orizaba, Vera Cruz; Tizimin, Yucatan; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Teleman and Choctum, Guatemala; etc.).—Ricumonp, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 518 (Gréytown, Nicaragua).—Satvin and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 441 (Chimalapa, Oaxaca; La Libertad, Salvador; etc.).—Lanrz, Trans. Kansas Ac. Sci. for 1896-97 (1899), 220 (Chaloma, Honduras).—Drar- BORN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 91 (Los Amates, Guatemala; crit.).— Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 591 (Costa Rica; habits). Mfeiglyptes] castaneus RercHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 405, pl. 659, fig. 4372 (adult female). Celeopicus castaneus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 25 ; ili, 1862, pl. 50, figs. 1, 2. Picus badioides Lesson, Cent. Zool., livr. ii, Sept., 1830, 56, pl. 14 (Mexico =female). C[leleus] badioides Born, Isis, 1831, 542.—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 440. [Celews] badioides Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 130; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123) Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Celeus badioides SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 229 (Cuesalapa and Sante- comapam, Vera Cruz). Celeopicos badioides MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 334. CELEUS LORICATUS LORICATUS (Reichenbach). FRASER’S WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Above deep cinnamon-rufous, or rufous-chestnut, the feathers of forehead, or (usually) forehead and crown, black or dusky centrally (forming a broadly streaked or squamate effect), the back (upper part, at least), scapulars, and wingswitha greater or less number of more or less distinct narrow black bars; rump and upper tail-coverts paler (light cinnamon to cinnamon-buff), more or less heavily marked with cordate spots or V-shaped broad bars of black, the upper tail- coverts sometimes immaculate superficially; tail broadly and sharply barred with cinnamon-rufous or cinnamon-buff and black, the elon- 144 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. gated terminal portion of middle rectrices uniform black; terminal portion of longer primaries mostly uniform blackish; under surface of wings light cinnamon-rufous, the distal portion of remiges broadly barred with dusky, the proximal portion also similarly barred, but the dusky bars shorter and narrower, quite concealed in the closed wing; loral, suborbital, and auricular regions plain cinnamon-rufous; malar region, chin, and upper and middle portions of throat bright red (deep poppy red to nearly crimson), the throat usually more or less spotted, transversely, with black, the feathers grayish basally; lower throat and upper chest light cinnamon-rufous, the throat sometimes immaculate, but sometimes spotted with black, like chest; rest of under parts still paler and more buffy (pale cinnamon to pale cinnaman-buff), the lower chest and breast heavily marked with broad U- or V-shaped markings of black, the remaining portions similarly but less heavily marked, the markings more lunulate or transverse, smaller (sometimes nearly wanting) on middle of abdomen; bill light horn color to dull whitish in dried skins, in life the maxilla horn color, the mandible dull greenish or olivaceous white; iris reddish brown to carmine; feet horn color to bluish; length (skins), 184-199 (193); wing, 116-120 (119); tail, 61-67.5 (64.8); culmen, 21-22.5 (21.8); tarsus, 19.5-20.5 (20); middle toe, 18.5-19.5 (18.9).¢ Adult female-—Similar to the adult male, but red of malar region, chin, and throat replaced by uniform light cinnamon-rufous; length (skins), 194-197 (195); wing, 118-123 (120.2); tail, 64-69 (65.7); cul- men, 20-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 19-20 (19.5); middle toe, 18-19 (18.5).° a Five specimens. b Four specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. |} Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. One adult male from Colombia (Rio Atrato: Type of Celeus MeNIGIES CASSIN) =) yao ue aos eer bie om ete aoe asteeatersetda= wi ass 116 61 22n0 20. 5 18.5 Three adult males from eastern Panama........--------------- 119. 7 65. 7 21.6 19.9 19 Five adult males from Costa Rica (C. 1. diversus)......-.------ 123.9 68. 4 21.5 20. 5 19.5 FEMALES. One adult female from Colombia (Turbo)..........-.---------- P25 ot aos eee 20 19.5 18 Three adult females from eastern Panama..........-...----- 119.8 65.7 22. 2 19.5 18.7 Four adult females from Costa Rica.....-.....-....----------- 124.2 68. 2 23:2 20. 5 19. 2 Although I have not seen specimens of this species from either Ecuador or Peru, I very much doubt whether they are subspecifically the same, for the reason that the Costa Rican specimens are clearly different from those of Panama and northern Colombia. It will doubtless prove necessary to distinguish the form from Colombia and Panama as Celeus loricatus mentalis (Cassin). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 145 Panama (Veragua?; Laguna del Pita; Loma del Leén; Marraganti; Cana), and Colombia (Rio Atrato; Turbo; Remédios and Nechi, Antioquia) to western Ecuadér (Babahoyo) and northwestern Peru. M[eiglyptes] loricatus RetcHenBAcH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 405, pl. 681, figs. 4495, 4496 (n. Peru). Picus loricatus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 87 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; Central America). Celeus loricatus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 90.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1879, 533, 549 (Remedios and Nechi, Antio- quia, Colombia).—TaczaANnowski and Brruepscu, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1885, 118, 123 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).—Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvili, 1890, 432 (Veragua, w. Panama; Remedios and Nechi, Colombia; Babahoyo, w. Ecuador).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 442, part (Lion Hill, Panama; Turbo, n. Colombia; etc.).—Satvapori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, no. 339, 1899, 8 (Laguna del Pita, Panama). [Celeus] loricatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 105, no. 8728.—SciaTerR and Savin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 101.—Suarps, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 226 (Costa Rica to. n. Peru). Celeus undatus (not Picus wndatus Linnzeus) ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1860, 286 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador). Celeus mentalis Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xiii, April, 1860, 137 (Turbo and Rio Atrato, n. Colombia; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); 1863, 324; Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, 1863, 461, pl. 52, figs. 2, 3.—ScniaTerR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 367 (Panama; crit.).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picide, 1868, 91 (Panama). [Celeus] mentalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 195, no. 8729. Celeopicus fraseri MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 16; iii, 1862, pl. 43 bis, fig. 5 (Babahoyo, w. Ecuador; coll. P. L. Sclater). Celeus fraseri ScLATER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 335 (Babahoyo). Celeus squamatus LAWRENCE, Ibis, Ist ser., v, no. 2, April, 1863, 184 (Lion Hill, Panama; coll. G. N. Lawrence;=adult female); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1867, 11 (Lion Hill).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 18 (Loma del Leon, Panama; crit.). Picus pholidotus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 87 (new name for Celeus mentalis Cassin and C. squamatus Lawrence).@ CELEUS LORICATUS DIVERSUS Ridgway. TALAMANCA WOODPECKER. Similar to C. 1. loricatus (of eastern Panama and northern Colom- bia), but rump and under parts of body decidedly darker (cinnamon), nearly, sometimes quite, concolor with foreneck and (in female) throat, blackish bars averaging larger and more numerous (espe- cially on upper parts), and averaging decidedly larger. a On the ground that Celeus not being recognized as a genus by him, the former is preoccupied by Picus mentalis Temminck, the latter by P. sywamatus Vigors! 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6-—14——_10 146 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male-—Length (skins), 188-199 (192); wing, 121.5-125 (123.9) ; tail, 66.5-71 (68.4) ; exposed culmen, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); outer anterior toe, 19-20 (19.5).% Adult female.—Length (skins), 190-198 (193); wing, 121.5-126.5 (124.2); tail, 67-71 (68.2); exposed culmen, 23-23.5 (23.2); tarsus, 20-21 (20.5); outer anterior toe, 19-19.5 (19.2).° Caribbean lowlands of Costa Rica (Siptrio and Rio Sicsola, Tala- manca; Carrillo; El Hogar; Guacimo) ; Jiménez. Celeus mentalis (not of Cassin) ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 283. Celeus loricatus (not Meiglyptes loricatus Reichenbach) ZELEpD6N, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 124 (Talamanca and Jimenez, Costa Rica).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 442, part (Talamanca and Jimenez, Costa Rica).— CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 590 (Rio Sicsola, Carrillo, and Guacimo, Costa Rica; crit.). [ Celeus] loricatus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 226, part (Costa Rica). Genus CEOPHLCUS Cabanis. Ceophloeus © CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., May, 1862, 176. (Type, Picus lineatus Linnzeus. ) Large Picide (wing about 160-190 mm.) with conspicuously crested head, slender, short-feathered neck, outer hind toe shorter than outer front toe, bill nearly as deep as wide at nostrils, and under parts of body (posterior to chest) pale brownish or dull yel- lowish barred or spotted with dusky. Bill about as long as head or slightly shorter, stout, distinctly chisel-shaped at tip, regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, its width at base of maxillary tomia equal to about two-fifths the length of culmen, its depth at anterior end of nostrils a little less than its width at same point; culmen slightly convex subbasally, sharply ridged; gonys distinctly ridged, decidedly longer than mandibular rami, nearly straight, ascending terminally, slightly convex and prominent basally; supranasal ridge very distinct, extending for two-thirds or more the length of maxilla, parallel with culmen; mandibular rami with a more or less distinct oblique ridge and groove. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, situated about midway between culmen and tomium, partly covered by small antrorse hair- like prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar region and chin small and short, not antrorse, and without bristle-like tips. Orbital region naked, including margin of eyelids. Wing relatively large; longest primaries exceeding secondaries by about one-fourth the length of wing; fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth about equal to or a little shorter than third, the tenth (outermost) more a Five specimens. 6 Four specimens. ¢ ‘Von xéw, spalten, und ¢iocéc, Rinde,’’ (Cabanis.) SS ee ee BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 147 than two-fifths as long as ninth. Tail nearly two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices broad but the middle ones tapering terminally into long cuneate points. Tarsus about as long as outer hind toe with claw, the latter decidedly shorter than the anterior one. Coloration.—General color plain sooty black, relieved by a broad white stripe down side of neck and along each edge of interscapular area; under parts of body (posterior to chest) pale brownish, dull buffy, or dull whitish barred or spotted with black or dusky; under wing-coverts and proximal portion of inner webs of remiges immacu- late pale yellow or yellowish white; adult males with entire pileum, in- cluding conspicuous occipital crest, and a broad malar patch bright red, adult females with only the crest red. Plumage compact and firm, that of neck very short, that on sides of head (especially auricu- Jar region) very closely appressed. Range.—Southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, Argen- tina, Bolivia, and Peru. (About six species and subspecies.) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF CEOPHL@GUS LINEATUS. a. Bill blackish or dusky. b. Larger (wing averaging more than 185 mm.); under parts white or nearly so, regularly barred with black. (Central Colombia to the Guianas, Trinidad, southern Brazil, Bolivia, etc.)....Ceophloeus lineatus lineatus (extralimital).¢ bb. Smaller (wing averaging much less than 185 mm.); under parts more brownish, sometimes decidedly pale brownish or brownish buffy, irregularly barred or spotted with dusky. (Santa Marta district of Colombia to Costa Rica.) Ceophlceus lineatus mesorhynchus (p. 148). aa. Bill pale horn color or dull yellowish white. b. Larger (wing averaging more than 175 mm., culmen averaging more than 35 mm.); suborbital and subauricular white stripe distinct, continuous; throat more extensively white. (Northern Costa Rica to eastern Mexico.) Ceophlceus lineatus similis (p. 150). a [Picus] lineatus Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 174 (based on Pic noir hupé de Cayenne Brisson, Orn., iv, 31, pl. 1, fig. 2).—Picus lineatus Boddaert, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 45 (ex Pl. Enl., pl. 717).—Dryocopus lineatus Hartlaub, Index Azara’s Apunt., 1847, 16; Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 332.—Dryoscopus lineatus Allen, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H.., ii, 1889, 101 (Bolivia).—[Dryotomus] lineatus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 308.—C[ampephilus] lineatus Reichenbach, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 391, pl. 647, figs. 4321, 4322—Megapicos lineatus Des Murs, in Castelnau’s Voy. Am. Sud., Ois., 1855, 17.—Dryopicus lineatus Malherbe, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 39, iii, 1862, pl. 12, figs. 4, 5, 6, 7.—C[eophloeus] lineatus Cabanis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 176.—Ceophleus lineatus Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 508, part; Hellmayr, Abh. K. B. Akad. Wiss., ii kl., xxii Bd., iii Abth., 1906, 603 (crit.). Besides the characters mentioned above, the throat is usually much less streaked with dusky, the black areas are less sooty, and the under side of the wing less pro- nouncedly yellow. The species undoubtedly requires further subdivision, but the series of South American specimens at present available is much too small to justify an attempt to define more than one form from South America. 148 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Smaller (wing averaging less than 170 mm.; culmen averaging less than 34 mm.): white suborbital and subauricular stripe indistinct (often obsolete); throat with less white. (Western and southwestern Mexico.) Ceophlceus lineatus scapularis (p. 152). CEOPHLEUS LINEATUS MESORHYNCHUS (Cabanis and Heine). PANAMA PILEATED WOODPECEER. Similar to C. l. lineatus* but decidedly smaller; under parts of body much darker brownish buffy with the blackish bars much less regular, often in form of spots rather than bars; throat usually much more broadly streaked with blackish, black areas more sooty (especially remiges), and under side of wing more decidedly yellowish (usually distinctly buff-yellow instead of yellowish white). Adult male.—Pileum and nape (including conspicuous occipital crest) bright poppy red; rest of upper parts plain black, becoming more sooty, or dark grayish brown, on primaries and distal sec- ondaries, the longer primaries indistinctly tipped with paler (except in worn plumage); outermost scapulars with outer web and tip of inner web white, forming a broad white stripe along each side of back; a broad stripe of white along side of neck, contracted in width at upper end and thence continued, as a narrow stripe, beneath auricular and orbital regions to nostrils, the post-nasal and loral portions, however, dull yellowish (buff to nearly tawny) instead of white; auricular and suborbital regions and posterior portion of loral region plain brownish slate or slate-gray; malar region crimson; chin and throat streaked with white and blackish in variable rela- tive proportion, but usually in approximately equal amount; fore- neck, chest, and upper breast plain sooty black or very dark sooty brown, usually with a fairly definite posterior margin but some- times merging insensibly into the paler coloration of more posterior parts; ground color of remaining under parts pale brownish buff to clay color, more or less distinctly barred or spotted with sooty black or dusky; under wing-coverts and basal half (approximately) of inner webs of remiges immaculate buff-yellow (fading into paler, or yellowish white, in old feathers or very old skins); bill dark horn color or dusky, the mandible paler basally; iris light yellow to white; legs and feet dark horn color or dusky (in dried skins), light bluish gray in life; length (skins), 281-328 (312); wing, 175-189.5 (182.9); | tail, 108-122 (114.3); culmen, 36.5-40 (87.9); tarsus, 27-30 (28.2); — outer anterior toe, 22—27.5 (24.8).° Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but forehead and anterior portion of crown black, and malar region blackish slate or slate- black; length (skins), 300-321 (312); wing, 176.5-188 (182.1); tail, a See p. 147. 6 Thirteen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 149 105-122 (112.5); culmen, 33-37 (85.5); tarsus, 27-29 (28); outer anterior toe, 22—27.5 (24.6).% Young male.—Similar to the adult male but coloration duller, the malar region dusky exteriorly, dull red centrally, the under parts of body light sooty grayish brown, the feathers indistinctly tipped with paler and with an indistinct spot of dusky. Central and southern Costa Rica (Boruca; Pozo del Rio Grande; El Pozo de Térraba; Paso Real; El General; Pigres; Barranca de Punta Arenas; San José; Guayabo; Bonilla; mouth of Rio Matina) and Panama (Panam4; Lion Hill; Chepo; Santa Fe de Veragua). Santa Marta district of Colombia (Santa Marta; Bonda; Minca; Valparaiso; San Anténio; La Concepcidén) ? Dryocopus scapularis (not Picus scapularis Vigors) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y.., vii, 1862, 333 (Panama). Cleophloeus] mesorhynchus CaBANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 86 (Costa Rica; coll. Berlin Mus.). Dryocopus mesorhynchus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picide, 1868, 60 (‘‘Caraccas,”’ i. e., Cartago?, Costa Rica). [Dryocopus] mesorhynchus GRAY, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 189, no. 8641. [Picus lineatus.] Var. occidentalis SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 8 (new name for Ceophloeus mesorhynchus Cabanis and Heine). Dryocopus lineatus (not Picus lineatus Linneeus) ScLaTER and Satyin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Lion Hill, Panama). @ Eleven specimens. x- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. Tior toe. MALES. Ten adult males/from Costa Rica... 2-4. .2....2.2.25-.5----5- 183.8] 113.8 38. 1 28. 2 24.9 Twoadulé males from Panama. .-. os 252.2 js2-:ss05s0sce0sesees = 180 116 37.3 28. 2 24.7 Ten adult males (intermediates) from Santa Marta district, Wolompiat eel ac2 cetsciccn cue seh ate dati ise a cule sejce wetecine ogee se 184.2] 117.3 38.3 28.6 24.5 Two adult males (C. 1. lineatus?) from central Colombia....... 193 126 37.8 29 25. 5 Two adult males (C. l. lineatus?) from Venezuela...........--- 186 112.5 38 29.3 24. 3 Two adult males (C. l. lineatus?) from Trinidad............-.. 192.8 | 117.3 39. 3 30 25. 8 Six adult males (C. 1. lineatus) from the Guianas............... 195.3 | 1186 37.8 29.7 24, 5 Six adult males (C. 1. lineatus) from Brazil....................- 189.8 | 121.5 39. 8 28.6 24 One adult male (C. l. lineatus?) from Bolivia................-- 190.5 | 122 BON aS Bento lsatats FEMALES. Ten adult females from Costa Rica.................-.ce2seces0- 182.2} 1146 35.4 27.9 24.6 One adult female from Panama... =... ...2.<-.0.000s-ee-esesees 181 112.5 36.5 29 24 Ten adult females (intermediates) from Santa Marta district, Cplompiaie sear nesta tes. sce aeepaaan tanec eee aticenetad 181.5 | 120 37.2 27.7 23. 2 One adult female (C. 1. lineatus?) from central Colombia. ...... QOL S126) te. sick cee 29 24.5 Three adult females (C. 1. lineatus?) from Venezuela..........- 188 123 36. 5 28 24 Two adult females (C. 1. lineatus?) from Trinidad.............. 184.3] 1185 37.5 28 25.3 Two adult females (C. 1. lineatus?) from Surinam.............- 196 126. 8 36 28 25. 3 Three adult females (C. 1. lineatus) from southwestern Brazil (CHa DSGa) nono s ease tote etan cee aaaae s sactese toe eaneceecs 186.2} 119 37.3 27. 5 25.5 Three adult females (C. 1. lineatus?) from Bolivia.............- 189.8 | 122.5 36. 5 27.7 23. 2 Partly owing to lack of sufficient material I have not attempted any revision of the South American representatives of this species, which undoubtedly include two or more forms. 150 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ceophleus lineatus Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 508, part (Santa Fé de Veragua and Chepo, Panama).—Satvin and Gopmawn, Biol. Centr.- Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 451, excl. syn. part (Santa Fe de Veragua, Chiriqui, Lion Hill, and Chepo, Panama).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 19 Loma del Leon, Panama); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 293 (Boruca, Pozo del Rio Grande, and Barranca de Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica). Ceophloeus lineatus lineatus CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 592 (low- lands of s. w. Costa Rica; crit.). Dryocopus fuscipennis (not of Sclater, 1860) ScLaTeR and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (crit.). CEOPHLEUS LINEATUS SIMILIS (Lesson). WHITE-BILLED PILEATED WOODPECKER. Similar to C. 1. mesorhynchus, but bill pale horn color or dull yel- lowish white, and average measurements slightly smaller. Adult male—tLength (skins), 264-350 (313); wing, 166-192.5 (179.7); tail, 103-127 (113.9); culmen, 34-39 (36.3); tarsus, 24-29 (26.7); outer anterior toe, 22.5-26 (24.4).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 270-325 (315); wing, 161-186 (176.6); tail, 102-125 (110.6); culmen, 32.5-37 (35.1); tarsus, 25-27.5 (26.1); outer anterior toe, 22-25.5 (24). a Twenty-nine specimens. b Twenty-seven specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.} ante- culmen. tior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Tamaulipas (7) and Vera Cruz (3).....-. 185.3 | 117.6 36 27.3 24.6 Fouradult malesitrom! Oamacalc. soc. cess nc celiac eee ecisee ences 174.6 | 112.8 35. 5 26. 3 23. 8 Four: adult malestromyucatan 2.222. o--eeeeen cases eee eeeee 175.9 | 110.8 37.6 26.9 24.4 Four adult males from Guatemala.:.-..-...2.....-22.2.---2-+: 176.3} 110.6 36 25. 8 25 One adult male trom sb ondiras ssh see oe eae ee ere 178 113 36. 5 26.5 25 Pour adultmales from/Nicaragiias 4.222. ase: saa eeeee seer one 178 111.9 35. 6 25.9 23.8 Twoadult malesiirom Costa micas tseoc. sm stee sees ee emeceiasnee 180.5 | 1145 38 8 27.8 23. 5 Ten adult males (C.1. scapularis) from Guerrero (3), Colima (1), Sinaloa (6) eees3 Mic eeeeece odeece aes ceases cools isisie 169. 4 105. 8 33. 3 24.9 Ded FEMALES. Ten adult females from Tamaulipas (2) and Vera Cruz (8)-...-- 179.8 | 114.3 34.6 26. 3 23.5 One,adult-female from Oaxaca... 2025 sees Neb ae eee tes ore ee 168 110.5 BEd vilsteiercioets| ae weet Four adult females from Yucatan... 25222222228. 0202 2. 2s cceens 173.4 | 105.1 35. 5 25. 8 23. 8 Twoladult females\from' Guatemala.f 2s as. 2 se: ae eee 180 109. 3 35. 5 26. 5 25 Four adult females from British Honduras................-..-- 173.6 | 107 35. 8 26. 6 23. 6 Three adult females from Honduras.............-..------------ 173 108. 5 35. 5 26. 3 24.5 One adult female from Nicaragua................-...---------- 173.5 | 1085 33. 5 26. 5 25 ‘Two adultiemales trom:CostasRicas. ca-cc--eseee asec se oes 180.8 | 118 35. 8 26.8 24 Nine adult females (C. 1. scapularis) from Guerrero (4), Tepic (2) and Sinaloa) (3) ick eee eae au ee cee ee eee eres 166 106. 1 30. 4 24. 7 22. 2 | Notwithstanding the larger average size of specimens from Vera Cruz and Tamauli- pas, I am not disposed to separate them, there being no color differences that I am able to discern. Of the five Costa Rican specimens examined all are clearly intermediates between this form and C. 1. mesorhynchus, and would be referable to the latter except for the paler bill. It was possibly on a specimen of this character that Cabanis and Heine based their supposed species. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 151 Eastern Mexico, in States of Nuevo Leén (Hacienda de la Cruz; Villa Grande), Tamaulipas (Victéria; Sierra Madre above Victéria; Jiménez; Xicotencatl; Rio Pilén; Tampico; Alta Mira; Aldama; Soto la Marina; Santa Engracia; Rio Santa; Santa Leonora; Cafion de Guiaves), San Luis Potosi (Valles; Rio Juan Martin), Vera Cruz (VJalapa; Orizaba; Miradér; Potrero near Cérdoba; Uvero; Pasa Nueva; Zentla near Huatusco; Atoydc; Antigua; Tlalcotalp4m; Chichicaxtla; Otatitlin; Motzorongo), Oaxaca (Tehuantepec City; Santa Efigénia; Chimalapa; Chihuitén; Cacoprieto), Yucatan (Mérida; Izamal; Temax; La Vega; Buctzotz; Tunkas; Chichen- Itza; San Felipe), and Chiapas (Tonalaé), and southward through Guatemala (Duefias; San Gerénimo; Retalhuleu; Sequanquin; Savana Grande; Rio Grande; Los Amates), British Honduras (Belize; near Manatee Lagoon), Honduras (Tigre Island; Omoa; San Pedro; Yaruca; Céiba; Truxillo), Salvadér (La Libertad; San Carlos), Nicaragua (San Gerénimo, Chinandega; San Rafaél del Norte; Rio Escondido; Momotombo; Sucuyé; Leén) to Costa Rica (Bolsén; Barranca de Punta Arenas; Aguacate Mountains; Cerro de la Candeldria; Pozo Aztl de Pirris; Rio Reventazén).¢ Dryocopus scapularis (not Picus scapularis Vigors) SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 306 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 359 (Tigre I., Honduras); 1859, 367 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 333 (‘‘Mexico”’).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 119 (Tigre I.).—Moorg, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 60 (Omoa).— SciaterR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 185 (Vera Paz, Guatemala; Honduras); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837 (San Pedro, Honduras).—(?) Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 61 (‘‘Mexico”).—LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 130 (Costa Rica); ix, 1869, 205 (Mérida, Yucatan); Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 24 (Chihuitan and Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca).— Sumicurast, La Naturaleza, v, 1882, 240 (Cacoprieto, Oaxaca; Mirador and Uvero, Vera Cruz).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23. Dryopicus scapularis MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 44; iii, 1862, pl. 10, figs. ey ; Ceophleus scapularis CABANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 176 (Costa Rica; crit.). Cleophleus] scapularis CaBANIS and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 85 (Jalapa). [Ceophleus] scapularis He1né and RetcHenNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215 (Jalapa). Ceophleus scapularis ZELEDON, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 130 (Cerro de la Candelaria, Costa Rica).— Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 582 (Truxillo, Honduras).— Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvi, 1890, 510, part (Nuevo Leon; Aldama, Tampico, and Sierra Madre above Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas; Valles, San Luis Potosi; Rio Juan Martin, Zentla near Huatusco, Atoyac, and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; Buctzotz, Yucatan; Belize, Brit. Honduras; Vera Paz, Rio Grande, San Gerénimo, Duefias, and Retalhuleu, Guatemala; Costa Rica).— RicuMmonD, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 518 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua); Xvili, 1896, 629 (Alta Mira, Tamaulipas).—Sa.tvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.- @ The specimen from the Rio Reventazon is in reality an intermediate between this form and C, 1. mesorhynchus. 152 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 450 (Hacienda de la Cruz and Villa Grande, Nuevo Leon; localities in Tamaulipas; Hacienda Tortugas, Omealca, San Lorenzo, Alva- rado, Plan del Rio, Zentla, Cordova, Mirador, Vega del Casadero, Playa Vicente, etc., Vera Cruz; Tehuantepec, etc., Oaxaca; Tonald, Chiapas; Tzamal, etc., Yucatan; Savana Grande, etc., Guatemala; La Libertad, Sal- vador; localities in Honduras; Leon, Momotombo, Sucuy4, etc., Nicaragua; Aguacate Mts., and Candelaria, Costa Rica).—CHapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., viii, 1896, 285 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—Banes, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 146 (Ceiba and Yaruca, Honduras); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 293 (Barranca de Punta Arenas, w. Costa Rica; crit.)—Cotz, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 131 (Chichen-Itza)—DEargBorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 92 (Los Amates, e. Guatemala). Cleophleus] scapularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 290, part. [Ceophleus] scapularis SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. Ceophleus lineatus scapularis CARRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 593 (Costa Rica; crit.).—Puies, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 76 (Alta Mira, Rio Santa, Santa Leonora, and Cafion de Guiaves, Tamaulipas). Hylotomus scapularis (not of Ridgway, 1880) Nurrine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vil, 1884, 387 (Sucuy4, Nicaragua). Picus similis Lesson, Compl. G@uvr. Buffon, xx, April, 1847 (‘‘Descr. Mamm. et d’Ois.’’), 204 (San Carlos, ‘‘république du Centre-Amérique,’’ i, e., Sal- vador?). (?)[Campephilus lineatus] Var.? C. leucopterylus RetcHENBACH, Handb., Scan- sores, Picine, 1854, 392, pl. 647, figs. 4319, 4820 (‘‘Mexiko”). C[ampephilus] leucorhamphus RrtcHENBACH, Handb., Scansores, Picine, 1854, 393, pl. 648, figs. 4327, 4328 (‘‘Mexiko”; coll. Berlin Mus.). [Dryocopus] leucorhamphus LicuTENSTEIN, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75. | (?)Picus lineatus (not of Linnzeus?) AUDUBON,@ Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 315 (‘‘Colum- | bia River”); Synopsis, 1839, 176 (‘‘Columbia River”); Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 233 (‘‘near Fort Vancouver,’’ Washington). (?)Dryotomus delatrii Bonaparte, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 85 (‘‘Cali- fornie”’). Dryocopus erythrops (not Picus erythrops Valenciennes) ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 306 (Cordova, Vera Cruz). VIGORS’ PILEATED WOODPECKER. Similar to C. 1. similis, but smaller, with the whitish suborbital and subauricular stripe indistinct, frequently obsolete except for loral portion, and throat with much less white. Adult male.—Length (skins), 267-310 (292); wing, 166-173 (169.4); tail, 103.5-111.5 (105.8); culmen, 32-36 (33.3); tarsus, 23.5-27 (24.9); outer anterior toe, 21-24 (22.7).® | CEOPHLEUS LINEATUS SCAPULARIS (Vigors). a Without examination of the specimen described by Audubon, erroneously sup- posed to have been obtained near Fort Vancouver, Washington, it is quite impossible to determine to which form of the genusit belongs. Judging from Audubon’s descrip- tion, however, which indicates absence of the white stripes on back, it seems more likely to belong to C. erythrops (Valenciennes) than to any of the forms of C. lineatus. b Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 153 Adult female.—Length (skins), 260-303 (284); wing, 162.5-169 (166); tail, 101-111 (106.1); culmen, 29-32.5 (30.4); tarsus, 23.5-26 (24.7); outer anterior toe, 21-23.5 (22.2).¢ Western Mexico, in States of Sonora (Sierra de Alamos), Sinaloa (Mazatlan; Rosario; Culiacin; Escuinapa; Rio Juana Gomez), Jalisco (Plains of Colima), Colima (Rio Tupila), Guerrero (Acapulco; Aca- huitzotla; Sihuatenejo; Papaya; La Lagunilla) and western Oaxaca (Putla), and Territory of Tepic (San Blas). Picus scapularis Vicors, Zool. Journ., iv, 1829, 354 (San Blas, Tepic, w. Mexico; coll. Zool. Soc.); Zool. Voy. ‘Blossom,’ 1839, 23 (San Blas).—Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 333.—SuNpDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 8, part. P{icus] scapularis WaAGLER, Isis, 1829, 509. D{ryocopus] scapularis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 436. [Dryocepus] scapularis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 133, part.—Gray, Hand- list, ii, 1870, 118, no. 8638.—ScLaTEeR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99, part. Dryocopus scapularis LAWRENCE, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 293 (Mazatlan, Sinaloa; Plains of Colima and Rio Tupila, Colima). C{ampephilus] scapularis RricHeNBAcH, Handb., Scansores, Picine, 1854, 394 (San Blas). [Driopicus] scapularis BonapartE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Ceophleus scapularis Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvi, 1890, 510, part (Sierra de Alamos, Sonora; Mazatlan; San Blas; Putla, w. Oaxaca) —Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 450, part (Sierra de Alamos; Mazatlan; San Blas; Plains of Colima; Rio Tupila; Putla; Acapulco, Guer- rero).—MILutER (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxi, 1905, 352 (Escuinapa and Rio Juana Gomez, s. Sinaloa).—Battey (H. H.), Auk, xxiii, 1906, 388 (San Blas, Tepic). Cleophleus] scapularis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 290, part. [Ceophleus] scapularis SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. Genus PHL@OTOMUS Cabanis and Heine. Driopicus (not Dryopicos Malherbe, 1849, nor Dryopicus Malherbe, 1850) Bona- PARTE, Ateneo Italiano, li, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854,8). (Type, Picus pileatus ianeease see Stejneger, Auk, ii, 1885, 52.) Hylatomus (not Hylatoma Latreille, 1804) Barrp, Ben Pacific R. R. Sury. i 1858, 107. (Type, by orig. desig., Picus pileatus Linnzus.) Hylotomus (emendation) CaBANIs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 176. Phloeotomus 6 CaBanits and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July, 1863, 102. (Type, by monotypy, Picus pileatus Linnzeus.) Very large Picide (wing about 210-255 mm.) resembling Ceophleus, but differing in much more depressed bill with straighter culmen and relatively longer gonys (nearly to quite twice as long as mandibular rami), greater development of postnasal (prefrontal) antrorse plumes, a Nine specimens. b‘‘Aus diocdc (Rinde) und rémw (schneiden) zusammengesetzt.’’ (Cabanis and Heine.) 154 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. softer and more blended plumage (especially that of neck), relatively smaller and narrower tenth primary, and relatively much longer wing and tail (the former more than five times, the latter nearly three and a half times, as long as culmen),* and under parts of body uniform black; also resembling and perhaps more nearly related to Picus,’ but conspicuously crested, tenth primary less pointed at tip, and with white stripes on head and neck and much white on under side of wings.° Bill about as long as head or decidedly shorter, depressed, broad basally (its width at anterior end of nostrils very much greater than its depth at same point), regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile or, sometimes, rather abruptly contracted terminally to the distinctly chisel-shaped tip; culmen straight, very slightly convex, very dis- tinctly ridged; gonys more than one and a half times as long as mandibular rami, very distinctly ridged, nearly if not quite straight, ascending terminally; supranasal ridge very distinct, parallel with culmen, running to edge of maxilla at about one-fourth the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, rather small, situated about midway between culmen and gonys, covered by a well-developed prefrontal tuft of antrorse hair-like feathers. Feathers of malar apex antrorse and hair-like but small, those of chin with inconspicuous semiantrorse bristle-like tips. Orbital region naked, including margin of eyelids (except a few minute feathers on posterior portion of lower lid). Wing relatively large; longest pri- maries exceeding secondaries by about one-fourth the length of wing; sixth, or fifth, sixth, and seventh primaries longest, the ninth about equal to second, the tenth (outermost) much less than half (a little more than two-fifths) as long as ninth, slightly contracted terminally, but tip rounded. ‘Tail about two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices very broad, the middle pair contracted and distinctly decurved ter- minally. Tarsus nearly as long as outer hind toe with claw, this decidedly shorter than the anterior one; tarsi and toes relatively rather slender, but claws (except that of hallux) very large and strongly curved. Coloration.—General color uniform sooty or slaty black, relieved by a broad white stripe along side of neck and thence (narrowing anteriorly) along side of head to nostrils, a narrow white postocular stripe, and a white (or partly white) gular area; axillars, under a In Ceophleus the wing is only about four and a half, the tail only three times, as long as culmen. b See p. 9. Phleotomus is intermediate in both structural and color characters between Picus and Ceophleus, agreeing best in structure (except possession of a crest, which is absent in Picus) with the former and in coloration better with the latter. ¢ In Picus there is no white at all, the plumage being uniform black, with red pileum in male, red occiput in female. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 155 wing-coverts, and proximal portion of inner webs of remiges immacu- late white or very pale yellow; adult male with entire pileum (includ- ing the conspicuous, pointed, occipital crest) and a broad malar stripe bright red, the adult female with only the crest red, the fore- head, crown, and malar region being grayish brown or olive. Range.—North America. (Monotypic ?) ¢ KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PHL@OTOMUS PILEATUS. a. Smaller (wing averaging less than 230, culmen averaging less than 50). b. Smaller (wing averaging 226.1 in male, 220.8 in female; culmen averaging 46.5 in male, 43.8 in female); coloration blacker or less slaty. (Middle and south- erm Ploridavyer cc 8 fee esos se. te Phlceotomus pileatus floridanus (p. 159). bb. Larger (wing averaging 228.4 in male, 221.6 in female; culmen averaging 49.7 in male, 44.9 in female); coloration more slaty blackish. (Southeastern United States, including northern Florida, north to Maryland, southern Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri, etc.) Phlcotomus pileatus pileatus (p. 155). aa. Larger (wing averaging more than 230, culmen averaging more than 50). b. Larger (wing averaging 243.3 in male, 236.7 in female; culmen averaging 58 in male, 52 in female; coloration more slaty (more so than in P. p. pileatus); whitish tips to longer primaries always well-developed. (Northern United States, east of Rocky Mountains, north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Kewatin, Mackenzie, etc............ Phlceotomus pileatus abieticola (p. 160). 6b. Smaller (wing averaging 237 in male, 228.1 in female; culmen averaging 54.4 in male, 48.7 in female); coloration blacker or more sooty; whitish tips to longer primaries usually much reduced in size, sometimes obsolete. (North- west coast district, from British Columbia to northern California, east to Idaho and northwestern Montana, and south to southern Sierra Nevada.) Phlceotomus pileatus picinus (p. 162). PHLEOTOMUS PILEATUS PILEATUS (Linnzus). PILEATED WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Pileum, including conspicuous occipital crest, bright poppy red, somewhat darker (approaching crimson) on forehead; a rather narrow postocular stripe of yellowish white, and beneath this a broad auricular stripe of slate color or brownish slate, involving also suborbital region (narrowly) ahd posterior portion of loral region; upper portion of nasal tufts grayish with terminal portion of bristle-like feathers blackish, this connected with the slate color of orbital region by a narrow line of dusky; lower portion of nasal tufts dull pale yellowish; a sharply defined stripe along lower por- tion of lores dull yellow (buff-yellow, maize yellow or naples yellow), passing gradually into yellowish white or pale primrose yellow posteriorly, where forming a broad band beneath the slaty auricu- @ A South American (Argentine) species, Phloeotomus schulzi Cabanis (Campephilus schulzi Sclater and Hudson, Campephilus pileatus var. schulzi Frenzel, Dryotomus schulzi Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 517) has been referred to this genus. I have not seen a specimen, but on geographical grounds alone strongly doubt that it is congeneric with P. pileatus. 156 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. lar area, thence extending downward along side of neck to. axillars and under wing-coverts, which, together with basal half (approxi- mately) of inner webs of remiges, are yellowish white or primrose yellow; malar region crimson for greater part, the posterior portion dark slate color or blackish slate; chin and throat white or yellowish white, sometimes more or less streaked or suffused posteriorly or medially with grayish; rest of plumage plain sooty slate-black or blackish slate,* the under parts slightly but not distinctly lighter; feathers of sides and flanks margined terminally with whitish; basal portion of outer webs of remiges white or yellowish white, that on secondaries usually concealed by greater coverts, that on primaries showing as a small but distinct area beyond tip of primary coverts; maxilla slate color or slate-gray, darker terminally; mandible bluish white basally, shading through pale grayish blue or bluish gray into slate color or slate-gray at tip; iris cream yellow, naples yellow, or buff-yellow; naked orbital skin grayish olive; legs and feet with scutella black, the interspaces pale gray or whitish; length (skins), 391-437 (410); wing, 220-235 (228.4); tail, 144-161 (152.9); culmen, 46-52.5 (49.7); tarsus, 33-35 (34.1); outer anterior toe, 26-28.5 7.3)a Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but forehead and anterior half (more or less) of crown grayish brown or olive and malar region slate color; length (skins), 365-410 (390); wing, 214-233 (221.6); tail, 140-158.5 (149.4); culmen, 41.5-49 (44.9); tarsus, 31-34.5 (32.5); outer anterior toe, 24—27.5 (25.5).°¢ @ The color is more slaty in more recently killed specimens or those in fresh plum- age, more sooty or brownish in older plumage or older skins. b Kighteen specimens. ¢ Twenty-two specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males (P. p. floridanus) from central and southern ANOVIGAG Ee Hess sect ees See ee ee re Oe ee ele rece 226.1 | 150.7 46.5 33. 6 26. 9 Two adult males from northern Florida................-.------ 227.15; 4) A535 47.5 33.5 Watts Q@ne‘adult: male from. Mississippisc-s.- 2... ne cee eee eee 224 152 49.5 35 26 Three adult males from Tennessee. ...........-.--.------:----- 226 155. 7 49.3 33. 8 27.5 Once adult male ifromVArkansas sce cc eceesseee ences a eee 227 149 BON Ghee 2S cea Te Re Mive’adultamales from Dexase ees) 2o cee scceek seme ee eee 226.8 | 1484 50 34. 6 27.9 Two adult males from southern Illinois...................----- 233 159 50. 7 33. 5 27. 2 One adult male (intermediate between P. p. pileatus and P. p. abseticola) from Wrest: Virginiac. sooo: ac ctaeceae ceseeoeeee soe 235 159 55 36 28.5 Two adult males from Maryland (1) and District of Colum- TOT NCAeS S eee he Schnee Sic iac Sate oe ae eon Sere tales seat enee mene 228. 5 151.7 50. 7 34. 2 26. 2 One adult male (intermediate) from southeastern Pennsyl- Vania (Carlisle) snes ses st cack seeing ae bes aeeneewaee ee eere as 238 162 52.5 34.5 26 Four adult males (P. p. abieticola) from western Pennsyivania..| 242 161.7 51.0 34. 1 27.5 Four adult males (P. p. abieticola) from Wisconsin (1), Min- I nesota: (2); and Manitoba (die see nee yee mie sees 244 164. 1 58.1 34.9 26. 6 BIRDS OF NORTH AND ‘MIDDLE AMERICA. 157 Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but red of head paler and duller, that of forehead, fore part of crown, and malar region much less uniform, the red being restricted to the tips of the feathers, Footnote—Continued. Ex- | Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed Tacee ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES—continued. Three adult males (P. p. abieticola) from Kewatin (1) and Mieken716\\(2)\- ars eae seers = cae sese sels eee e abe eenes 243.7 | 1583 58.3 35. 2 27.3 Eight adult males (P. p. picinus) from British Columbia... -.. 237.7 | 158.1 55. 8 34.9 26. 6 Five adult males (P. p. picinus) from Oregon...........-.----- 235 157. 3 53 33. 8 26. 4 Two adult males (P. p. picinus) from California............... 238 152. 5 52.5 33. 8 26. 8 One adult male (P. p. picinus) from Idaho.............-...-.-.- 240 158. 5 54.5 35 26 FEMALES. Ten adult females (P. p. floridanus) from central and southern HONIG Boose sae ere cece sioee ones inlets bee sle snes scae tee Bawen 220.8 | 145.5 43. 8 32.7 25.3 One adult female from Georgia...........:.-.-:.----s..------- 222 142 44.5 31.5 24 Two adult females from Alabama..............:.---..------.+- 221 142. 8 44.5 32. 2 25.7 Two adult females from Louisiana.........................-.-. 217.5] 150.7 43 33 26 Two adult females from Tennessee..........--.....-2.-20--000- 218 148. 2 44,2 31.3 24 Two adult females from Indian Territory (1) and Oklahoma (1).| 215 148, 2 46 32. 5 24.7 Three adult females from Texas............ othe Mees = eke Rei ee 225601) | bad, 45 33.5 26.8 Two adult females from southern Illinois.....................- 225 144. 7 47.5 33 27 Two adult females from North Carolina.......................- 220.5 | 147.5 43.5 | (82) (24) Six adult females from Virginia (4), District of Columbia (1), and: Maryland((h)oseotcsnche Soe cecee cease te a eee eee 222.6 | 151.9 45.6 32. 2 25.2 One adult female (type of P. p. abieticola) from Maine......... 232 162. 5 §2. 5 33.5 25 One adult female (P. p. abieticola) from Wisconsin...........-. 243 160. 5 53 34 25. 5 One adult female (P. p. abieticola) from Minnesota............. 235 154. 5 50. 5 35. 5 27 Three adult females (P. p. picinus) from British Columbia....| 230.7 | 151.7 49. 8 34 25. 8 One adult female (P. p. picinus) from Washington............. 227 159. 5 50 34 26 One adult female (P. p. picinus) from Oregon..............-..- 223 150 46 34 26 Three adult females (P. p. picinus) from California............ 227.7 | 149.7 48 33. 7 25 I have found it very difficult to decide as to the propriety of separating a form of this species from central and southern Florida, but after having several times laid out and carefully compared the entire series of specimens from more southern locali- ties, have come to the conclusion that to do so will, apparently, best express the facts of the case. Going by size alone, there is little difference between specimens from southern and central Florida and those from localities as far northward as Mary- land (lowlands), southern Illinois, and Missouri; in fact some of these more northern specimens are quite as small as Florida ones. But the series from central and south- ern Florida are uniformly decidedly blacker than the rest, the few examples (two from Alabama and one or two from Texas) of the latter that approach the Florida specimens proving, on close comparison, to be of an appreciably more slaty or sooty hue. Indeed, all the specimens examined from northern Florida (Gainesville, Mayport, and Pilot Town) are distinctly lighter in color than those from more southern localities in that State. Some of the more northern examples are quite as slaty as the extreme northern form (P. p. abieticola) but they are distinctly smaller. In other words, I have restricted the name pileatus to an intermediate form, character- ized by the small size of P. p. floridanus combined with an appreciably lighter (more slaty or sooty) coloration, often approaching closely the lightness of hue of P. p. abieticola. 158 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. which are otherwise brownish slate or slate-grayish, and the general color of body, wings, etc., lighter and more sooty. Young female.——Similar to the young male, but forehead and most of crown grayish brown, the latter with a paler terminal spot on each feather, and malar region dark grayish brown or sooty slate color. Lower Austral zone and southern portion of Upper Austral zone of eastern United States, from northern Florida (Pilot Town; May- port; Gainesville) west to southern and central Texas (Cleveland; near Alvin; Sour Lake; Matagorda; Jefferson; Velasco; San Antonio River; Victoria County; Liberty; Santa Maria; Navarro County; Lee County; Colorado and Brazos Rivers), Arkansas (Clinton), Indian Territory (Red Fork; Dougherty; Hartshorne), Oklahoma (Mount Scott), and southwestern Missouri (Independence) ; north to coast and midland districts of Maryland, southeastern Pennsylvania (Carlisle), southern Indiana, southern Illinois, ete.¢ [Picus] pileatus LInN&uS, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 113 (South Carolina; based on The larger red-crested Woodpecker Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 17, pl. 17); ed. 12, i, 1766, 173.—Gmeuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 425.—LatrHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 225; Gen. Hist. Birds, iii, 1822, 370. Picus pileatus ViErtot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 58, pl. 110; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 84.—Winson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 27, pl. 29, fig. 1 (error fig. 2 on plate)—SterHens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 158, pl. 32.— BoONNATERRE and Vieruot, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1313.—VALENCIENNES, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 177.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826 (Synop. Birds U. 8.), 44, part.—Draprrez, Dict. Class. d’Hist. Nat., xiii, 1828, 500.—LeEsson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 229.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 567, part; 2d ed., 1840, 671, part.—Avupv- BON, Orn. Biog., li, 1834, 74, part, pl. 111; v, 1839, 533, part; Synopsis, 1839, 176, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 226, part, pl. 257.—SuNDEVALL Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 8, part. P{icus] pileatus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 368, part; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [28], part.—Maxrmitian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 352 (near New Harmony, s. w. Indiana). [Dryocopus] pileatus Boiz, Isis, 1828, 326.—BoNnaparTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 132.—LicHTENSTEIN, Nomencl. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 188, no. 8635, part. D{ryocopus] pileatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 436.—Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377, part (s. Illinois). Dryocopus pileatus WoopHOUSE, Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 90 (Indian Territory; Texas; New Mexico?).—Sciater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 322. Dryotomus pileatus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, p. xxvi; Classif. Birds, li, 1837, 308, part.—BoNaPpaRTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39.— Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 515, part (District Columbia; s. Missouri; Union Co., Illinois; San Patricio, Texas). Picus (Dryotomus) pileatus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 304, part. [Dryotomus] pileatus SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. @ Specimens representing the more northern localities mentioned are not quite typical, but are decidedly nearer, in size at least, to specimens from Georgia and northern Florida, etc., than to P. p. abieticola. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 159 Dryopicus pileatus BONAPARTE, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 85.—MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 34, part; iii, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6. D{riopicus] pileatus BonapartE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Clampephilus] pileatus RercHeNBacH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 391, pl. 647, figs. 4317, 4318. Hylatomus pileatus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 107, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 90, part.—Dressrr, Ibis, 1865, 469 (Colorado and Brazos rivers, Texas).—MAYNaRD, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 234, part. [Hylotomus] pileatus Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192, part. Hylotomus pileatus Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 294, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 432, part; Birds North West, 1874, 278, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 551, part—Merri (J. C.), Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 151 (Santa Maria, s. Texas).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.. iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 371, part.—OamBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii, 1882, 58 (Navarro Co., Texas).—NEHRLING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 170 (s. e. Texas; habits; descr. nest and eggs). H[ylotomus] pileatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1882, 480, part. P{hloeotomus] pileatus CaBaNis and Hetne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft ii, 1863, 102 (‘‘Nord-Amerika’’). [Phlocotomus] pileatus He1ne and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 216 (Georgia). Phiwotomus pileatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 374, part—Wayne, Birds South Carolina, 1910, 91 (habits; descr. nest and eges).—(?)Howett, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 301 (Walden Ridge and Cross Mt., e. Tennessee).—BerAt, Bull. 37, U. 8. Biol. Surv., 1911, 33 (food). Phieotomus pileatus pileatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part.—Riweway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 33 (geog. range). Cleophloeus] pileatus CaBANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1862, 176. Ceophloeus pileatus StEINEGER, Auk, ii, 1885, 52. Ceophleus pileatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 405, part.—Rip@way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 382, part (s. Illinois)—Hassrouck, Auk, vi, 1889, 238 (centr. and w. Texas).— Sinetey, Rep. Geol. Surv. Tex., 1894, 350 (Lee Co., Texas).—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 102, part.—Bryerr, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana).—Stocxarp, Auk, xxi, 1904, 463- 466 (breeding habits in Mississippi). C[leophloeus] pileatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Ceophleus pileatus abieticola (not of Bangs) Ferry, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 432 (Cairo, Illinois, Aug.). Phloeotomus pileatus abieticola Wooprurr, Auk, xxv, 1908, 200 (Shannon Co., Missouri, breeding).—Puimirp, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 318 (Lake Ellis, e. North Carolina).—Batpwin, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 491 (Franklin Co., Missouri, July). PHLEOCTOMUS PILEATUS FLORIDANUS Ridgway. FLORIDA PILEATED WOODPECEER. Similar to P. p. pileatus, but decidedly blacker (that is, the general black color less slaty or sooty), and average size less, with bill usually relatively shorter and broader. Adult male.—Length (skins), 393-430 (412); wing, 222-235 (226.1); tail, 142.5-156.5 (150.7); culmen, 45-49 (46.5); tarsus, 32-35 (33.6); outer anterior toe, 26-28 (26.9).% @ Ten specimens. 160 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female——Length (skins), 403-415 (409); wing, 210-222 (220.8); tail, 136-151.5 (145.5); culmen, 41.5-45.5 (43.8); tarsus, 31-34.5 (32.7); outer anterior toe, 23-27 (25.3).¢ Central and southern Florida (St. Johns River?; Blue Cypress Lake; Shell Hammock; Orange Hammock; Fort Gardner; Lake Arbuckle; Fort Thompson; Fort Bassinger; Fort Myers; Lake Harney; Lake Trafford; Punta Rassa; Kissimmee; Tarpon Springs; Avon Park; Miami River; Osceola County; Polk County; Hernando County; Orange County). Picus pileatus (not of Linnzeus) AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 74, part; v, 1839, 533, part; Synopsis, 1839, 176, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 226, part. Hylatomus pileatus Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 107, part (St. Johns R., Florida); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 90, part.—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida).—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 234, part (Florida). [Hylotomus] pileatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192, part (Florida). Hylotomus pileatus AtLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 302 (e. Florida; crit.)—Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 294, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 432, part; Birds North West, 1874, 278, part—Batrp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 550, part (Florida).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 371, part. Hylotomus] pileatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 480, part. Ceophleus pileatus AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 405, part.—Scort, Auk, vi, 1889, 251 (Tarpon Springs and Punta Rossa, Florida)—Mortmer, Auk, vii, 1890, 339 (Orange Co., Florida; habits).—Brnpire#, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 102, part, pl. 1, fig. 5 (Florida). Cleophleus] pileatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Ceophloeus pileatus pileatus Banas, Auk, xv, April, 1898, 176, in text (Ft. Myers, Florida). Dryotomus pileatus Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 515, part (Her- nado Co. and Tarpon Springs, Florida). [Dryotomus] pileatus SHarPE, Hand-list, i, 1900, 232, part. Phleotomus pileatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiITTEE, Auk, xxv, 1908, 374, part. Phleotomus pileatus pileatus AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part. Phieotomus pileatus floridanus Rrpeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 33 (Prevatt’s Camp, 24 miles s. w. of Kissimmee, Florida; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.). PHLEOTOMUS PILEATUS ABIETICOLA (Bangs). NORTHERN PILEATED WOODPECEER. Similar to P. p. pileatus, but much larger, bill relatively longer, and general coloration lighter (more slaty). Adult male.—Length (skins), 402-452 (429); wing, 237-253 (243.3); tail, 151-174 (161.8); culmen, 55.5-60 (58); tarsus, 33-36 (34.7); outer anterior toe, 24-28 (27.2). | a Ten specimens. b Eleven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 161 Adult yemale.—Length (skins), 435;¢ wing, 232-243 (236.7); tail, 154.5-162.5 (159.2); culmen, 50.5-53 (52); tarsus, 33.5-35.5 (34.3); outer anterior toe, 25-27 (25.8).° Northern Upper Austral, Transition, and Canadian zone forests of eastern North America, from West Virginia (Rocco), western Penn- sylvania (Erie; Lake Pleasant; Clinton County), New York, New England, Wisconsin (Menomonie), Minnesota (St. Cloud; Moores Lake), etc., north to New Brunswick (Great Falls; Fort Fairfield), Nova Scotia, Keewatin (Sturgeon Lake; Nelson River), Mackenzie (Big Island, Great Slave Lake; Fort Liard), etc.; probably south through southern Alleghenies and over northern Ohio, Indiana, Illi- nois, etc., and west to base of Rocky Mountains. Picus pileatus (not of Linnzeus) Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 27, part, pl. 29, fig. 1 (by error fig. 2 on plate).—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826 (Synop. Birds U. S.), 44, part.—Nurtrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 567, part; 2d ed., 1840, 671, part.—Aupuson, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 74, part; v, 1839, 533, part; Synopsis, 1839, 176, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 226, part.— Wiis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia).—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 8, part. Plicus] pileatus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 368, part; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [28], part. Picus (Dryotomus) pileatus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 304. Dryocopus pileatus BARRY, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1854, 8 (Wisconsin). D{ryocopus] pileatus Ripeway Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377, part (Illinois). Hylatomus pileatus Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 107, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 90, part.—Baxiston, Ibis, 1862, 3 (n. branch of Saskatchewan R.).—VeERRILL, Proc. Essex Inst., 1862, 144 (Oxford Co., Maine).—MerriaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 6 (Lewis Co., n. e. New York).—MaynarD, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 234, part, pl. 19, figs. 1-4. Hylotomus pileatus BuaKisTon, Ibis, 1863, 52 (Sturgeon Lake, Keewatin).— McIiwrairn, Bull. Essex Inst., 1866, 83 (Hamilton, Ontario)—LAwrEncg, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (Hoboken, New Jersey).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 294, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 432, part; Birds North West, 1874, 278, part.—Barirp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 551, part, pl. 56, figs. 4, 5—Brewsrer, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie Co., West Virgina).—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 371, part.—KNow tron, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 63 (Brandon, Vermont).—BaTcHELDER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 150 (Grand Falls and Ft. Fairfield, New Brunswick; Houlton, Maine).—MeErriaM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Point de Monts. Quebec).—BrackeEtr, Quart. Journ. Bost. Zool. Soc., iii, 1884, 17 (near Bos- ton, Massachusetts)—Acrrssore, Auk, ii, 1885, 283 (s. e. South Dakota). [Hylotomus] pileatus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192, part. H{ylotomus] pileatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 480, part. Ceophleus pileatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 405, part.—Norton, Auk, v, 1888, 111 (Franklin Co., Massachusetts).—Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 390 (Winchendon, Massachu- setts, resident).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 382, part—THompson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 550 (Manitoba, resident).—Sacr, Auk., @ One specimen. b Three specimens. 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——_11 162 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. xii, 1895, 311 (Granby, Connecticut, winter of 1894-95).—Pirrs, Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Sci., ser. 2, i, 1895, 404 (Nova Scotia, rare resident).— (?)Cooxr, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 84 (Colorado; resident, rare).—FLeminG, Auk, xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. w. Ontario).—Howe, Contr. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 15 (Vermont).—Cox, Auk, xix, 1902, 288 (Minnesota; habits, etc.). Cleophleus] pileatus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Dryotomus pileatus Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 515, part (Maine; Herkimer Co., Big Otter Lake, Big Moose Lake, and Watson, New York; West Virginia). Ceophleus pileatus abieticola Banas, Auk, xv, April, 1898, 176 (Greenville, Maine; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMIT- TEE, Auk, xvi, 1899, 110.—Howe.t, Auk, xviii, 1901, 340 (Mt. Mansfield, Vermont).—Bringg, Auk, xxi, 1905, 414 (Graylock Mt., Massachusetts).— TAVERNER and Swa.ezs, Wilson Bull., no. 61, 1907, 134 (Point Pelee, Onta- rio; extirpated some 30 years previously !).—Roserts, in Wilcox’s Bist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 176 (common). Phleotomus pileatus abieticola AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 374, part; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part.—PREBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 385 (Athabasca and Slave rivers and along Rocky Mts. at least to Liards River).—Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 33 (geog. range).—Tuayer, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 266 (Harvard, Massachusetts, Oct. 15, 1910). [| Dryotomus] abieticola SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. PHLEOTOMUS PILEATUS PICINUS Bangs. WESTERN PILEATED WOODPECKER. Similar to P. p. abieticola, but averaging slightly smaller, and general coloration decidedly darker (less slaty); white tips to longer primaries usually less distinct, often obsolete or sometimes altogether wanting; throat usually streaked or suffused with gray, sometimes with a broad, median, uniform stripe of this color; white on basal portion of remiges more restricted. (Much larger than P. p. pileatus or P. p. floridanus, and with the black more sooty than in the latter.) Adult male-—Length (skins), 400-450 (426); wing, 230-247 (237); tail, 147-163 (157.2); culmen, 52-58.5 (54.4); tarsus, 32.5-36 (34.4); outer anterior toe, 25-28 (26.5).% Adult female—Length (skins), 390-434 (407); wing, 226-235 (228.1); tail, 146-158 (151.7); culmen, 47—50.5 (48.7); tarsus, 32.5-35 (33.9); outer anterior toe, 23.5-27 (25.6).° Forests of the humid northwest coast district from British Colum- bia (Victoria; Comox; Port Moody; near Babine; Departure Bay; Sicamous; Beecher Bay; Sumas; Esquimault; Mount Lehman) and southward through Washington, Oregon, and California to Men- docino County on coast and southern Sierra Nevada in the interior (Sequoia National Park; Kings River Canyon; Merced River, etc.); @ Sixteen specimens. b Hight specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 163 east to Idaho (Sawtooth and Salmon River Mountains) and western Montana (Powell Co.; Flathead Lake). Picus pileatus (not of Linnzeus) AuDUBON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 74, part (Columbia R.); v, 1839, 5383, part (Columbia R.); Synopsis, 1839, 176, part (Columbia R.); Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 226, part (Columbia R.)—SunDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 8, part. Dryocopus pileatus Brivces, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 2 (Scotts Mts., Trinity Co., and Sierra Nevada, 4,000 ft., California). Hylatomus pileatus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 107, part (Columbia R.; Ft. Steilacoom, Washington); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 90, part.— Cooper and Suckiey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 161 (Whitby I., Ft. Steilacoom, etc., Washington).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 212 (Brit. Columbia).—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.). : Hylotomus pileatus SctatER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236 (Vancouver I.).— Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1870, 396—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 294, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 432, part; Birds North West, 1874, 278, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 551, part—HeEn- sHAw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 26 (Sierra Nevada, s. to lat. 37°) —BrENpirE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 130 (Camp Harney, s. e. Oregon).—Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 429 (Big Trees, Calaveras Co., California) —Ripa@way, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 371, part.—Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 425 (Esquimault, Brit. Columbia). [Hylotomus] pileatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192, part. H{ylotomus| pileatus HENsHAw, Ann. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. W. 100th Merid., 1879, 312 (Cascades of the Columbia R.)—Covsrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 480, part. Ceophleus pileatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 405, part—Anruony, Auk, iii, 1886, 165 (Washington Co., Oregon).—TownsEeNnpD (C. H.), Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 206 (McCloud R., base of Mt. Shasta, and coast redwoods, California).— Benpire, Auk, v, 1888, 240 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, breeding); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 102, part—Cuaprman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (Westminster, Mt. Lehman, and Vancouver I., Brit. Columbia; crit.).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (common, especially near coast).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 97 (Salmon R. Mts. and Mt. Idaho, Idaho).—Lawrence (R. H.), Auk, ix, 1892, 355 (Grays Harbor, Washington).—FisHEr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 49 (Mariposa Grove, Merced R., Sequoia National Park, and Kings R. Canyon, California).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 43 (Brit. Columbia).— Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 175 (Okanogan Co., Washington).—SmLoway, Bull. Univ. Mont., no. 3, 1901, 51 (Flathead Lake, etc., Montana; habits). C[leophleus] pileatus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Dryotomus pileatus Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 515, part (Esqui- mault, Brit. Columbia; Hollisters and Nevada, California). Ceophleus pileatus abieticola (not of Bangs) Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 116 (Mt. Shasta, California) —(?)CooxE, Bull. 56, Col. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1900, 207 (Colorado).—GRINNELL, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 38 (California range).—ANDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 8 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; measurements) —Srone, Proc. Ac. 164 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 581 (Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., California; meas- urements; crit.)—Bowtes, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 144 (Tacoma, Washington, breeding). Phieotomus pileatus abieticola AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xxv, July, 1908, 374, part; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 192, part.—Ke1- LocG, Condor, xiii, 1911, 119 (Trinity Co., California).—Grinnett (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 8, 1912, 15.—SaunpErs, Condor, xiv, 1912, 26 (Powell Co., s. w. Montana).—Swartu, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., x, 1912, 38 (Parksville, Errington, French Creek, Little Qualicum R., Alberni, and Central Lake, Vancouver I.; crit.).—Jewerr, Condor, xiv, 1912, 192 (Saw- tooth Mts., Idaho). [Dryotomus] abieticola SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 232, part. Phieotomus pileatus picinus Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Soc., iv, April 2, 1910, 79 (Sumas, British Columbia; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 34 (geog. range). Genus CAMPEPHILUS Gray. Campephilus Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 54. (Type, by original designation, Picus principalis Linneus.) Campophilus (emendation) CaBanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July, 1863, 100. Megapicos (not of Malherbe, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Moselle, 5° cahier, 1848-1849, 17) MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 317. (Type, Picus imperialis Gould?) @ Megapicus (emendation) Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). Very large Picidze® (wing 230-320 mm.) with outer hind toe much longer than outer front toe, bill longer than head, with gonys nearly four times as long as mandibular rami, head with a very conspicuous occipito-nuchal, more or less recurved, crest (bright red in males, glossy black and more strongly recurved in females), the general color uniform glossy blue-black relieved by white secondaries and under wing-coverts, and a white stripe along each side of inter- scapular area (a white stripe down side of neck in two species), the bill ivory white or yellowish. Bill longer than head, broadly chisel-shaped at tip, much broader than deep at anterior end of nostrils, abruptly contracted terminally in vertical profile; culmen very strongly ridged, straight or very faintly convex; gonys strongly ridged, nearly four times as long as mandibular rami, straight terminally, very faintly convex basally; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, parallel with culmen, running to (or near to) edge of maxilla at a point about a The species mentioned are, in the sequence given: 1. M. imperialis (Gould); 2. M. principalis (Linneus); 3. M. malherbii (Gray); 4. M. albirostris (Vieillot)=Picus melanoleucus Gmelin, and 5. M. validus (Temminck)=Chrysocoloptes validus. Of these only nos. 1 and 2 belong to Campephilus, nos. 3 and 4 beionging to the genus Scapaneus. 6 This genus contains much the largest of known woodpeckers. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 165 one-fifth the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril longi- tudinally elliptical, situated about midway between culmen and tomium, covered by a distinct tuft of antrorse prefrontal hair-like feathers. Feathers of malar apex antrorse, forming a conspicuous, closely appressed, pointed tuft, those of the chin also antrorse, form- ing a broad flattened tuft covering lower base of mandible. Orbits partly naked, but margin of eyelids feathered, especially posterior portion of the lower. Wing moderate, with relatively short second- aries, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by about one- third the length of wing; sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the ninth intermediate between third and fourth, the tenth (outer- most) nearly half as long as ninth, very narrow, subfalcate. Tail about three-fifths as long as wing; four middle rectrices subequal (the middle pair slightly longer than the next), very narrow their entire length, with both webs of middle pair and inner web of next pair strongly deflected (folded downward), except terminally, the shaft very large and strong, broadly and deeply grooved along under side, bent upward near middle portion, then bent downward (de- curved) terminally. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe without claw, the latter much longer than outer anterior toe with claw; all the claws extremely large and strongly curved, that of the hallux, how- ever, distinctly smaller than the rest. Coloration.—General color glossy blue-black, the secondaries, tip of inner (proximal) primaries, under wing-coverts, and stripe along each side of interscapular area (in two species also a broad white stripe along side of neck, and the postnasal tufts) white; adult male with the very conspicuous, compressed, pointed, and slightly recurved occipito-nuchal crest bright red, adult females with the crest glossy blue-black and more distinctly (sometimes conspicuously) recurved; bill ivory white or yellowish. Range.—Southeastern United States, Cuba, and north-central Mexico. (Three species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CAMPEPHILUS. a. Nasal tufts black; no white stripe on head or neck; larger (wing 292-320, culmen 72.5-85.5). (North-central Mexico.)......... Campephilus imperialis (p. 166). aa. Nasal tufts and a stripe along side of head and neck white; smaller (wing 236-263, culmen 58-72.5). b. Larger (wing 240-263, culmen 61-72.5); white stripe on side of head not extend- ing to near rictus; nasal tufts much larger. (Southeastern United States; for- merly to southern Virginia, lower Ohio Valley, southeastern Missouri, etc., now extirpated over by far the greater portion of its former range.) Campephilus principalis (p. 167). bb. Smaller (wing 236-255, culmen 58-61); white stripe on side of head continued nearly if not quite to rictus; nasal tufts smaller. (Cuba.) Campephilus bairdii (p. 169). 166 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. CAMPEPHILUS IMPERIALIS (Gould). IMPERIAL WOODPECEER. Adult male.—General color glossy blue-black, the tail and primaries (except terminal portion of five or six innermost) dull black or brownish black; outer margin of interscapular region white, forming a conspicuous V-shaped mark; secondaries (except basal portion, mostly concealed), terminal portion (extensively) of primaries (ex- cept five outer ones), under wing-coverts, and axillars, white; crest, except on crown, bright red (poppy red to scarlet-vermilion), this red color extending forward laterally to above posterior angle or even middle of eye; bill pale grayish yellow or dull ivory white; iris bright yellow; legs and feet dusky grayish horn color in dried skins (more bluish gray in liffe?); length (skins), 535-580 (563); wing, 303-320 (310.9); tail, 184-202 (194.5); culmen, 79-85.5 (82.9); tarsus, 48-51 (49.2); outer anterior toe, 36-37.5 (36.9).¢ Adult female——Similar to the adult male, but crest wholly glossy blue-black and much more strongly recurved; length (skins), 560-570 (564); wing, 292-320 (307.4); tail, 183-210.5 (194.6); culmen, 72.5- 81.5 (77.8); tarsus, 45.5-50.5 (47.7); outer anterior toe, 36-37.5 (36.7).¢ Northwestern Mexico, in States of Sonora (Rio Bavispe; Sierra Madre; 50 miles south of Arizona boundary), Chihudhua (Pacheco; Colonia Garcia; Mound Valley; Babicora; Rancheria de los Apaches; Chuhuichupa; 50 miles west of Terrazas), Durango (El Salto; Los Coyotes; Ciudad Durango), Zacatecas, Jalisco (near Bolafios; Sierra de Valparaiso; Sierra de Juanacatlin), and Michoacan (Nahuatzin; Patzcuaro). Picus imperialis Goutp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., ii, 1832, 140 (‘‘California,”’ i. e., near Bolafios, Jalisco, Mexico; ® coll. J. Gould).—Lrsson, Compl. Buffon, ix, 1837, 317.—AuDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 313; Synopsis, 1839, 175; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 212.—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 667.—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 4. Clampephilus] imperialis Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 436—RricHenBacH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 390, pl. 646, fig. 4314.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripe- way, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 495, in text, 496.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 281. a Ten specimens. b The types were supposed to have come ‘‘from that little explored district of Cali- fornia which borders the territory of Mexico;” but according to Salvin and Godman (Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 445) they were probably collected by ‘‘the mining engineer Floresi, who formed a considerable collection of humming-birds, and also preserved skins of a few other species, all of which passed into Gould’s possession,”’ in the neighborhood of Bolafios, in the Sierra Madre of Jalisco, where the species is known to occur, and where Floresi was for a time stationed. bean ' ; , { BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 167 Campephilus imperialis BatrD, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxvii, 82 (Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 73.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 53.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 236; Auk, iv, 1887, 161 (n. Sonora, 50 m. from Arizona boundary).—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 35 (Chuhuichupa and Rancheria de los Apaches, n. w. Chihuahua; Bavispe R.,n.e. Sonora).—Netson, Auk, xv, 1898, 217, pl. 3 (near Patzcuaro, Michoacan; Jalisco; Zacatecas; Durango; biography).— Samira (A. P.), Condor, x, 1908, 91 (w.-centr. Chihuahua, 50 m. w. of Ter- razas). [Campephilus] imperialis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 187, no. 8621.—SciaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 98. C[ampophilus] imperialis CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 101. Campophilus imperialis Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 465 (Ciudad Durango, Durango).—Satvin and Gopmav, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 444 (Sierra Madre, Sonora; Ciudad Durango; Sierra de Valparaiso and Sierra de Juanacatlan, Jalisco). [Campophilus] imperialis HEINE and Re1tcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 216.—SHaARpPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 228. [Dryocopus] imperialis BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 132. Dryotomus imperialis Cassin, Ilustr. Birds Calif., Tex., etc., 1855, 285, pl. 49. [ Megapicus] imperialis BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). Megapicus imperialis MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 2; iii, 1862, pl. 1, figs. 1, 2,3: CAMPEPHILUS PRINCIPALIS (Linnzus). IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKEER. Similar to C. imperialis but much smaller and with nasal tufts and a stripe from suborbital region down side of neck white. Adult male—General color glossy blue-black, the primaries and tail duller black, or with bluish gloss less distinct; nasal plumes, anterior portion of lores, stripe on sides of head and neck (commencing usually beneath middle of eye and much narrower on this anterior portion) white, these stripes continued posteriorly along each edge of interscapular region; secondaries (except basal portion), terminal portion of primaries (extensively), except five or six outermost, and under wing-coverts, white; sometimes a few feathers on flanks and anal region tipped with white; occipital crest bright red; bill ivory white in life, deepening in very old skins to brownish yellow or ochraceous-buff; iris clear lemon yellow; legs and feet (in life) light gray, the larger scutella paler and somewhat yellowish gray, the claws horn gray or pale horn color; length (skins), 420-493 (454); wing, 240-263 (255.8); tail, 147-160.5 (154.4); culmen, 63-72.5 (68.2); tarsus, 42.5-46 (44.2); outer anterior toe, 30-34 (32.1).¢ Adult female.—Similar in coloration to the adult male, but crest wholly glossy blue-black; length (skins), 452-488 (471); wing, 240- a Fifteen specimens. 168 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 262 (256.4); tail, 151-166 (159.5); culmen, 61-67.5 (64.3); tarsus, 40.5-44 (42.6); outer anterior toe, 30-33.5 (31.7).% Formerly Lower Austral zone of eastern United States, north to coast district of North Carolina and in the Mississippi Valley to southern Indiana (Franklin County, up to 1826), southern Illinois (White County, up to about 1857), Missouri (Kansas City; Fayette), Oklahoma, Indian Territory (Caddo), western Kentucky (Fulton County, 1884), Arkansas (Newport), etc., west to Texas (Brazos and Trinity rivers; Tarkington; Harris County; Montgomery County), south to the Gulf coast, and in Florida to the Big Cypress district south of Caloosahatchie River. Now extirpated over much the greater portion of its former range and existing only in scattered or isolated localities in the lower Mississippi Valley and Gulf States, chiefly (?) in Florida. [Picus] principalis Linnzus, Syst. Nat., ed. 10, i, 1758, 113 (based on The Largest White-billed Woodpecker Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 16); ed. 12, i, 1766, 173.—GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 425.—Laruam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 225. Picus principalis BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 43.—Tremminox, Cat. Syst., 1807, 61.—Vie111oT, Ois. Am., Sept., ii, 1807, 56, pl. 109; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 76.—Witson, Am. Orn., iv, 1811, 20, pl. 29, fig. 1—SterHeEns, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 150, pl. 30.—VALENCIENNES, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 177.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt.i, (Synop. Birds U.S.), 1826, 44.—Drapigz, Dict. Class., xiii, 1828, 495.—Lxrsson, Traité d’Orn., i, 1831, 229.—Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 301; Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 306.— AupDuUBON, Orn. Biog., i, 1831, 341, pl. 66; v, 1839, 535; Synopsis, 1839, 175; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 214, pl. 256.—Nutra.t, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds,1832, 564; 2d ed., 1840, 668.—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 4. Pf{icus] principalis BonNaTERRE and VietLuotT, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1307.— BonapaktE, Journ. Ac. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 367; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [28].—Waaterr, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 1. [Dryocopus] principalis Borz, Isis, 1828, 326.—BoNAparTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 132. Dendrocopus principalis BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39. Clampephilus] principalis Gray, List Gen. Birds, 1840, 54; ed. 1841, 70; Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 436.—Rrrcnensacu, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 390, pl. 646, figs. 4815, 4316.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377 (s. e. Illi- nois, about 1857); Bull. Illinois State Labr. N. H., no. 4, 1881, 185 (s. Illinois, formerly); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 281—Covsrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 479. a Eleven specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. ; Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.} ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Pen,adultanalesifrom)Mlorida esc 22 os ose ee eee ee seeenees 255.6 | 152.9 68. 2 44 32.1 Five adult males from Louisiana (2), Arkansas (1), and Texas (2)} 256.2 | 157.2 68. 2 44.2 32.1 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Florida....... Sr Ae Sa aU re cheng se a ag ce 255.6 | 158.8 64.3 42.6 31.7 One‘adult female-from ‘Louisiana -'3. - 20222 Sass sere seeeee ceca 264 166. 5 64.5 42 31 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 169 Campephilus principalis Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidew, 1868, 53.—Woop- HOUSE, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Exp. Zufii and Col. R., 1853, 90 (Arkansas R.; e. Texas).—Bartrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 81; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 72.—Taytor, Ibis, 1862, 128 (Florida)—Dresssrr, Ibis, 1865, 468 (Brazos and Trinity rivers, Texas)—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 301 (Volusia, Enterprise, and Hawkinsville, e. Florida).— Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 293; 2d ed., 1882, no. 431.—Bartrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 496, pl. 49, figs. 1, 2—Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 88 (St. John and Ocklawaha rivers, e. Florida).—Ripe- way, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 188; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 359; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 374 (White Co., Illinois, formerly).—Hay, Bull. Nutt, Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 92 (near Vicksburg and Jackson, Mississippi).—NEHR- tina, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 170 (Harris and Montgomery Coun- ties, Texas).—Battey (H. B.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 40 (Alta- maha Swamp, Georgia; descr. nest and eggs).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 392; 3d ed., 1910, 185.— Butter, Bull. Brookville Soc. N. H., no. 2, 1886, 25 (Franklin Co., Indiana, up to about 1826); Birds Indiana, 1897, 829.—Cookg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 127 (Kansas City and Fayette, Missouri; Newport, n. e. Arkansas; Caddo, Oklahoma).—Scorr, Auk, v, 1888, 186 (Tarpon Springs, Florida; descr. nest); vi, 1889, 251 (Punta Rassa, Florida); ix, 1892, 212, 218 (Caloo- sahatchie R., Florida).—Prinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, about 1884)—Hasprouck, Auk, viii, 1891, 174-186, with map (geog. range).—BENpIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 42—Bryer, Auk, xvii, 1900, 97-99 (Franklin Parish, Louisiana; habits, etc.); Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana, rare)—WayNer, Auk, xxii, 1905, 414 (Jefferson Co., Florida; descr. spec. with white-tipped primaries); Birds South Car., 1910, 87 (near Beldoc, Barnwell Co., as late as 1898; prob- ably still existing in swamps of Pedee, Santee, and Savannah rivers).—Hovyt, Warbler, ser. 2, i, 1905, 52-55, pl. (3) (Lake Co., Florida; breeding habits, etc.).—BrYeER, ALLISON, and Kopman, Auk, xxv, 1908, 445 (n. Louisiana, common).—Berat, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 62 (food). [Campephilus] principalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 187, no. 8620.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192. Clampophilus] principalis CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 100. [Campophilus] principalis HEINE and RetcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 216.—SuHarpPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 228. Campophilus principalis Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 463 (DeSoto Co., Argo, and Tarpon Springs, Florida), 572 (descr. female nestling). [Campephilus principalis] var. principalis Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 496. Megapicos principalis MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 318. [Megapicus] principalis Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). Megapicus principalis MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 4; iii, 1862, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5. CAMPEPHILUS BAIRDII Cassin. CUBAN IVORY-BILLED WOODPECEER. Similar to C. principalis, but slightly smaller, the bill decidedly so; nasal tufts much smaller, and white stripe on side of head con- tinued nearly to the rictus. 170 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—Length (skins), 410-451 (480.5); wing, 236-250 (243); tail, 137-154 (145.2); culmen, 59-61 (60); tarsus, 40-42 (41); outer anterior toe, 31.5-33.5 (82.5).¢ Adult female-—Length (skins), 422; wing, 240-255 (247.5); tail, 159.5-165.5 (162.5); culmen, 58-60 (59); tarsus, 41; outer anterior toe, 30.5-31.5 (31).¢ Island of Cuba (Monte Verde). Picus principalis (not of Linnzeus) D’OrzBicNy, in La Sagra’s Hist. Fis., etc., Cuba, Aves, 1839, 107; French ed., p. 140.—LrmBEyYE, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 131. Campephilus principalis (not of Gray) CaBaAnis, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 102.—- BreweER, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1860, 307.—GuNnp.acu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 415 (crit.). [Campephilus] principalis GunDLAcH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334. Campephilus bairdii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., xv, 1863, 322 (Cuba; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.)—Gunptacu, Repert. Fisico-Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 293; Journ. fiir Orn., 1866, 352; 1871, 293; 1874, 148 (habits); Contr. Orn. Cuba, 1876, 113, 273; Orn. Cubana, ed. 1895, 137.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidz, 1868, 53. [Campephilus] bairdii Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 187, no. 8622. [Campephilus principalis] var. bairdi Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 496. [Campephilus] principalis bairdi Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19. Campephilus principalis bairdi Cory, Auk, ili, 1886, 373; Birds West Ind., 1889, 168; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 128. C[ampephilus] principalis bairdi Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 281. Campophilus bairdi Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 465. [Campophilus] bairdi SHarpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 228. Campephilus bairdi MayNarD, Cat. Birds W. I., 1903, 12 (Cuba). [Picus] bairdi (not of Malherbe, 1861) GreBEL, Thes. Orn., ili, 1876, 144, part. [Picus principalis] 2 C. Varietas s. stirps insularis SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 5. Genus SCAPANEUS Cabanis and Heine. Scapaneus 6 CaBANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July 6, 1863, 90. (Type, Picus melanoleucus Gmelin.) Large Picide (wing about 165-209 mm.) resembling Campephilus but differing in relatively much shorter and less depressed bill, with shorter gonys (less than three instead of nearly four times as long as mandibular rami), much longer and broader and non-falcate, tenth primary (decidedly more than half to nearly two-thirds as long as ninth and one-seventh, or more, as broad as long), much less develop- ment of feathers on chin, much more extensively (and completely) naked orbital region, and barred (instead of uniform black) under parts. a4 Two specimens. b ‘‘gxanavebc (Pionier) entlehnt.’’ (Cabanis and Heine.) a Bik i BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 171 Bill about as long as head, stout, regularly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, not depressed, its width at anterior end of nostrils but slightly if at all exceeding its depth at same point; culmen straight or but very slightly convex in middle portion, very strongly ridged; gonys less than three times as long as mandibular rami, straight, ascending terminally, slightly prominent and convex basally, distinctly but not sharply ridged; supranasal ridge very distinct, running out to (or toward) tomium at a point anterior to one-third the distance from tip of maxilla to base. Nostril longi- tudinally oval or ovate, situated much nearer to tomium than to culmen, partly covered by the small antrorse prefrontal feathers, these forming a small but distinct tuft, except in S. guatemalensis, in which the feathering surrounding base of bill is shorter, coarser, and more erect; feathers of malar apex and chin (especially the former) antrorse, but without distinct, if any, bristle-like tips. Orbits completely and extensively naked; feathers of occiput developed into a conspicuous obtusely pointed, but not recurved, crest. Wing moderately long, the longer primaries exceeding secondaries by a little more than one-fifth the length of wing; sixth and seventh, or fifth, sixth, and seventh, primaries longest, the ninth equal to second or third, the tenth (outermost) decidedly more than half to nearly two-thirds as long as tenth, at least one-seventh as wide as long, distinctly incurved. Tail a little more than half to about three- fifths as long as wing. Tarsus slightly though decidedly longer than outer hind toe without claw, stout, the planta tarsi covered with small hexagonal scutella (less distinct on inner side); outer hind toe exceeding outer front toe by more than half the length of its terminal phalanx; claws exceedingly large and strongly curved, that of the inner hind toe conspicuously smaller than the rest. Coloration.—Upper parts and chest (whole under parts in S. leucopogon) black, the interscapular region with a white stripe along each side (continuous with a white stripe along side of neck) or (in S. leucopogon) interscapulars immaculate buff; under parts posterior to chest (except in S. leucopogon) barred with black and buff, pale tawny, or white; inner webs of remiges with proximal portion im- maculate white or yellow, or (in S. leucopogon) with proximal por- tion of primaries (only) cinnamon-tawny; greater part (sometimes whole) of head red in adult males, partly black in females. Range.—Southern Mexico to southeastern Brazil, Uruguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (Several species.7) @ J have not had the opportunity of examining in this connection ‘‘ Campephilus” rubricollis (Boddaert) or C. trachelopyrus (Malherbe); but C. guayaquilensis and C. melanoleucus T would refer to Scapaneus. 172 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF SCAPANEUS. a. Bill deep horn color or dusky; nasal plumes and anterior portion of malar region white or dull yellowish; adult male with chin and throat black, adult female with a broad white malar stripe, confluent posteriorly with white stripe on side of neck. (Panam4 and Colombia.).............. Scapaneus malherbii (p. 172). aa. Bill horny yellowish or dull ivory yellowish; nasal plumes and anterior portion of malar region red; adult male with chin and throat red (like rest of head), adult female without any white malar stripe (the whole head red, except throat, forehead, and median part of crown, which are black). (Scapaneus guatemalensis.) b. Black portions of plumage more sooty, the chest less extensively black; stripes along sides of back more yellowish; paler bars on under parts deeper brownish buffy and broader; yellow on under side of wings deeper; slightly to much larger. c. Smaller (wing averaging less than 190, culmen averaging less than 48 mm.); black portions of plumage deeper. (Oaxaca, Tabasco, Campeche, and Yucatan to Costa Rica.) ..Scapaneus guatemalensis guatemalensis (p. 174). ce. Larger (wing averaging more than 194, culmen averaging 49 in female, 51.8 in male); black portions of plumage duller. (Eastern Mexico.) Scapaneus guatemalensis regius (p. 178). bb. Black portions of plumage deep black (that of foreneck glossy, slightly bluish), the chest more extensively black; stripes on back purer white (less yellow- ish); paler bars on under parts narrower, paler; yellow on under side of wings paler; decidedly smaller. (Western and southwestern Mexico.) Scapaneus guatemalensis nelsoni (p. 178). SCAPANEUS MALHERBII (Gray). MALHERBE’S WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Nasal tufts and adjacent portion of lores, and large spot on anterior portion of malar region, pale straw color or dull yellowish white; an elongated white spot on lower portion of auricular region, with a black one immediately above it; rest of head, except chin and throat, bright poppy red or vermilion; chin, throat, and chest, hindneck, back, scapulars, and wing-coverts, uniform black; rump, upper tail-coverts, tail, and inner secondaries (tertials) rather duller black; primaries sooty black, or very dark sooty brown, their outer webs more brownish, those of the longer quills usually tipped with paler (sometimes whitish); a conspicuous white stripe com- mencing at upper extremity of neck, on each side, and extending thence downward and backward to posterior extremity of inter- scapular region, along each side of the latter; under parts of body, together with under tail-coverts, pale tawny, cinnamon-buff, or clay color, broadly barred with black, the bars of the two colors nearly equal in width; under wing-coverts and basal half (approximately) of inner webs of remiges yellowish white or pale primrose yellow; bill blackish horn color or dusky; iris yellow; legs and feet (in dried skins) grayish dusky, in life bluish green or olive, soles yellowish; length (skins), 312-344 (333); wing, 179.5-195 (187.3); tail, 101.5-120 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 173 (110.2); culmen, 41.5-51.5 (46.1); tarsus, 32-36 (34.1); outer anterior toe, 23.5-27 (24.6).%. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male but whole forehead and median upper portion of crest black, and the white neck-stripe con- tinued across entire length of head, occupying the whole of malar region, where tinged, more or less, with yellowish anteriorly; length (skins), 315-350 (332); wing, 171-200 (186.9); tail, 100-121 (112.1); exposed culmen, 38.5-48 (44.1); tarsus, 30-34.5 (32.9); outer anterior toe, 21-26.5 (23.8) .° Panama (Santa Fe de Verdégua; Cordillera de Tolé; Calovévora; Panama; Punta de Sabana; Colén), Colombia (Concordia and Remé- dios, Antioquia; Atanques, 4,000 feet, Sierra Nevada, 4,000 feet, Val- paraiso, E] Libano, Bonda, Chirua, Santa Marta, and LaConcepcidn, Santa Marta; near Honda, Tolima; Bogoté; Cauca; Naranjo; Carta- gena; Turbo), and Venezuela (Mérida; La Paz; San Estéban; Encon- trados, Zulia; San Julidn). Campephilus malherbit Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, Sept., 1845, pl. 108; List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 54.—SciaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 331 (Bogota, Colom- bia).—Sciater and Savin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 366 (Lion Hill, Panama); 1868, 629 (San Esteban, Venezuela); 1875, 235 (Mérida, Venezuela); 1879, 532 (Cauca, Concordia, and Remedios, Colombia).—Satvrin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 157 (Santiago de Veragua and Cordillera de Tolé, w. Panama); 1870, 212 (Calovevora, w. Panama).—Satvin and Gopmav, Ibis, 1879, 205 (Atanques, Santa Marta, Colombia, 4,000 ft.) —Baneas, Proc. Biol. a Nineteen specimens. 6 Sixteen specimens. ; ° Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Threevadult.males|fromy, Panama, 2 .\.caccceeincawewiedecee seein cciee 184.2 | 111.5 43 33. 5 25 Ten adult males from Santa Marta district, Colombia.......... 185.4 | 1083 45.7 34.1 24.3 Four adult males from central Colombia (Bogotd, 3, near ION a hl) se eee eee CR ee eae hecho anae la esheoe 192.3 | 114 48. 4 35. 5 24.7 Two adult males from Venezuela...................-------0-- 191.5 | 109 48 33 25. 3 FEMALES. Two adult females from Panama.............ccccececeeecese-s 187.3 | 110.8 41 33. 3 25. 3 Seven adult females from Santa Marta district, Colombia... .... 186.5 | 1113 45.3 33. 5 24. 4 Three adult females from central Colombia (Bogotd, 2, near ER GTACL Gs, Ih) /=tarata ys arc eare re eels oie ae na sale wie doe caicieoe aaice Meee eee 184.3 | 113.5 44.7 33. 3 2355 Four adult females from Venezuela...............-.---.---00-- 189.4 | 113.5 43. 6 31.9 22.5 Notwithstanding the considerably smaller average size of specimens from eastern Panama and northeastern Colombia, there is so much individual variation in this respect from all localities that I am not disposed to subdivide the species on the basis of measurements. The series examined from Panama is very small, however, and a larger number of specimens may render a separation desirable. The type locality of the species being unknown, an examination of the type specimen will be necessary in order to determine to which form the name malherbii should be restricted. 174 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Soc. Wash., xii, 1898, 134 (Santa Marta, Colombia).—ALLENn, Bull. Am. Mus. N.H., xiii, 1900, 137 (Bonda, Valparaiso, and El] Libano, Santa Marta).—Ros- Inson and Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1901, 171 (San Julian, Venezuela). Clampephilus| malherbui Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, Sept., 1845, 436 —REIcHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 392, pl. 648, figs. 4323, 4324. [Campephilus] malherb Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 187, no. 8623.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 98. Campephilus malherbi Wyatt, Ibis, 1871, 380 (Naranjo, Colombia; habits). Campophilus malherbit Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 472 (Cor- dillera de Tolé, Santiago de Veragua, and Lion Hill, Panama; Cartagena, Bogoté, Cauca, and Atanques, Colombia).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 448. Campophilus malherbei Sauvavori and Festa, Boll. Mus. Zool., etc., Torino, xiv, 1899, no. 339, 8 (Punta de Sabana, Panama). [Campophilus| malherbet SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 229. Megapicos malherbii MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 319. Megapicus malherbii MALHERBE, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Metz, 1849, 17; Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 15; iii, 1862, pl. 6, figs. 1, 2, 4. [Dryotomus] malherbi Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 122 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 7). S[capaneus|] malherbei CaBANIS and HeErINe, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 93 (Colombia). [Scapaneus] malherbei HernE and RetcHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215 (Colombia). Dryocopus malherbii Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1860, 137 (Turbo, Colom- bia).—LawrEnceE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 299 (Lion Hill, Panama). Picus malherbei SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 5. Picus anais Lesson, Descr. Mam. et Ois., 1847, 203. [Dryocopus] pollens (not Picus pollens Bonaparte, 1845) Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 133, part (Bogota). Dryotomus verreauxi BONAPARTE, Notes Orn. Coll. Delattre, 1854, 85, footnote (Santa Marta, Colombia). SCAPANEUS GUATEMALENSIS GUATEMALENSIS (Hartlaub). GUATEMALAN IVORY-BILLED WOODPECKEER. Adult male.-—Head, all round (including occipital crest), entirely bright red (poppy red to crimson), except a small and sometimes indistinct auricular spot (directly over auricular orifice) of grayish brown or olive; upper parts plain sooty black passing into sooty brown on remiges, the outer webs of primaries much lighter grayish brown, the inner (proximal) primaries indistinctly tipped with dull whitish; a stripe of yellowish white or buffy white originating near upper end of side of neck, extending along side of neck and thence along edge of interscapular region, the two of opposite sides con- verging on lower back; foreneck and upper chest plain sooty black, more sooty posteriorly; rest of under parts light buff or cream-buff, broadly and very regularly barred with sooty black; axillars, under wing-coverts, and basal half (approximately) of inner webs of remiges immaculate buff-yellow or maize yellow; under surface of lateral rectrices yellowish olive; bill dull yellowish white or horn white; \ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 175 iris light yellow; legs and feet grayish; length (skins), 305-345 (323); wing, 177-201 (189.6); tail, 95-112.5 (103.7); culmen, 44-50.5 (47.5); tarsus, 31-36 (33.3); outer anterior toe, 22—-28.5 (24.2).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but forehead, crown, and upper median portion of crest, together with chin and throat, uniform black (instead of red, like rest of head); length (skins), 280-340 (312); wing, 173-203 (186.7); tail, 90-113.5 (102.4); exposed culmen, 38.5— 49 (45); tarsus, 31-36.5 (34.6); outer anterior toe, 21.5-26.5 (24.2).° Young male.—Similar to the adult female, but forehead and median portion of crown duller black or sooty black, chin and throat dark sooty slate or dark grayish brown, nasal tufts, chin, lores, and malar @ Thirty-four specimens. b Twenty-seven specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males (S. g. regius) from Vera Cruz (6) and Tamau- MID ASIA) sce eke er ek Se oka Es Bo la cotta Bly 194.6 | 106.6 51.8 36 26.7 Ten adult males (S. g. nelsoni) from Guerrero (6), Michoacan (1), Colima) wand: Sinaloay (1) ee se suc cecicuweemseeelcaselacecws nes 176. 6 98 45 32.3 23.6 Oneladuli male from: Yucatan: oo... 2s. ueen ste Sec tect eek 184 103 45.5 31 23 ThreejadultmalesromiChiapase = sw-s a Picus fumigatus Lafresnaye and D’Orbigny, Voy. Am. Mérid., iv, pt. 3, 1839, 380, pl. 65, fig. 1 (Province of Corrientes, Argentina, to Chiquitos, Bolivia); Sundevall, Consp. Picin., 1866, 35.—Dendrobates fumigatus Gray, Gen. Birds, ili, 1849, App. p. 21; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 342.—[Chloronerpes] fumigatus Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 118.—Mesopicus fumigatus Malherbe, Mon. Pic., ii, 1862, 54, pl. 57, figs. 3, 4.—P[haeonerpes] fumigatus Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 139.— Veniliornis fumigatus Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899,205. This South American bird almost certainly requires subdivision. b P[icus] (Chloropicus) kirkii Malherbe, Rev. Zool., viii, Nov., 1845, 400 (Tobago; coll. Brit. Mus.).—C[hloronerpes] kirkii Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 443.—Chrysoptilus kirkii Jardine, Contr. Orn., 1848, 15, pl. 2.—Mesopicus kirkii Malherbe, Mon. Picid., iii, 1861, pl. 59, figs. 7, 8.—Chloronerpes kirkw Sclater, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 338 (Trinidad).—E[rythroner pes] kirki Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 144, footnote (Tobago; Trinidad).—Picus kirkii Sundevall, Consp. Picin., 1866, 36.— Dendrobates kirki Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 365, part (Trinidad; Tobago).—Veniliornis kirkii Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 205.—Veniliornis kirkii kirkii Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 39 (Tobago; Trinidad). 188 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ec. Coloration lighter, the dusky bars on under parts much narrower, the back, etc., more yellowish; smaller (wing averaging 82.1, tail 48.9, culmen 19, tarsus 15.4. (Venezuela.)...Veniliornis kirkii continentalis (extralimital).¢ bb. Wing-coverts without any yellowish spots or streaks or with only minute traces of the latter. c. Dusky bars on under parts narrower, less dark in color, the whitish bars rela- tively broader; auricular region much paler brownish. d. Whitish bars on chest, etc., narrower, less brownish; wing-coverts not tinged with red; bill stouter. (Central Colombia.) Veniliornis kirkii cecilii (extralimital).® dd. Whitish bars on chest, etc., broader, more brownish; wing-coverts tinged with red; bill more slender. (Eastern Panama to western Ecuador.) Veniliornis kirkii darienensis (p. 192). ec. Dusky bars on under parts broader, darker in color, the whitish bars relatively narrower; auricular region much darker brownish. (Panama and south- western Costa Rica.)........-.- Veniliornis kirkii neglectus (p. 193). VENILIORNIS OLEAGINUS OLEAGINUS (Lichtenstein). OLEAGINOUS WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Pileum and nape dark sooty or sooty blackish, passing into grayish brown on anterior portion of forehead, the feathers (ex- cept on forehead) broadly tipped with bright vermilion or poppy red, this nearly uniform on nape; back and scapulars plain yellowish tawny-olive to slightly grayish raw-umber brown, passing into a duller, more grayish brown or olive, hue on lower rump; upper tail- coverts and tail blackish brown, the lateral rectrices lighter brown (nearly sepia); wings plain sepia brown, the coverts tinged or indis- tinctly edged with the color of back; nasal tufts grayish brown, passing into blackish terminally; loral, orbital, and auricular regions plain pale grayish brown (pale broccoli brown), paler (dull whitish) on orbital region; chin and throat (upper portion at least) dull whitish, more or less flecked with dusky grayish; rest of under parts plain yellowish tawny-olive (like upper parts) ; inner webs of remiges with broad bars or transverse spots of white, the distal portion (extensively on longer primaries) plain grayish brown; bill horn color, passing into blackish on culmen and terminal portion of maxilla; feet grayish dusky (in dried skins); length (skins), 163-175 @ Veniliornis kirkii continentalis Hellmayr, Novit. Zool., xiii, Feb., 1906, 39 (Caripé, near Cumand, Venezuela; coll. Tring Mus.). 6 Mesopicos cecilii Malherbe, Rev. et Mag. de Zool., Nov., 1849, 538 (Colombia).— [Chloronerpes] cecilii Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 117.—Chloronerpes cecilii Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 161 (Bogotaé, Colombia).— Mesopicus cecilii Malherbe, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 71, pl. 60, figs. 1, 2—Chloronerpes cecilix Sclater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1855, 161; Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 338 (Bogoté, Colombia).—C [Erythro- nerpes| caeciliae Cabanis and Heine, Mus. Hein., iv, heft. 2, 1863, 143, footnote, part (Colombia).—Picus cecilie Sundevall, Consp. Picin., 1866, 36.—Dendrobates ceciliz Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 366, part (Bogot4 and Antioquia, Colom- bia).— Veniliornis cecilii Oberholser, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 205.— [Veniliornis] cecilix Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 222, part. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERIUA. 189 (168.5); wing, 100-102 (100.8); tail, 52.5-58 (55.1); culmen, 22-24.5 (23.1); tarsus, 18-19 (18.3); outer anterior toe, 12—14.5 (13.8).4 Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but red of pileum duller, more broken by exposure of dusky basal portion of feathers, and not extending over nape; general color duller (less golden) olivaceous. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but pileum and nape dusky, the feathers tipped with grayish brown; length (skins), 168-171 (170); wing, 100-102 (100.9); tail, 53.5-57 (55.7); exposed culmen, 21—22.5 (21.6); tarsus, 17-18 (17.5); outer anterior toe, 25-13) (1i2.7).2 Eastern Mexico, in States of San Luis Potosi (Jilitla), Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cérdova; Orizaba; Playa Vicente?; Papantla), Puebla (Metlaltoyuca; Huachinango), and Mexico (near City of Mexico). Picus oleaginus LicHTENSTEIN, Preis-Verz. Mex. Thierw., 1830, 1 (Mexico); Journ. fiir Orn., 1863, 55 (reprint). [Capnopicus] oleaginus BoNAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 125 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 10). Ch{loronerpes (Phaionerpes)] oleagineus REICHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 356, pl. 675, figs. 4467, 4468. @ Five specimens. 6 Four specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Hour adult males from Pueblas.. 6... scsccsees-oosce- se cceen 100.8 55.6 23.1 18.1 13.6 One adult male from Vera Cruz (Jalapa)..........-..--.--.--- 100.5 52.5 23 19 14.5 Four adult males (V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Vera Cruz (Orizaba, Buena Vista, and Motzorongo).........-.-.------. 93.6 50. 4 21.4 18.4 13.1 One adult male ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Oaxaca ......-.--- 91 52.5 23 18 13 One adult male ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Tabasco ........-- 87 47 22.5 18 13 Two adult males ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Guatemala. ..-.-.. 85 46 20.8 15.8 11.8 Threeadult males ( V.o0. sanguinolentus)from British Honduras.| 88.7 51.7 21.8 17 11.8 Three adult males ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Honduras. .--..- 87.3 47 20 16.5 11.8 Eight adult males ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Nicaragua .....- 86.1 47.7 20.7 16.9 12.1 Eight adult males ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Costa Rica...-. 86 49.8 21.2 16.9 12.4 One adult male ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from western Panama..} 86.5 |.......- 21.5 17.5 12.5 One (young?) male ( V. 0. fumigatus) from Colombia (Bogoté)..| 96 * 60 21 18.5 13.5 One adult male ( V. 0. fumigatus) from Venezuela (Mérida).....} 97 49 24 19 14.5 FEMALES. One adult female from San Luis Potosi...................-.--- 100.5 56 21.5 18 13 mwoadultfemalesirom Puebla... cs 2:12 b-c se ossccnssiee es eee 101.5 55 2.2 17.5 12:7, One adult female from Vera Cruz (Jalapa)..............-.-.--- 100 57 22.5 17 12.5 One adult female( V.o0. sanguinolentus) from Vera Cruz (Buena WAST) E ceeerte Ree onc S Sains etme abate cd ek eleprasues ss 91 50 20 Le 12.5 Two adult females ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Yucatan........ 93.5 52.8 21 17 Tvs One adult female ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Chiapas .....-..-. 89 43.5 19.5 17.5 10.5 Three adult females ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Guatemala....| 86.7 47.8 20.5 16.5 11.3 Two adult females ( V.0. sanguinolentus) from British Honduras.| 88.5 49.3 19.8 17 12.3 Two adult females ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Honduras...... 84 45 18.8 16 12 One adult female ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Nicaragua....... 85 43 19 16 12.5 Three adult females ( V. 0. sanguinolentus) from Costa Rica....| 87.7 48.7 20. 2 16.7 12.2 One adult female ( V. 0. fumigatus) from Colombia (Bogoté)....| 101 57 22 18 13 190 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Chloronerpes oleaginus Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., part iii, 1868, 112. [Chloronerpes] oleaginus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 200, no. 8808. Mesopicus oleaginus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 53; ili, 1862, pl. 57, figs. 6, 7. Dendrobates oleaginus Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 344, part (Orizaba and Jalapa, Vera Cruz; near City of Mexico). Eleopicus oleaginus CHAPMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 34 (Jalapa). Veniliornis oleaginus OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 205. [ Veniliornis] oleaginus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 221. Chloronerpes oleagineus SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 307 (Cordova, Vera Cruz); 1859, 367 (Jalapa), 368 (Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz); 1864, 177 (near City of Mexico); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 337 (Orizaba; Jalapa).— FErRRARI-PEREZ, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 159 (Jalapa). [Chloroner pes] oleagineus SctaTER and Sayin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99. Picus oleagineus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 35. P{haeonerpes] oleagineus CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 140. [Phaeoner pes] oleagineus HEINE and RrercHeNow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 218. Dendrobates oleagineus Satvin and GopMAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 347 (Papantla, Coatepec, Jalapa, Cordova, Uvero, Potrero, Orizaba, and Playa Vicente, Vera Cruz; Miner4l de San Sebastian, Jalisco?).¢ VENILIORNIS OLEAGINUS SANGUINOLENTUS (Sclater). CABOT’S WOODPECEER. Similar to V. o. ‘oleaginus, but smaller and with general coloration brighter, the back, etc., averaging more golden or tawny olivaceous, frequently tinged (sometimes conspicuously) with red, the sides of head, chin, and throat, much darker, the loral, orbital, and auricular regions wood brown to raw-umber brown, the chin and throat dull grayish brown or brownish gray. Adult male——Length (skins), 135-176 (158.5); wing, 82-98.5 (87.6); tail, 43.5-54.5 (48.9); culmen, 19-22.5 (21.1); tarsus, 15-19 (17.1); outer anterior toe, 11.5-14.5 (12.3).° Adult female—Length (skins), 136-166 (150); wing, 82-95.5 (87.5); tail, 40-53 (48.1); culmen, 18.5-21.5 (20.1); tarsus, 16-17.5 (16.6); outer anterior toe, 10.5-13 (11.8).°¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Orizaba; Buena Vista; Motzorongo), Oaxaca (mountains near Santo Domingo), Tabasco (Teapa), Yucatan (La Vega; Puerto Morelos; Tizimin; Chichen-Itza), and Chiapas (Palenque), and southward through Guatemala (San José; Escuintla; Savana Grande; Chocttim; sources of Rio de la Pasién; Retalhuleu; Los Amates, Yzab4l), British Hon- duras (Toledo; near Manatee Lagoon; Orange Walk), Honduras (Santa Ana; San Pedro Sula; Yaruca; Omoa), Nicaragua (San Rafaél del Norte; Santo Domingo; Pefia Blanca; Chontales; Mata- galpa; Lavala; Rio Coca; Rio Escondido), and Costa Rica (Barranca; Jiménez; San Bernardo; La Hondura; El General; Turrialba; Guaé- a@ Specimens from Jalisco should be carefully compared with those from eastern Mexico. 6 Thirty-one specimens. ¢ Seventeen specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 191 cimo; La Estrella de Cartago) to western Panama (Volcan de Chiri- qui, 7,000 ft.; Cordillera de Tolé; Cordillera del Chucu). Chloronerpes sanguinolentus ScLtateR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., May, 1859, 60, pl. 151 (Omoa, Honduras; coll. Derby Mus.); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 3d ser., vi, 1860, 80.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 112.— SciaTER and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 136 (Omoa). [Chloroner pes] sanguinolentus ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99. Mesopicus sanguinolentus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 76; iii, 1862, pl. 43 bis, fig. 6. (?)P[haeonerpes] sanguinolentus CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 140. Picus sanguinolentus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 35 (Honduras). Dendrobates sanguinolentus Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 346.— Satvin and GopMANn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 439 (Omoa, Hon- duras; Santo Domingo, Chontales, and Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). Veniliornis sanguinolentus OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 205. [ Veniliornis] sanguinolentus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 221. Chloroner pes oleagineus (not Picus oleaginus Lichtenstein) Satvrin and ScrarTer, Ibis, 1860, 400 (Choctum, Guatemala).—Lawrence, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1868, 131 (Barranca and Turrialba, Costa Rica).—Frantzius, Journ. fiir Orn., 1869, 364 (Costa Rica).—Boucarp, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 452 (Yucatan).—ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1887, 124 (Barranca). Chloronerpes oleaginus Boucarp, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 27. Dendrobates oleaginus Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 344, part (Tizimin, Yucatan). Mesopicus cabotti MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 53 (‘‘Nouvellte-Grenade?’’); iii, 1862, pl. 57, figs. 1, 2. Chloronerpes cabott SctaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 337 (Choctum, Guatemala).— Satvin, Ibis, 1866, 206 (Choctum; crit.); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 157 (Cordillera de Tolé, Panama; crit.); 1870, 212 (Cordillera del Chucu, Panama).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid. 1868, 113.— ZELEDON, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 23; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111; Anal. Mus. Nac. C. R., i, 1887, 124 (Costa Rica).—Ripeway, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 476 (Jiménez, Costa Rica; descr. young male). Chloronerpes caboti? Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 476 (Jimenez, Costa Rica; descr. immature male). [Chloronerpes] caboti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 200, no. 8809.—ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99. P{haeonerpes] cabott CABANIS and Hetnz, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 139. Picus caboti SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 35. Dendrobates caboti Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 344 (Teapa, Tabasco; Savana Grande, sources Rio de la Pasion, Choctum, and Retal- huleu, Guatemala; Orange Walk, Brit. Honduras; Costa Rica; Veragua).— Satvrn and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 438. Eleopicus cabott Ricumonp, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, no. 947, Oct. 4, 1893, 519 (Rio Escondido, Nicaragua). Veniliornis cabott OBERHOLSER, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., June 2, 1899, 205.— Banes, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iii, 1902, 34 (Volcan de Chiriqui, Panama, 7,000 ft.); Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 146 (Yaruca, Honduras).—Cotr, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 1, 1906, 130 (Chichen-Itza, Yucatan).—DrEarBorn, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 92 (San José, Guatemala; Los Amates, Guatemala?)—Carriker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 589 (Costa Rica). [ Veniliornis] caboti SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 221. 192 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. VENILIORNIS KIRKII DARIENENSIS Ridgway. DARIEN WOODPECKER. Similar to V. k. continentalis,* but wing-coverts without yellowish spots or streaks, and under parts more narrowly barred, the paler bars pale brownish buff instead of dull buffy white; similar also to V. k. cecilit, but back, etc., brighter, more tawny, and under parts more broadly barred with pale brownish buff (instead of dull whitish), and slightly smaller. Adult male—Pileum dusky, the feathers broadly tipped with bright crimson (more poppy red or vermilion posteriorly), the anterior portion of forehead and the nasal tufts plain brown; hindneck deep saffron or indian yellow; back, scapulars, and wings bright olive- tawny, the wing-coverts (sometimes back also) slightly tinged or touched with red; rump and upper tail-coverts bright poppy red; tail brown, the middle rectrices extensively blackish distally and sometimes broadly but indistinctly banded with the same basally, the lateral rectrices broadly barred or banded with darker; loral region, anterior portion of malar region, chin, and upper throat plain pale buffy brownish, the auricular region deeper grayish brown (nearly broccoli brown), finely and indistinctly streaked with paler; under parts pale brownish buffy, very regularly barred with dark grayish brown (nearly hair brown), the darker bars decidedly broader than the buffy ones on chest, elsewhere about as wide or (on flanks) slightly narrower; under wing-coverts buffy white, sparsely but rather broadly barred with dusky, those along edge of wing largely deep grayish brown; inner webs of remiges dusky broadly barred or spotted with pale dull buff or dull buffy whitish; bill light horn color, darker toward culmen; iris dark reddish brown;? feet dull grayish . (in dried skins); length (skins), 143; wing, 83-85 (84); tail, 52-54 (53); exposed culmen, 18.5-20.5 (19.5); tarsus, 15.5; outer anterior toe, 11.5—-12.5 (12).° Eastern Panama (El Real, Darién); western Ecuadér (Guay- aquil). a See p. 188. 6 According to Heyde and Lux. ¢ Two specimens, one from El Real, Darien, the other from Guayaquil, western Ecuador. These compare in measurements as follows: Outer Ex- Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen, rior toe. MALES. No. 150795, coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus., E] Real, Darién, Panam&é (Glype) sede ae nee ech ete cette ine eee a een ome amano 83 52 18.5 15.5 11.5 No. 54972, coll. U. S. Nat. Mus., Guayaquil, Ecuad6r.......-..- 85 54 20.5 15.5 12.5 | a The two specimens are practically identical in coloration. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 193 (?) Chloronerpes ceciliti? (not Mesopicos cecilit Malherbe?) Sctater, Proc. Zool, Soc. Lond., 1860, 286 (Bababoyo, w. Ecuador), 297 (Esmeraldas, w. Ecuador). (?) Chloronerpes cecilie BERLESPcH and TaczaNnowskI, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1883, 571 (Chimbo, w. Ecuador).—Satvaport and Festa, Boll. Mus., Zool., etc., Torino, xv, 1900, 15 (Foreste del Rio Peripa, w. Ecuador). Veniliornis kirkii darienensis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24,1911, 33 (El Real, Darien, eastern Panama; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). VENILIORNIS KIRKII NEGLECTUS (Bangs). DIVALA WOODPECKER. Similar to V. k. darienensis, but under parts much darker, the darker bars broader and the paler ones narrower, both relatively and absolutely. Adult male.—Length (skins), 133-160 (147); wing, 83-86 (84.6); tail, 45-54 (49.8); culmen, 18-22 (20.6); tarsus, 15-16 (15.5); outer anterior toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.8).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 131-151 (142); wing, 82-85 (83.1); tail, 47-53.5 (50.2); culmen, 18.5-20 (19); tarsus, 15-16 (15.4); outer anterior toe, 12-13 (12.3).° Southwestern Costa Rica (Pozo del Rio Grande; El Pozo de Tér- raba; Palmar), through western and middle Panama (Divala; David; Mina de Chorcha; Bibaliz) to eastern Panama (Cana, Darién, 1,800- 2,000 feet). Chloronerpes cecilit (not Mesopicos cecilii Malherbe) SctatEerR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 143 (David, Chiriqui, w. Panama). Chloronerpes ceciliz Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1867, 157 (David, Panama); 1870, 213 (Mina de Chorcha, Veragua, w. Panama). @ Wight specimens. b Five specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- c en. rior toe. MALES. | Five adult males from s. w. Costa Rica. .............s+-.0cs-0- 84.1 48.7 20 15.3 11.9 Three adult males from e. Panama (Cana, Darien)............. 85.3 51 21.5 15.8 13 FEMALES. Two adult females from s. w. Costa Rica...............-------- 82.7 49 18.7 15 12.7 One adult female from w. Panama (Divala, Chiriqui).......... 84 53.5 20 15.5 12 Two adult females from e. Panama (Cana, Darien)-............ 83.1 50.2 19 15.4 12.3 I have not been able to make direct comparison between the specimens from Cana, Darien, and those from Costa Rica and western Panama, the latter having been bor- rowed from other museums and returned before the former were received. They differ markedly, however, in coloration from the type of V. k. darienensis, and accord- ing to my recollection of the series of typical V. k. neglectus agree very closely with the latter. The type of V. k. darienensis was obtained, as stated on the label, in the low damp (probably coast-plain) forests of the Rio Pirri, whereas the Cana examples of V. k. neglectus were taken in the mountains at an elevation of 1,800-2,000 feet; hence they doubtless represent, respectively, lowland and mountain forms. 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——18 194 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Chloroner pes] ceciliz SctaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99, part. Dendrobates cecilize Hareitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvi, 1890, 366, part (Mina de Chorcha and Bibaliz, Panama).—Cuerriz, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 46 (Palmar, s. w. Costa Rica).—Satvin and GopMaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1890, 440, part (David, Bibal4z, and Mina de Chorcha, Panama). [ Veniliornis] cecilie SHarPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 222, part (Panama). Veniliornis cecilie BANGs, Auk, xvili, 1901, 360 (Divala, Chiriqui, w. Panama). Veniliornis neglectus Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, Dec. 30, 1901, 99, Divala, Chiriqui, w. Panama; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs); Auk, xxiv, 1907, 293 (Pozo del Rio Grande, s. w. Costa Rica).—Carrrker, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 589 (Costa Rica). Genus DRYOBATES Boie. Dendrocopos (not Dendrocopus Vieillot, 1816) Kocu, Baier Zool., i, 1816, 72. (Type, Picus major Linnzus.) Dryobates Boz, Isis, xxi, 1826, 977. (Type, by monotypy, Picus pubescens Linneus.) Dendrodromas Kaur, Naturl. Syst., 1829,136. (Type, Picus leuconotos Bechstein.) Leuconotopicus MALHERBE, Rev. Zool., 1845, 373. (Type, Picus stricklandi Malherbe.) Pipripicus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). (Type, Picus leuconotos Bechstein.) Piculus (not of Geoffroy St.-Hilaire, 1832) Bren, Vollst. Vogelf., 1855, 70. (Type, Picus minor Linnzeus.) Tridactylia (not of Shaw, 1815) Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). (Type, Picus lecontii Jones=P. pubescens Linneus.) | : (?)Dendrotypes CaBANIs and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June, 1863, 46. (Type, Picus macei Vieillot.@) Xylocopus 6 CaBaANnis and Hernz, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June, 1863, 51. (Type, Picus minor Linneus.) Dendrocoptes CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June, 1863,51. (Type, Picus medius Linnezeus. ) Rather large to very small Picinee (wing 90-150 mm.) with outer hind toe decidedly longer than outer front toe, longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-fourth (but less than one- third) the length of wing, outermost (tenth) primary about one-third as long as ninth, culmen longer (usually much longer) than outer hind toe with claw (or else with tuft of antrorse prefrontal plumes covering basal half of maxilla); outer webs of primaries (at least) spotted with white, lateral rectrices white (with or without black bars or spots), upper parts black or (rarely) brown, often barred or striped with white on back, under parts whitish, with or without darker markings. Bill usually shorter (sometimes very much shorter) than head, rarely slightly longer, distinctly chisel-shaped at tip, its width at @ This species I have not been able to examine. b €dAov (Holz) und xéztw (schlagen, klopfen). (Cabanis and Heine.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 195 anterior end of nostrils about equal to its depth at same point; culmen straight or very faintly convex, sharply ridged; gonys twice as long as mandibular rami, or slightly more, more or less distinctly ridged, straight or very nearly so; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, parallel with culmen, running out to (or toward) edge of maxilla at a point less than one-third to a little more than one-third the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril small, longitudinally elliptical or lmear (sometimes more pointed anteriorly), situated nearer to tomium than to culmen, completely covered by a conspicuous antrorse tuft of hair-like, bristly-tipped prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex and chin antrorse, bristle-tipped, the latter covering base of gonys. Orbital region partly naked, the margin of lower eyelid and posterior portion of upper eyelid clothed with minute feathers. Wing rather long, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-fourth (but less than one-third) the length of wing; sixth and seventh, sixth, seventh and eighth, or seventh and eighth primaries longest, the ninth much shorter than fifth (sometimes a little shorter than fourth), the tenth (outermost) about one-third as long as ninth. Tail nearly two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices broad, the middle ones more or less strongly decurved terminally and with tip gradually short-acuminate. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw (except in D. scalaris, D. nuttallu, D. stricklandi, and D. arizone), feathered in front for at least upper third; outer hind toe much longer than outer front toe. Coloration.—(1) General color of upper parts black, the scapulars or lower back, spots on primaries (sometimes secondaries and wing- coverts also), auricular and orbital regions white; posterior under parts red or tinged with red; adult males with pileum or a nuchal band red. (D. major, D. medius, D. minor, D. leucotus, and other Palearctic species.) (2) Above black with a white stripe down back, the primaries (sometimes also secondaries and wing-coverts) spotted with white; auricular region black, with a white stripe above and below; posterior under parts white or light brownish, like anterior portions; adult males with ared nuchal band. (D. villosus and D. pubescens groups.) (3) Similar to section 2 but the black replaced by brown (one species without white on back) and under parts spotted with black. (D. stricklandi and D. arizone.) (4) Similar to section 2 but back barred with white and black, lateral and posterior under parts spotted with black, the adult males with occiput as well as nape red, the crown streaked or speckled with white. (D. scalaris and D. nuttallii groups.) 196 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Range.—Palearctic and Nearctic Regions; south in America to Panama. (More than fifty species and subspecies.*) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF DRYOBATES. a. Back with a broad longitudinal median stripe of white, or at least without regular bars; black auricular patch confluent posteriorly with black of hindneck. b. Larger (wing more than 108, or else underparts smoky brown; exposed culmen 21 ormore). (Dryobates villosus.) c. Middle wing-coverts heavily spotted with white; greater coverts with a large subbasal (concealed) spot of white; all the secondaries spotted (in trans- verse series) with white. (Eastern and northern forms.) d. Larger (averaging: wing more than 130, tail more than 83, exposed culmen more than 31 mm.). (Northern North America east of Rocky Mts., chiefly north of United States.) Dryobates villosus septentrionalis (p. 210). dd. Smaller (averaging: wing less than 121, tail less than 75, exposed culmen less than 30 mm.). e. Larger (averaging: Male, wing 120.4, tail 71.4, exposed culmen 29.2; female, wing 119.9, tail 74.2, exposed culmen 27.3); under parts more purely ‘white, and white markings of upper parts averaging rather larger. (Middle districts of eastern North America, from more southern British Provinces to northern border of Lower Austral Zone.) Dryobates villosus villosus (p. 201). ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 114). jf. Wing longer (averaging 113.8 in male, 112.2 in female); loral region largely black; adult male with red nuchal patch narrower, usually interrupted medially by a black stripe from occiput to hindneck. (Lower Austral Zone of eastern United States.) Dryobates villosus audubonii (p. 206). Jf. Wing shorter (averaging less than 108 in male, less than 105 in female); loral region wholly or mostly white; adult male with red nuchal patch broader, not interrupted medially. g. Sides of breast heavily streaked with black; lateral rectrices without black spots on inner web. (Islands of New Providence and Andros, Bahamas.): Se ee ces te thie Dryobates villosus maynardi (p. 208). gg. Sides of breast with few if any black streaks; lateral rectrices usually with one or more black spots on inner web. (Islands of Abaco, Little Abaco, and Great Bahama, Bahama.) Dryobates villosus piger (p. 209). cc. Middle wing-coverts wholly black, or with much fewer or smaller white spots; greater coverts without any sub-basal (concealed) white spot, often wholly black; inner secondaries without white spots, those on distal sec- ondaries and primaries reduced in size. (Western and Middle American forms, except one.) d. Underparts essentially white. e. Underparts pure white. jf. White of back more restricted, more or less broken by black streaking or spotting; lateral rectrices frequently with one or more black spots on distal portion; flanks often spotted or broadly streaked with blackish. (Slightly smaller than D. v. monticola.) (Newfoundland.) Dryobates villosus terrzenove (p. 211). @ Most of the Old World species generally referred to this genus have not been examined in the preparation of the above generic description, which is based on all the American species and D. major, D. leucotus, D. medius, and D. minor only of the Old World forms, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 197 ff. White of back more extended, unbroken; lateral rectrices never with black spots, and flanks never distinctly (if at all) spotted or streaked. g. Larger (wing averaging 133.3 in male, 131.1 in female). (Rocky Mt. district, from British Columbia to northern New Mexico.) Dryobates villosus monticola (p. 212). gg. Smaller (wing averaging 126.3 in male, 123.6 in female). (Extreme western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, except extreme southern portion, and southern Utah.) Dryobates villosus leucothorectis (p. 214). ee. Underparts not pure white. f. Larger (wing averaging 129.1 in male, 126.3 in female). (Sierra Nevada district of California, Oregon, Washington, and Nevada.) Dryobates villosus orius (p. 215). ff. Smaller (wing averaging 122.6 in male, 120.1 in female). (Northern Lower California, southern California, and coast district of middle California, north to Mendocino Co.) Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (p. 217). dd. Underparts not white (pale brownish gray to deep smoky brown). e. Underparts drab-grayish or buffy grayish. f. Larger (wing averaging 124 or more, tail 77 or more); under parts deeper smoke-eray or drab gray. g. Pale grayish or whitish of back not usually broken into spots or irregular bars; flanks not heavily, if at all spotted with black; lateral rectrices without black bars or spots. h. Under parts darker and grayer or more smoky; white of back more strongly tinged with gray; wing-coverts less often spotted; nasal tufts usually Gull whitish or grayish. (Northwest coast district, from Humboldt Co., California, to British Columbia.) Dryobates villosus harrisi (p. 218). hh. Under parts paler (ofteri nearly white) and more buffy; white of back less tinged with gray (often not at all); wing-coverts more often spotted; nasal tufts usually strongly buffy or tawny. (Southeastern coast of Alaska, including Alexander Archipelago.) Dryobates villosus sitkensis (p. 220). gg. Pale grayish or whitish of back broken into spots or irregular bars; flanks heavily spotted with black; lateral rectrices usually broadly barred or spotted with black. (Queen Charlotte Islands, British Colmmbia:jssecev sie sie Dryobates villosus picoideus (p. 220). ff. Smaller (wing averaging less than 124, tail less than 75); underparts paler smoke-gray, drab-gray, or buffy gray. g. Larger (wing averaging 123.5 in male, 123.3 in female); underparts slightly paler. (Southwestern New Mexico, southern Arizona, and southward to Durango, Zacatecas, and Coahuila.) Dryobates villosus icastus (p. 221). gg. Smaller (wing averaging 120.7 in male, 118.2 in female); underparts slightly darker. (Middle-eastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of San Lufs Potosi and southern Tamaulipas.) Dryobates villosus intermedius (p. 222). ee. Underparts decidedly brownish. f. Larger (averaging: wing 117.7 in male, 114.6 in female, tail 71.5 in male, 69.5 in female); underparts more grayish brown. (Highlands of southern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, Morelos, Oaxaca, Guerrero, Michoacan, and Jalisco.) Dryobates villosus jardinii (p. 223). 198 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Jf. Smaller (averaging: wing less than 110 in male, less than 106 in female, tail less than 64 in male, less than 61 in female); underparts less grayish brown. g. Underparts darker brown. h. Larger (wing averaging 109.4 in male, 104.6 in female, tail 63.9 in male, 60.9 in female). (Guatemala and State of Chiapas, south- erm Mexico.) 2 ees Dryobates villosus sanctorum (p. 225). hh. Smaller (wing averaging 102.8 in male, 102.1 in female, tail 58.6 in male, 58.4 in female). (Highlands of Costa Rica and western Pann) Leen se ae Dryobates villosus extimus (p. 226). gg. Underparts paler brown (size of D. v. sanctorum). (Highlands of northern Nicaragua.)........- Dryobates villosus fumeus (p. 226). bb. Smaller (wing less—usually much less—than 106, the underparts pure white to dull white); exposed culmen not more, usually much less, than 18 mm. (Dryobates pubescens.) c. Middle wing-coverts heavily spotted with white; greater coverts with a large sub-basal (concealed) spot of white; all the secondaries spotted (in transverse series) with white. (Eastern and northern forms.) d. Smaller (averaging: wing 88.6 in male, 88.7 in female, tail 50.5 in male, 51.6 in female); underparts dull white. (Lower Austral Zone of Eastern Unated S tates)s S207 nese Dryobates pubescens pubescens (p. 228). dd. Larger (averaging: wing more than 94, tail more than 55); underparts pure white. e. Smaller (averaging: wing 94.1 in male, 94.7 in female, tail 55.8 in male, 56.4 in female). (Middle districts of eastern North America, in Upper Austral and Transition life-zones; Kodiak Island, Alaska?) Dryobates pubescens medianus (p. 233). ee. Larger (averaging: wing 99.1 in male, 98.8 in female, tail 63.1 in male, 63.3 in female). (Northern North America, east of Rocky Mts., north to Mackenzie and Yukon, west to west coast of Alaska; south in winter to extreme northern United States.) Dryobates pubescens nelsoni (p. 235). cc. Middle wing-coverts wholly black or with much fewer or smaller white spots; ereater coverts without any sub-basal (concealed) white spot, often wholly black; inner secondaries without transverse white spots, and spots on other remiges reduced in size. (Western forms.) d. Under parts pure white; larger (wing averaging 99.3 in male, 100.9 in female, tail 62.3 in male, 63.9 in female). (Rocky Mountain district, from British Columbia to New Mexico and Arizona; during migration, west to eastern California, etc., east to eastern Montana, western Nebraska, etc.) Dryobates pubescens homorus (p. 236). dd. Under parts not pure white; smaller (wing averaging less than 98, tail less than 62). e. Larger (averaging wing 96 in male, 97.2 in female); inner secondaries with rounded spots of white; middle wing-coverts spotted with white; under parts grayish white. (Coast district of southern Alaska, from Kenai Peninsula to Taku River.)....- Dryobates pubescens glacialis (p. 239). ee. Smaller (averaging wing less than 96 in male, less than 93 in female); inner secondaries and middle coverts usually without white spots; under parts brownish white to light brownish gray or drab. jf. Under parts light brownish gray or drab; slightly larger (averaging wing 95.1 in male, 92.8 in female). (Northwest coast district, from southern British Columbia to northern California.) Dryobates pubescens gairdnerii (p. 241). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 199 Jf. Under parts dull white or brownish white; slightly smaller (averaging wing 92.6 in male, 92.2 in female). (California, except northern coast district and southeastern desert mountains.) Dryobates pubescens turati (p. 239). aa. Back regularly barred with black (or dark brown) and white, or else wholly uniform brown; black or dark brown auricular area not confluent with same color of hindneck. 6. Scapulars (as well as interscapulars) barred with black and white. c. Forehead black, abruptly contrasted with white or dull buffy of nasal tufts; general color of under parts (normally) pure white; adult male with whole crown black (sometimes streaked, not spotted, with white). (Southwestern Oregon, through California, to northwestern Lower California.) Dryobates nuttallii (p. 242). cc. Forehead smoky brownish (more or less dark), not strongly contrasted with similar but usually paler color of nasal tufts; general color of under parts dull brownish white to broccoli brown or drab; adult male with crown spotted with red and white. (Dryobates scalaris.) d. Smaller (wing averaging less than 98 in male, less than 96 in female). e. Larger (wing averaging more than 94 in male, more than 92 in female). f. Lateral under parts spotted; posterior under parts more heavily barred; outer web of lateral (developed) rectrix usually broadly barred on proximal half. g. Under parts less numerously spotted, the median portion of chest with few if any markings; bill larger (exposed culmen averaging 20.2 in male, 18.5 in female). (Middle and northern Vera Cruz, southern Tamaulipas, and southern San Luis Potosi.) Dryobates scalaris scalaris (p. 245). gg. Under parts more numerously spotted, the whole chest spotted; bill smaller (exposed culmen averaging 18.8 in male, 17.3 in female). (State of Chiapas.)........-.... Dryobates scalaris percus (p. 248). ff. Lateral under parts streaked; posterior under parts less heavily barred (usually spotted); outer web of lateral rectrix with proximal half unbarred. g. Smaller (averaging: wing 94.5 in male, 94.6 in female; culmen 20.3 in male, 18.2 in female; tarsus 16.8 in male, 16.3 in female); under parts darker, more smoky. (State of Sinaloa, western Mexico.) i Dryobates scalaris sinaloensis (p. 250). gg. Larger (averaging: wing 97.7 in male, 95 in female; culmen 22.1 in male, 19.3 in female; tarsus 17.4 in male, 17 in female); under parts paler, more buffy. (Tres Marias Islands, western Mexico.) Dryobates scalaris graysoni (p. 250). ee. Smaller (wing averaging less than 93 in male, less than 89 in female). f. Outer web of lateral rectrix with proximal half distinctly barred with black. g. White bars on back, etc., broader (decidedly wider than black ones); black bars on lateral rectrices narrower; wing slightly longer (aver- aging 90.7 in male, 88 in female). (Coast district of southern Vera Cruz.)-. Dryobates scalaris ridgwayi (p. 247). gg. White bars on back, etc., narrower (narrower than black ones); black bars on lateral rectrices broader; wing slightly shorter (averaging 89.1 in male, 87 in female). (Yucatan.) Dryobates scalaris parvus (p. 248). 200 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. ff. Outer web of lateral rectrix with proximal half unbarred. g. Smaller (wing averaging 86.8 in male, 84 in female; tail 45.8 in male, 44 in female); black bars on distal portion of lateral rectrices broader. (British Honduras.).......Dryobates scalaris leucoptilurus (p. 249). gg. Larger (wing 92, tail 48.5, in male); black bars on distal portion of lateral rectrices narrower. (State of Michoacan, southwestern Mexico.) Dryobates scalaris azelus (p. 251). dd. Larger (wing averaging more than 100 in male, more than 96 in female). e. Outer web of lateral rectrix with proximal half unbarred; black bars on back, etc., not wider than white ones, or else (D. s. lucasanus, D. s. ere- micus) the posterior under parts less heavily barred. jf. Smaller (wing averaging 100.8 in male, 96.8 in female). (Southern SO MORa Tie eee Ocal ea ata Dryobates scalaris agnus (p. 252). ff. Larger (wing averaging 102 or more in male, more than 99 in female). g. Smaller (wing averaging 102 in male, 99.2 in female; tail 63 in male, 63.8 in female; exposed culmen 24.5 in male, 20.5 in female); under parts paler. (Southern Lower California.) Dryobates scalaris lucasanus (p. 252). gg. Larger (wing averaging 106.6 in male, 101.4 in female; tail 68 in male, 66.9in female; exposed culmen 26.9 in male, 23.9 in female); under parts darker. (Northwestern Lower Califorinia.) Dryobates scalaris eremicus (p. 253). ee. Outer web of lateral rectrix usually distinctly barred on proximal half. f. Posterior under parts less heavily barred; black bars on back, etc., not wider than white ones. g. Black bars on back, etc., not narrower than white ones. h. Larger (wing averaging 104 in male, 101.5 in female; tail 60.8 in male, 62.4 in female; exposed culmen 22.7 in male, 19.8 in female); under parts paler. (Extreme western Texas to southern Cali- fornia and extreme northern Lower California, north to southern Nevada and Utah, and south to northern Durango.) Dryobates scalaris cactophilus (p. 254). hh. Smaller (wing averaging 102.1 in male, 99.6 in female; tail 57.7 in male, 56.9 in female; exposed culmen 20.9 in male, 17.5 in female); under parts darker. (States of Jalisco, southern Durango, Zacatecas, and northwestern Michoacan, western Mexico.) Dryobates scalaris centrophiius (p. 256). gg. Black bars on back, etc., narrower than white ones. (Size of D. s. centrophilus.) (Texas, Nuevo Leon, northern and middle Tamau- lipas, and north to southeastern Colorado.) Dryobates scalaris symplectus (p. 257). ff. Posterior under parts more heavily barred; black bars on back, etc., wider than white ones. (Size of D.s. cactophilus.) Southeastern part of Mexican plateau in San Luis Potosf, Guanajuato, Puebla, Hidalgo, eles nuoddextenlsaesk ee eae ee eee Dryobates scalaris bairdi (p. 258). bb. Scapulars uniform brown. c. Median portion of back and rump broadly barred or transversely spotted with white. (Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz, Puebla, Mexico, and Morelos.).......2.22+----+--+++++++++++-----Dryobates stricklandi (p. 259). ec. Whole back and rump uniform brown. (Dryobates arizonz.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 201 d, Larger (averaging: wing 117.3 in male, 113.2 in female; exposed culmen 27.2 in male, 24.1 in female); under parts averaging less heavily spotted and white spots on outer webs of primaries larger. (Southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico southward through Sonora and Chihuahua to Puranpo: sere ote essa. Fes Soke Dryobates arizone arizone (p. 261). dd. Smaller (averaging: wing 108.9 in male, 108 in female; exposed culmen 23.6 in male, 20.8 in female); under parts averaging more heavily spotted and white spots on outer webs of primaries smaller, sometimes obsolete. (Southwestern Mexico, in States of Sinaloa, Jalisco, Colima, and Zaca- tecas and Territory of Tepic.)....Dryobates arizonez fraterculus (p. 263). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS VILLOSUS (Linnzus). HAIRY WOODPECKER. Adult male-—Pileum uniform glossy blue-black; a nuchal band of bright poppy red or scarlet, usually interrupted in middle portion by an extension of the black of pileum; rest of upper parts black, the median portion of back (broadly) white, the wings (including middle coverts) spotted with white, the spots on greater coverts and remiges arranged in regular transverse series; two lateral rectrices, on each side (including outermost rudimentary rectrix), entirely white, the third white except basal portion of inner web, the fourth with greater part of outer web and distal portion of inner web white ;? nasal tufts dull white to dull brownish yellow, the bristly shafts blackish; a broad white supra-auricular stripe, narrower anteriorly, where extending over eye (sometimes confluent with whitish of nasal tufts) ; a broad white suborbital-subauricular stripe, anteriorly confluent with whitish or dull yellowish of nasal tufts, posteriorly extending to sides of neck; between these two white stripes a broad black stripe involving whole of auricular region and part of suborbital region, posteriorly confluent with black of hindneck; a black malar stripe (usually more or less broken anteriorly by admixturt of white), con- tinued and gradually widening, posteriorly, where confluent with a lat- eral extension of the black of hindneck, and also sending off a short branch along side of chest; underparts immaculate white; bill deep grayish horn color, the mandible slightly paler; iris reddish brown (claret brown to burnt umber); legs and feet dull grayish blue, bluish gray or grayish olive; length (skins), 184—228 (220); wing, 114.5-124 (120.4); tail, 65-77 (71.4); exposed culmen, 27-33 -(29.2); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 13—-15.5 (14.4).? Adult female——Similar to the adult male but without any red on head; length (skins), 185-231 (206); wing, 115-128 (119.9); tail, a The terminal portion of these white rectrices usually stained, more or less deeply, with brown or tawny (from contact with decayed wood?). b Twenty-five specimens, from New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, northern Virginia, and eastern Tennessee. 202 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. 68.5-83 (74.2); exposed culmen, 25-30 (27.3); tarsus, 20-23 (21.1); outer anterior toe, 13-15 (14).¢ @' Twenty-four specimens, from Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, District of Columbia, northern Virginia, eastern Tennessee, and northern Illinois. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Eleven adult males from Yukon, Mackenzie, etc. (D. v. sep- LENTIONAIIS) 2S oso nek ee E eae eS eee See os eae Beene 132.3 83.3 36 23.6 15.3 Two adult males from Maine, June (D. v. septentrionalis?)..... 129.5 82 31.2 22 15 Four adult males from New Brunswick, October, November CD Fo Ruilosus SN eke) i POR eee a ee See see eaves 125.1 82.7 31.1 23 14.2 One adult male from Nova Scotia, October (D. v. villosus?)....| 122.5 77 31.5 23 14 One adult male from Ontario, November (D. v. septentrionalis?).| 129 82 32 24 16 Two adult males from North Dakota, November (D. v. villosus).| 125.3 78.5 31 21.7 14.5 Six adult males from New York, March, July, August (D. v. UILLOSUS) rac rt ee se Motes Acai ese Cee OW aa et Wee ens 121.3 74 29.5 21.8 14.5 Three adult males from mountains of Pennsylvania, June, aly CD sos villosus) 2. el} eS eee ee aee, eee Se 122.3 73 30 22.2 14.5 Seven adult males from lowlands of Pennsylvania, March, May, December (D:'v: villasus) =). .<.<52-c-52ecesaeec couse se 119.6 70.3 28.2 22.2 14.6 Five adult males from Maryland and District Columbia, April, June, September, October (D. v. villosus)............-..----- 119.9 7 30.4 21.5 14.5 One adult male from northern Virginia, August (D. v. villosus).| 118.5 70 30 21.5 14 One adult male from southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp), PENG (Ds 0AUdOOn I )csscos- coke eee ene eee 117 75 30.5 20.5 13 One adult male from southwestern Indiana, April 30 (D. v. GUMUDONIE oc | Meer med si B acai iene h Wie ta vee se eee ena 2 115.5 69.5 27.5 22 14 One adult male from southeastern Illinois, spring (D. v. au- BETTS SIN Ce eee eT Reale’ SI pein iTS he Sm Pa eB 116 70 28.5 21.5 13.5 One adult male from eastern-central North Carolina, May CDPD URMLOSUS) ke es ae ope SS 2k Ae ORL Spee: ae eae oe NOV by see eee 31 20.5 13 One adult male from northwestern South Carolina, June COD NOS OMLOSUS Ene teat cin Ser ce cae EPA ea ets ee ee ee ne 116 72.5 30.5 21 14 One adult male from eastern Tennessee, August (D. v. villosus?).}| 116.5 |........ 28 21.5 14 One adult male from southeastern Missouri, May (D. v. au- PALDOTAY) = ar Se oe ke Smt eo ee ce eR a SU et 114.5 65. 5 28. 5 20 13 One adult male from Louisiana, January (D. v. audubonii)....) 113 68 29 21 14.5 One adult male from Mississippi, May (D. v. audubonii)....... WSUS IE. eee ee 27 20.5 13.5 One adult male from southeastern Georgia, April (D. v. au- 3 LULOOTEI1) ae pe ks Deva AEST SS tp eh AE Ba aaa eel a 113 67 26.5 21.5 13 Ten adult males from Florida, January, March, April, May, November (2.0 auduboniz) 1213.) eee oe cane eee eee 113.9 65.1 28.3 20. 6 13.7 FEMALES. Eleven adult females from Yukon, Mackenzie, etc. (D. v. SEDICMUTIOTUELES))& 2a Sh be aarb-5 Se Coe e ces eee ee ee 130. 4 84.3 31.3 22.5 14.3 One adult female from North Dakota, November (D. v. sep- LETT LONGURE) oaeeor ek Ar jak rey ees eRe ee eee ee 127 81 28.5 21.5 14 Three adult females from New Brunswick, August, October, INOVeID DEL). 2): PiLLOSte? =) 3. Se oy Ba 123.3 79.5 28.3 20.7 13.8 Four adult females from Ontario, January, April, June, De- COMLD ELIE VE LOSUSE) ace le kil Saree eer ere te OR aha 125. 6 81.5 28.6 21.6 14.5 Seven adult females from New York, May-December (D. »v. ELD SUG) larave tate rate eae eee SH os eae LE ee a REE 120.3 74.2 27.9 21 13.7 Six adult females from Pennsylvania, May-November (D. »v. WULOSUS) a cie oe ces ceceeeuesss svesens ous tae tes oeteeces eae e eee LOD it 26.7 21,1 13.8 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 203 Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but without any red nuchal patch, the crown, however, streaked or spotted with red Footnote—Continued. Ex- | Outer Locality. Wing.| Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. FEMALES—continued. One adult female from northeastern Illinois, September (D. v. MUDSUS) Se ook Sates ees ae tec ee deen one sake slecice see svcecses 120.5 72.5 26 22.5 14.5 One adult female from northern Virginia, January (D. v. ATELLOS US Ss cA cM ESN aR Sk SA le Sa 118 68.5 25.5 21 14 One adult female from southwestern Indiana, May (D. v. PALOSUS oo) ceo ot Sac ee eee ER ee SR rere ate aae 116 69 26.5 21 14 Two adult females from southeastern Illinois, April (D. v. CUAUDONIS2)) soo iacro Pinca oe Syne ak oe Soe tela n eee ae aa ae 114.5 68.5 25.7 21 13.5 One adult female from southeastern Missouri, June (D. v. DELO SUS RN aN arate ee re ee ee ae hee erate hae arenes eptone alo Raat UA Gert'| see ee 26 20 13 One adult female from Arkansas, October (D. v. villosus?)..... 2115 64.5 28 20.5 13.5 Four adult females from Louisiana, January, April (D. »v. QUIULDOTINE) Setar sae RACE ao cca Do Teena tad sinla soWeacam ae 112.7 65.1 25. 6 20. 2 14.2 One adult female from Mississippi, September (D. v. audubonii?)| 115.5 66 26 19 13 Seven adult females from North Carolina January-Septem- DELICD a GU UBOWIED) arses Ma eserain aa esloeeke ae rele eee ease ae 115 69.5 26.5 19.9 13.4 Four adult females from South Carolina, March, April, Decem- St CP DA GUauwoOniay a's caae ete onic heenod on cate tana sce moses 113.5 69 Zee) 20.1 13.5 Four adult females from Georgia, February, April (D. v. QUAUDOTAS eerar= eee asian oo aaa eeaa as Sua c sad seme eeceeasetoaee 113.1 66.9 26 22.1 13.4 Eight adult females from Florida (D. v. audubonii)..........-- 111.8 64.4 26 19.2 13.1 The above measurements show how difficult it is to subdivide this species satis- factorily into two or more subspecies according to size. The transition from the smallest specimens, found in Florida and along the Gulf coast to Texas, to the largest, found in Mackenzie and Yukon, is so very gradual and the attendant change in colora- tion so very slight that subdivision with definite characters is practically “impossible. The difference in size between extreme northern and southern specimens is very great, but it is almost impossible to satisfactorily define subspecies, whether only two or several, or to satisfactorily limit their respective ranges. The difficulty is enhanced by the lack of anything like adequate material; for, the species being more or less migratory over much the greater part of its range, comparison of speci- mens should be restricted to those taken in or near the breeding season, possible migrants being eliminated. Unfortunately a great majority of the specimens in collections are winter, late fall, or early spring birds, and therefore are of only second- ary use for the purpose in view. The value of measurements of the wing and tail is greatly vitiated if both winter and summer or late spring specimens are included together, since there is considerable difference owing to abrasion of the tips of the remiges and rectrices. Besides exercising care in these matters, it is necessary also to separate specimens from different faunal areas within a given State, for there is much difference in size between birds from the coast lowlands and those from the interior mountainous districts of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas, for instance, as also between those from eastern and western Tennessee and Kentucky, southern and northern Indiana and Illinois, ete. The author admits his inability to offer a satisfactory treatment of the subject, which can only be done when the necessary material can be brought together. The case is quite the same as that affecting D. pubescens, Colaptes auratus, Phl@o- tomus pileatus, and other birds which undergo a gradual increase of size from Florida and the Gulf coast northward, without accompanying material change in coloration 204 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (usually more or less pale—sometimes pale yellowish or pinkish), the reddish or yellowish tips to the feathers often preceded by a small spot or streak of white; black parts of plumage duller. Young female—Similar to the young male, but without any red- dish or yellowish on crown, which, however, is sometimes minutely streaked or spotted with whitish. Middle districts of eastern United States and adjacent portions of Canada (Upper Austral and Transition and southern edge of Cana- dian life zones); north to New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, etc., south to Maryland, Virginia (except southern coast district?), higher parts of North and South Carolina, Tennessee, etc., West Virginia, Kentucky (except Mississippi lowlands), southern Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri (except lowlands of Mississippi, lower Ohio, and lower Wabash rivers), northwestern Texas (Lipscomb, breeding), etc., west to eastern border of the Great Plains. . (The range of this intermediate form can be stated only in general terms; northward specimens are larger, approaching D. v. septen- trionalis, especially in Maine; southward it grades into D. v. audu- bonii—the dividing line, in both cases, being practically impossible of exact definition, in fact a matter of arbitrary decision.) [Picus] villosus Liynavs, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 175 (New Jersey; based on Picus varius medius quasi villosus Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 19; Picus varius virginianus Brisson, Orn., iv, 48; etc.).—GmeE.in, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 435.—LatHam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 232.—RrIicHENBAcH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 374, pl. 638, figs. 4252-4254.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 184, no. 8592, part.—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 193.— D’Hamonvitte, Cat. Ois. Eur., 1876, 10 (accidental in England). Picus villosus VrE1LLoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 64, pl. 120; Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 71, part—Wison, Am. Orn., i, 1808, pl. 9, fig. 3.— STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 171.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N.Y., li, part i, 1826 (Synop. Birds U. 8.), 46; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39.— Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 228.—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 575; 2d ed., 1840, 683.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 164, pl. 416; Synopsis, 1839, 179; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 244, pl. 262.— Batrp, Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 74, part.—MaLuerse, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 75; iii, 1861, pl. 21, figs. 1, 2—SuNpDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 16.—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 180 (e. Kansas).—Hanrtine, Man. Brit. Birds, 1872, 122 (accidental in England; 3 records).—CovEs, Check List, 1873, no. 298, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 438, part; Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 615 (Turtle Mt., North Dakota).— BairD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 49, figs. 8, 4, 5.—Brewster, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1875, 144 (Ritchie Co., West Vir- ginia; crit.); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 179 (descr. young male).— Dac ieisH, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 73 (accid. in England).—Ruipe- way, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 188; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 360. P{icus] villosus BONNATERRE and ViertxoT, Tabl. Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1305.— Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 369; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [30].—Wacter, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 27, part.—Gray, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 205 Gen. Birds, li, 1845, 435.—BonapartE, Consp. Av.,i, 1850, 137.—Ma xImI1ian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 353 (Allegheny Mts., Ohio, etc.).—Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377, part (Illinois).—Covrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483. [Picus villosus.] Var. villosus Bairp, BREwrER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 503. Picus (Trichopicus) villosus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii. [Dryobates] villosus Bors, Isis, 1828, 326. Dryobates villosus Brewster, Auk, ili, 1886, 104 (Black Mts., w. North Carolina, 5,700 ft.) —AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 393.—Lanepon, Auk, iv, 1887, 130 (Chilhowee Mts., e. Tennes- see).—Ripeway, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 376, part—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 46.—Swaes and TavERNER, Wilson Bull., no. 55, 1906, 65 (Lake Muskoka, Ontario; crit.)—Apams, Ecol. Surv. N. Mich., 1906, 115 (Porcupine Mts., n. Michigan, summer).—VisHEeR, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 148 (w. South Dakota, resident)—Cooxr, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 412 (Dry Willow Creek, Yuma Co., Colorado, breeding; Arkansas Valley, w. to Fowler, Colorado).—(?)EmBopy, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 172 (Hanover Co., Virginia, resident).—Woop and Gaice, Pub. 4, Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 1911, 286 (Michigan; resident, except on Isle Royale).—Berat, Bull. 37, U. 8. Bisl Surv., 1911, 13, pl. 1, upper fig. (food). Diriabates| villosus CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 66, part.— Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 282. Dryobates villosus villosus OBERHOLSER, Notes on Mam. and Summer Birds w. North Carolina, 1905, 14 (breeding on mts. down to at least 5,000 ft.); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 596, 598 (monogr.).—Jenxins, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 166 (crit.)—Smira (H. G.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 185 (Dry Willow Creek, Yuma Co., Colorado, breeding; crit.)—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 185. ; (?)Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 305. [ Trichopicus] villosus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Dendrocopus villosus, Typical, Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 230. [Dendrocopus] villosus SHarPe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214, part. Picus leucomelas BoppaErt, Tabl. Pl. Enl., 1783, 21 (based on Pic, du Canada Daubenton, PI. Enl., pl. 345, fig. l=adult female).—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 199.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 46. [Picus] canadensis GmEuin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 437 (based on Pic, du Canada Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 345, fig. 1=adult female) —Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 230. Picus canadensis STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 173.—Viemtor, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 92. (2)Picus canadensis (not of Gmelin?) AupuBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 188, pl. 417, fig. 7; Synopsis, 1839, 177; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1845, 235, pl. 258.— MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 78; iii, 1861, pl. 21, fig. 4 (?)P[icus] canadensis BONNATERRE and Vreruor, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1318.— Bonaparte, Consp. Av., 1850, 1837.—ReicHenBacu, Handb., Scansores, Picinz, 1854, 373, pl. 638, figs. 4250, 4251. P{icus] leucomelanus WaauER, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 18 (Canada; coll. Paris Mus.). Picus martini AupuBoN, Birds Am., 1838, pl. 417, figs. 1, 2 (Toronto, Ontario; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—Bonaparre, Geog. and Comp. ee 1838, 39.—MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 82; iii, 1861, eh 2 22, figs. 1, 206 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Picus martine AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 181; Synopsis, 1839, 178; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 240, pl. 260. P{icus] martine Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 435.—BoNnaparre, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138.—RericHensacH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 364, pl. 632, figs. 4206, 4207. [ Trichopicus] martinez Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Picus phillipsii AupuBoN, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 186, pl. 417, figs. 5, 6 (Massachu- setts; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Synopsis, 1839, 177; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 238, pl. 259.—Nutrati, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 686.—Ma.HERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 84; iii, 1861, pl. 21, fig. 5.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 46. P{icus] philipsit Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 435. Plicus] philipsi BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138. [Picus] phillipsti Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 185, no. 8601. [Trichopicus] philipst Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Plicus] philippsii Re1cHeNBAcH, Handb., Scansores, Picine, 1854, 364, pl. 632, figs. 4204, 4205. Picus rubricapillus Nurrauy, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 685 (new name for P. martini Audubon). [Picus ( Trichopicus) villosus] var. medius (not Picus medius Linnzus) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii. [Picus villosus.] Var. medius Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 84. [Picus villosus.] Var. media SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 16 (Wisconsin). [Picus villosus . . . a. villosus . . .] b’. medu Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 279. [Picus villosus] b. medius Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483. Picus villosus medius Gooner, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 336 (index). Trichopicus villosus medius GoovE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346 (index). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS AUDUBONII (Swainson). SOUTHERN HAIRY WOODPECKEER. Similar to D. v. villosus, but decidedly smaller, white of under parts, etc., less pure, and white markings of upper parts rather smaller. Adult male.—Length (skins), 191-217 (199.3); wing, 110.5-117.5 (113.8); tail, 58-69 (65.2); exposed culmen, 26.5-30.5 (28.1); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.6); outer anterior toe, 13-14.5 (13.6).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 188-203 (195.6); wing, 108.5-115.5 (112.2); tail, 59-70 (64.8); exposed culmen, 25-27.5 (26); tarsus, 19-23 (20.1); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14 (13.2).2 Lower Austral Zone of eastern United States, from lowlands of Georgia and Florida westward along the Gulf coast plain to south- eastern Texas; northward through lowlands of lower Mississippi Valley to southeastern Missouri and lower Wabash Valley, and along Atlantic coast plain to southeastern Virginia (Dismal Swamp). Picus audubonii Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 306, figs. 5, 6, 7 (Georgia).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 200 (crit.). a Kleven specimens (ten from Florida, one from Georgia). 6 Eleven specimens (eight from Florida, three from Georgia). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 207 Picus auduboni TrupEau,@ Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., vii, 1837, 404 (near New Orleans, Louisiana; type now in coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.;=young with yellow crown-patch).—BoNnapParTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39.—AupuUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 194, pl. 417, fig. 10; Synopsis, 1839, 181; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 259, pl. 265.—Nurtratt, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 684.—MatuHerBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 87; iii, 1861, pl. 22, fig. 4. Plicus] audubont Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 435.—Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138. [ Trichopicus] auduboni Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). Picus villosus, var. auduboni Merriam, Am. Nat., viii, Jan., 1874, 88 (St. Johns and Ocklawaha rivers, Florida). [Picus villosus.] Var. audubont Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, Jan., 1874, 503.—Ripaway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377 (s. Tllinois). Dryobates villosus audubonti Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, (and 2ded., 1895), no. 393b.—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (Roane Co., e. Tennessee).— Scorr, Auk, vi, 1889, 251 (Tarpon Springs, Florida).—Loomris, Auk, vii, 1890, 37 (Pickens Co., South Carolina, 3,000 ft.); viii, 1891, 327 (Caesars Head, South Carolina).—Brnprre, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 51.—Beyer, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana, resident).—DanieL, Auk, xix, 1902, 400 (Dismal Swamp, Virginia).— OBERHOLSER, Notes on Mam. and Summer Birds W. N. Carolina, 1905, 15 (up to 5,000 ft. in mts.); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 596, 601 (monogr. ).— Wayne, Birds South Car., 1910, 88 (descr. nest and eggs). D{ryobates] villosus audubonit Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 282. Dryobates villosus andubonti StnetEY, Rep. Geol. Surv. Texas, 1894, 349 (Lee Co., Texas, resident). Dryobates villosus auduboni Brewster, Auk, iii, 1886, 104 (Black Mts., w. North Carolina, below 4,000 ft.)—BarcHELDER, Auk, ili, 1886, 313, 314, in text (w. North Carolina, 3,300 ft., in winter)—(?)SenNeETT, Auk, iv, 1887, 242 (Roan Mt., 6,300 ft., July, and Cranberry, 3,000 ft., Aug., North Carolina).— JenxKINS, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 167 (crit.)—Howertt, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxi, 1908, 120 (Natchitoches, Louisiana, Dec.); Auk, xxvi, 1909, 133 (n. Georgia); xxvii, 1910, 216 (Olive Branch, Alexander Co., Illinois, May, common), 296 (Barboursville and Mammoth Cave, Kentucky), 301 (Cross Mt., etc.,e. Tennessee), 382 (St. Francis River and Cushion Lake, s. e. Miss- ouri).—AMERICAN OrRNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186. [Picus ( Trichopicus) villosus.] var. minor (not Picus minor Linneeus) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii (nomen nudum). [Picus villosus.] Variety minor Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 85. [Picus villosus.] Var. minor SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 16, part. [Picus villosus . . . a. villosus . . .] c’. minores Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 280 (synonymy). [Picus villosus] c. minor Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483. Picus villosus minor GoovE, Bull. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 336 (index). Trichopicus villosus minor GooDE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346 (index). [Dendrocopus villosus.| Small Southern Form Harearrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., XViii, 1890, 231. @ Redescribed as a new species, the author being apparently unaware of Swain- son’s prior description under the same name, 208 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Picus cuvieri MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 85 (‘‘North America; = young female); ili, 1861, pl. 22, fig. 3. Picus villosus (not of Linnzeus) WoopHovsE, in Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufi and Col. R., 1853, 89 (Indian Territory; Texas).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ii, 1871, 302 (Florida).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 298, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 438, part.—OcibBy, Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc., iii 1882, 57 (Navarro Co., Texas, resident). D{ryobates] villosus CABANIS, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 66, part (Georgia; South Carolina). Dryobates villosus BeckHam, Auk, iv, 1887, 304 (Bayou Sara, Louisiana).—Ripe- way, Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 376, part—Frrry, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 432 (Cairo, Illinois, Aug.)—Purirrp, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 318 (Lake Ellis, etc., North Carolina, summer). Dendrocopus maynardi (not Dryobates villosus maynardi Ridgway) Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 570 (Tarpon Springs, Florida); Ibis, 1891, 467, in text (Tarpon Springs). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS MAYNARDI Ridgway. MAYNARD’S WOODPECEER. Similar to D. v. audubonii, but wing shorter, loral region wholly white (sometimes with a few minute dots of black), thus connecting the white superciliary and suborbital stripes, sides of breast more streaked with black; adult male with red nuchal patch broader, not interrupted medially. Adult male—Length (skins), 180-200 (183); wing, 103-109 (107.3); tail, 61.5-68 (65.2); culmen, 26-29.5 (27.7); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.8); middle toe, 13-14.5 (13.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 170-200 (183); wing, 100.5-108.5 (104); tail, 61-68.5 (63.9); culmen, 23.5-27 (25); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (19); outer anterior toe, 12.5-13.5 (12.8).% Islands of New Providence and Andros, Bahamas. Picus villosus (not of Linnzeus) Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 106 (Nassau, New Providence, Bahamas).—ALBREcHT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 51 (Bahamas).—Cory, Birds Bahama I., 1880, 120 (New Providence I.). a Thirteen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed |Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from New Providence Island..............--- 107 65. 2 28 19.8 137 Three adult males from Andros Island...................-.---- 108. 5 65. 5 27.2 19.9 13.7 One adult male (D. v. piger) from Great Bahama Island....... NOG iieeoe es 28.5 20 12.5 Five adult males (D. v. piger) from Abaco Island.............. 107.2 64 28.5 20.3 13.4 FEMALES. Ten adult females from New Providence Island............... 103.6 63. 2 25 19.1 12.9 Three adult females from Andros Island ..............--..---- 105.5 66. 2 25.2 18.7 12.8 Three adult females (D. v. piger) from Great BahamaIsland...| 106.5 64.5 24 18.7 12.8 Nine adult females (D. v. piger) from Abaco Island............ 103. 4 62.8 24.7 19.2 1358 S35 PE lyr tee ya ie era Kee a es th ix Ke Seed —_ BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 209 Picus insularis (not of Gould, 1862) Maynarp, Nat. in Florida, i, no. 4, 1885 (New Providence, Bahamas; coll. C. J. Maynard). [Picus] villosus insularis Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19. Picus villosus insularis Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 375, part (synonymy). D{ryobates] villosus maynard: Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept. 27, 1887, 282 (new name for Picus insularis Maynard, preoccupied). Dryobates villosus maynardi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 591; Auk, viii, 1891, 331 (New Providence I.).—Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 170, part (synonymy); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 127, 142, part (New Provi- dence J.; Andros I.)—Norrurop, Auk, viii, 1891, 75 (Andros I.).—Bon- HOTE, Ibis, 1899, 516 (New Providence I.; habits; crit.); 1903, 294, part (New Providence I.).—Rinry, Auk, xxii, 1905, 355 (New Providence I.) —Osrr- HOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 596, 603 (monogr.).—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 420 (New Providence I.; Andros I.; crit.).—WorrtH- tneTon, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 453 (New Providence I.). Dryobates maynardt Banas, Auk, xvii, July, 1900, 288 (Nassau, New Providence I.; deser. young). D{ryobates| m[aynardi] maynardi Jenxins, Auk, xxiii, April, 1906, 169, in text. [Dendrocopus villosus.| Subsp. a. Dendrocopus maynardi Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 233. [Dendrocopus| maynardi SHarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214, part. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS PIGER G. M. Allen. ALLEN’S WOODPECKER. Similar to D. v. maynardi, but with fewer black streaks (or none) on sides of breast and, usually, with one or more black spots on inner webs of two lateral pairs of normal rectrices. Adult male.—Length (skins), 182-203 (189); wing, 105.5-110 (107); tail, 62.5-65.5 (64); culmen, 27.5-29.5 (28.5); tarsus, 20-20.5 (20.3); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14 (13.4).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 170-202 (180); wing, 100-109.5 (104.2); tail, 60-68 (63.3); culmen, 22.5-27 (24.4); tarsus, 18—20.5 (19); outer anterior toe, 12-14 (13).® Abaco, Little Abaco, and Great Bahama islands, Bahamas. Picus villosus insularis (not Picus insularis Maynard, 1885, nor of Gould, 1862) Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 375, part (‘‘northern Bahama Islands’’). Dryobates villosus maynardi (not of Ridgway, 1887) Cory, Birds West Ind., 1889, 170, part (‘‘northern Bahama Islands”); Auk, viii, 1891, 298 (Abaco I.), 350, part (Abaco I.); Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 104, 127, 142, part (Abaco I.; Great Bahama I.).—Ripeaway, Auk, viii, 1891, 334 (Abaco I.)—Bonnorte, Ibis, 1903, 294, part (Great Bahama I.; Abaco I.; Little Abaco I.?). Dryobates villosus piger ALLEN (G. M.), Auk, xxii, April, 1905, 124 (Great Bahama Island, Bahamas; coll. Mus. Comp. Zool.).—Jenxins, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 169, in text.—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 596, 603 (monogr.) —Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 421 (Abaco I.; crit.)\—WorTHtne- ton, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 454 (Abaco I.). Dryobates maynardi piger JeENKiNS, Auk, xxiii, April, 1906, 169, in text. @ Six specimens. b Twelve specimens. 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14—_14 210 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS SEPTENTRIONALIS (Nuttall). NORTHERN HAIRY WOODPECEER. Similar to D. v. villosus but decidedly larger, the white purer, and white markings averaging rather larger. Adult male.-—Length (skins), about 245-250;% wing, 128.5-138 (132.3); tail, 77.5-87 (83.3); exposed culmen, 34-37.5 (386); tarsus, 22-25 (23.6); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16 (15.3).2 Adult female—Length (skins), 227-260 (240); wing, 128-136.5 (130.4); tail, 78.5-90.5 (84.3); exposed culmen, 29.5-33.5 (31.3); tarsus, 22—23.5 (22.5); outer anterior toe, 13.5-15.5 (14.3).¢ Canadian Zone (except Pacific coast section) of North America, from western Yukon (Fort Reliance), southern Alaska (Homer, Kenai Peninsula, September 13), central Mackenzie, and central Keewatin southward (at least in fall, winter, and spring) to Sas- katchewan, eastern Montana (Fort Keogh, April 7), Manitoba, Alberta, Quebec, etc. (Specimens taken during June at Columbia Falls, Montana, and Sebec Lake, Maine, are very nearly if not quite as large as some specimens of D. v. septentrionalis from the far north, and apparently should be referred to that form; but examples taken in New Brunswick and Nova Scotia during August, October, and November, are decidedly smaller. See table of measurements on p. 202.) [Picus] villosus (not of Linnzus) Forstrr, Philos. Trans., Ixii, 1772, 388 (Severn i) Picus cl Viertot, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxxi, 1818, 71, part (Hudson Bay).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 45 (Fort Simpson).—Biak- iston, Ibis, 1862, 3 (Forks of Saskatchewan R.); 1863, 51 (north to lat. 63°, n. w. Canada; habits)—Covsrs, Check List, 1873, no. 298, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 438, part.—Cory, Nat. Hist. Magdalen Is., 1878, 51—MeErrtiam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 236 (Godbout, Quebec).—StTEearns, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 118(Eskimo R., Labrador).—Scorr, Auk, i, 1884, 161 (Ottawa, Ontario, in winter). (?)Picus (Dendrocopus) villosus Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 305. [Dendrocopus] villosus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214, part. [Picus] leucomelas (not of Boddaert, 1783) Gray, Hand-list, 11, 1870, 185, no. 8599, part. D{[ryobates] leucomelas CABANIS and HEINE, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 67, part. Picus villosus leucomelas Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, Aug. 24, 1880, 188, 219; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 360a. Dryobates villosus leucomelas Ripeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, 393a; 3d ed., 1910, 185.—Srron, Auk, iii, 1886, 155 (Manitoba).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 156 (Ft. Reliance, etc.).—Cuarman, Bull. a Only two of the eleven skins are made up in such shape that the total length can be measured with approximate accuracy. b Eleven specimens, ec Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Sit Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 138, part (Ft. Liard, Mackenzie; Ft. Reliance, Yukon Terr.; crit.); xvi, 1902, 239 (Homer, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, Sept.).—Tuomrson, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 548 (Winnipeg, etc., Manitoba, breeding).—CLarxeE (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Ft. Churchill).— Nurttine, Bull. Lab. N. H. State Univ. Iowa, ii, 1893, 270 (Grand Rapids, lower Saskatchewan).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 50.— Bisuop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 77 (Fifty-mile R., near Miles Canyon, Yukon Valley).—CovuBEaux, Ottawa Nat., 1900, 28 (s. Saskatchewan, resi- dent).—Fiemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, resident).—Currier, Auk, xxi, 1904, 35 (Leech Lake, n. Minne- sota, breeding)—Woop, Auk, xxii, 1905, 177 (Isle Royal, n. Michigan, Aug., Sept.).—Jenxins, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 166 (crit.)—Apams, Ecol. Surv. N. Mich., 1906, 123 (Isle Royal, Aug., Sept.).—ANDERSON, Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 274 (Sioux City, Iowa, Nov., Dec.).—Presiz, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 379 (Great Slave Lake, Ft. Simpson, etc., to lower Athabasca R.).—STansitu, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 395 (centr. Alberta).—GRINNELL (J.), Condor, xi, 1909, 205 (Forty-mile, Yukon Terr., Nov.).—Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 30, 1909, 89 (Plateau Mt., Yukon Terr.). D{ryobates] villosus leucomelas Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 282. D{[ryobates] v[illosus] leucomelas Woop and Gaia, Pub. 4, Mich. Geol. and Biol. Surv., 1911, in text (breeding on Isle Royale). [Picus villosus.] Var. canadensis (not Picus canadensis Gmelin) BaArrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 11, 1874, 503, part. Picus septentrionalis Nutratt, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 684 (‘northern parts of the continent as far as the 63d parallel, as well as in the Oregon Territory.’’). Dryobates villosus septentrionalis OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xl, no. 1840, June 3, 1911, 597, 604 (monogr.). [Picus (Trichopicus) villosus] var. major (not Picus major Linnzeus) Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii (nomen nudum). [Picus villosus] Variety major Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 85, part. [Picus villosus.] Var. major SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 16, part. [Picus villosus . . . a. villosus . . .] a’. majores CoveEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 279, part. [Picus villosus] a. major CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483. Picus villosus major GoovE, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 336 (index). Trichopicus villosus major GoovE, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346 (index). [Dendrocopus villosus.] Large Northern form Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., Xviii, 1890, 231. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS TERRZNOVZ Batchelder. NEWFOUNDLAND WOODPECKEER. Similar to D. v. villosus and D. v. septentrionalis (intermediate in size) but with much less white on back and wings, the white dorsal stripe usually more or less broken by black spotting (sometimes reduced to spots), the wing-coverts with fewer and smaller white spots, and white spots on rémiges reduced in size; sides and flanks sometimes streaked with dusky, and lateral rectrices sometimes with one or more black spots or bars on inner web. Adult male.—Length (skins), 222-288 (231); wing, 126-133.5 (128.4); tail, 80.5-90 (83.4); culmen, 29.5-32 (30.7); tarsus, 21.5- 23.5 (22.4); outer anterior toe, 15-16 (15.4).¢ a Six specimens. 212 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult female-——Length (skins), 220-235 (225); wing, 122-128 (124.8); tail, 80.5-86 (82.8); culmen, 25.5-27 (26.3); tarsus, 21.5- 23.5 (22.2); outer anterior toe, 14-15 (14.6).¢ Dryobates villosus leucomelas (not Picus leucomelas Boddaert) Porter, Auk, xviii, 1900, 72 (Newfoundland).—(?) TownsEND and ALLEN, Proc. Bost.Soc. N. H., Xxxili, 1907, 376 (s. Labrador, resident). Dryobates villosus terrenove BATCHELDER, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, iv, June 24, 1908, 37 (Placentia, Newfoundland; coll. C. F. Batchelder)—AmeErIcaN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 296 (Check List no 393g); Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186-—Arnotp, Auk, xxix, 1912, 76. Dryobates villosus terracnovae OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 597, 607 (monogr.). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS MONTICOLA Anthony. ROCKY MOUNTAIN WOODPECEER. Similar, in large size and whiteness of under parts, to D. v. septen- trionalis, but with white spots on wing-coverts much reduced in size or number, or altogether wanting. Adult male.—Length (skins), 215-236 (226); wing, 130-137.5 (133.3); tail, 78.5-89.5 (82.5); exposed culmen, 28-34 (32.6); tarsus, 22-24.5 (22.7); outer anterior toe, 14-16 (14.7).® Adult female.——Length (skins), 208-231 (218); wing, 126.5-134.5 (131.1); tail, 71.5-87.5 (79.8); exposed culmen, 28-31 (29.5); tarsus, 21.5-23.5 (22.1); outer anterior toe, 13.5-15.5 (14.3).¢ Canadian and Transition zones of Rocky Mountain district, from central and eastern British Columbia (Vernon; Ashcroft; Ashmola River; Lake la Hache; Crater Mountain; Similkameen River; lower Fraser Valley; Okanogan; Querelle; Sicamous; Caribou district; Chilliwack) and southward to eastern Utah and northern New Mexico; eastward to eastern Montana (Fort Keogh and Lame Deer, breeding), western South Dakota (Elk Mountains, breeding), western Nebraska (Squaw Cafion, Sioux County, June; Harrison, Sioux County, February); westward to eastern Washington (Spokane River; Fort Spokane and Conconully, September), and eastern Utah (Wahsatch and Uintah Mountains, breeding). Picus harrisii (not of Audubon) Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 87, part (Spokane R., e. Washington). Picus harrisii Merriam, An. Rep. U. 8S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 693 (Teton Canyon, Idaho, June). Picus harrisi AikEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 206 (e. Colorado).—Rine- way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 545, part (Parley’s Park, Utah); Field and Forest, ii, 1877, 209 (Colorado). [Picus lloeus.] Var. harrisii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 294, part. Picus villosus . . . var. harrisi Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 298a, part.—Bairp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 507, part—HENsHAW, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 386 (Grass Valley, Utah; Ft. Garland and Pagosa, Colorado). a Five specimens. 6 Ten specimens. ¢ Eight specimens. I BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. oo Picus villosus, var. harrisi ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Yellow- stone and Musselshell rivers, Montana).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 95 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding). Picus villosus, var. harristi Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, part; Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 173 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, 4,000-10,000 ft.).— ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 151 (Colorado).—HEnsHaw, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 9 (mts. of Utah). Picus villosus . . . var. harrisit HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 48 (mts. of Utah, resident), 89 (mts. near Ft. Garland, Colorado, June). Picus villosus harrisi Raway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 34 (Parleys Park, Utah); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 188, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 3606, part.—Covgs, Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 616 (Rocky Mts., lat. 49°); Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 439, part.—Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 140 (San Juan Co., Colorado); Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado, breeding at 4,500-11,500 ft.) —ALL=n and Brewster, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 196 (Colorado Springs, Colorado, May, June).—AGERs- BorG, Auk, ii, 1885, 283 (s. e. South Dakota; ‘‘resident”)—HrENnsuHaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 78 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico). [Picus villosus] var. harristi ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., ili, 1872, 180 (mts. of Colorado). P{icus] v[illosus] harrisi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483 part. Picus villosus harrisit GRINNELL (G. B.), in Ludlow’s Rep. Recon., 1876, 80 (Little Belt Mts., Montana). Dryobates villosus harrisii AMERICAN ORrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unron, Check-List, 1886, no. 393c, part.—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 128 (Vermilion, South Dakota). Dryobates villosus harrisi BeckHam, Auk, iv, 1887, 120 (Pueblo Co., Colorado). [Dendrocopus villosus.] Subsp. 8. Dendrocopus harrisi Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 234, part (localities in Montana, Dakotas, Wyoming, and Colorado). Picus villosus (not of Linnzus) ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 163 (Mt. Lincoln, Colorado).—(?) Witttams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt ° Mts., Montana, breeding).—(?) Cameron, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 270 (Custer and Davenport Counties, Montana, breeding). (?) Dryobates villosus Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 155 (Brit. Columbia; s. e. Alaska). [Picus villosus . . . b. harrisii]a. majores CovuEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 280, part. Dryobates villosus hyloscopus (not D. hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine) AMERICAN OrniTHOLOoGistTs’ Union, Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 393d, part —MERRIAM, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 97 (Salmon R. and Sawtooth Mts., etc., Idaho).—Lowe, Auk, xi, 1894, 268 (Wet Mts., Colorado, 10,000 ft.) —RuicH- MOND and Know tron, Auk, xi, 1894, 303 (south-centr. Montana).—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 53, part.—Cooxer, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 82 (resident in Colorado, breeding up to 11,000 ft.) —MERRmL (J. C.), Auk, xiv, 1897, 353 (Ft. Sherman, Idaho, resident).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 233 (Black Hills, Wyoming).—Srtoway, Bull. Univ. Montana, no. 3, 1901, 50 (Flathead Lake, etc., Montana).—Brooxs, Auk, xx, 1903, 281 (breeding at 158-mile House, Caribou Distr., Brit. Columbia). D{ryobates] villosus hyloscopus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596, part. (?) Dryobates villosus leucomelas (not of Ridgway, 1885; not Picus leucomelas Bod- daert) CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 138, part (Ashcroft, Brit. Columbia; crit.) —Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 27 (e. of Cas- cade Range).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 43 (int. Brit. Colum- 214 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL.MUSEUM. bia; crit.).—Brooxs, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (lower Fraser Valley, Brit. Colum- bia); xx, 1903, 281 (Querelle and Caribou District, Brit. Columbia).—Kzrr- MODE, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 48 (Sicamous and Chilliwack, int. Brit. Columbia). Dryobates villosus montanus (not Picus montanus Ord, 1815, nor Brehm, 1828) Antuony, Auk, xiii, Jan., 1896, 32 (Boulder Co., Colorado, Dec.; coll. A. W. Anthony). [Dryobates villosus] monticola ANTHONY, Auk, xv, Jan., 1898, 54, in text (to replace D. v. montanus, preoccupied). Dryobates villosus monticola AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Auk, xvi, 1899, 110; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186.—Baitey (Florence M.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 353 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, 7,400-11,600 ft., breeding).—JENKINS, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 168 (crit.) —Gimman, Condor, x, 1908, 147 (Navajo Reserva- tion, New Mexico, resident).—RockweELL, Condor, x, 1908, 164 (Mesa Co., w. Colorado, resident).—WaRrREN (E. R.), Condor, xi, 1909, 14 (Montrose Co., Colorado, resident).—HENDERSON, Univ. Colo. Stud., vi, 1909, 231 (mts. of Colorado, resident).—OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 597, 606 (monogr. ). [Dendrocopus| monticola SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS LEUCOTHORECTIS Oberholser. WHITE-BREASTED WOODPECKEER. Similar to D. v. monticola but decidedly smaller. Adult male—Length (skins), 201-235 (216); wing, 123.5-131 (126.3); tail, 75.5-86.5 (79.4); exposed culmen, 28.5-33 (380.8); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.5); outer anterior toe, 12.5-15.5 (13.8).¢ Adult. female—Length (skins), 196-214 (207); wing, 120-128 (123.6); tail, 73.5-83 (77.8); exposed culmen, 24—27.5 (25.9); tarsus, 20-22 (20.8); outer anterior toe, 13-14.5 (13.5).°® Arizona (except northeastern portion) and middle New Mexico to extreme western Texas (Guadalupe Mountains) and southern Utah (Pine Valley; River View; Beaver Mountains). Picus harrisii (not of Audubon) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 87, part (Little Colorado R., Arizona; Ft. Fillmore, Ft. Massachusetts, and Rio Grande, New Mexico); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 75, part.—KeEn- NERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, x, pt. iv, no. 3, 1859, 21 (Little Colorado R.).—Covess, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 52 (Ft. Whipple, Arizona; crit.) —Coorrr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 375, part (e. branches of Colorado R., Arizona). Picus harrisi Cours, Ibis, 1865, 162 (Ft. Whipple). [Picus villosus] Var. harrisii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 294, part. Picus villosus . . . var. harrisi . . . Couns, Check List, 1873, no. 298a, part.— Hensuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 133 (Ft. Wingate, New Mexico, etc.). Picus villosus, var. harrisi BARD, BREWER, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 507, part—Hensuaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 386, part (Tanks and Mt. Graham, Arizona). a Sixteen specimens. 6 Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 215 Trichopicus harrisii Henry, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 105 (New Mexico). Picus villosus, var. harrisii Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, 456, part. Picus villosus harrisi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 188, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 3606, part.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 439, part.—BatcneLper, Auk, ii, 1885, 127 (Las Vegas Hot Springs, New Mexico). P{icus] v[illosus] harrisi Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, no. 483, part. Dryobates villosus harrisii Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355, part.—AmeEriIcAN OrniTHotoaists’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 393e, part.—Mrrewe.t, Auk, xv, 1898, 308 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding). D{ryobates] villosus harrisiti Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. [Dendrocopus villosus.] Subsp. 8. Dendrocopus harrisi Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 234, part (Springerville, Arizona). [Picus villosus . . . .b. harrisii] b’. medii Coues, Birds North West, 1874, 280, part (in synonymy). - Picus harrasiti KeNNERLY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., iv, pt. vi, 1856, 10 (Little Colorado R., Arizona). [Dryobates villosus] hyloscopus (not D. hyloscopus Cabanis and Heine) BREwsTER, Auk, v, 1888, 252, in text (part). Dryobates villosus hyloscopus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 9, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 393d, part.—MeErR- ram, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 92 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona, in pine belt).—Mrarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 251 (mts. of Arizona, breeding in pine belt).—Benvrrz, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 53, part—WeEt- MoRE, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., iv, no. 19, 1908, 378 (Bill Williams Mt., Arizona). D[ryobates] villosus hyloscopus Rrpaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596, part. Dryobates villosus leucothorectis OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., xl, no. 1840, June 3, 1911, 597, 608 (Burley, New Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.).—BrEre- rotp, Auk, xxix, 1912, 332 (Gila R., New Mexico).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLO- gists’ Union Commirree, Auk, xxix, 1912, 383. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS ORIUS Oberholser. SIERRA WOODPECEER. Similar to D. v. leucothorectis, but decidedly larger and with under parts less purely white (usually more or less tinged with pale drab- grayish); similar also to D. v. monticola but smaller and less purely white beneath. Adult male—Length (skins), 206-244 (224); wing, 125.5-132.5 (129.1); tail, 69.5-83.5 (77); exposed culmen, 30-34.5 (31.9); tarsus, 21-24 (22.9); outer anterior toe, 14-15.5 (15).% Adult female—tLength © (skins), 213; wing, 125-128.5 (126.3); tail, 78.5-83 (80.1); exposed culmen, 27-27.5 (27.1); tarsus, 21-22 (21.5); outer anterior toe, 14-15 (14.4).¢ Sierra Nevada district of California, Oregon, South-central Wash- ington, and Nevada; casually (in winter) to western Washington (Puyallup). a Thirteen specimens. b One specimen. ¢ Four specimens. 216 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. (2)Picus (Trichopicus) harrisii (not Picus harrisi Audubon) Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvi, part. (?)Picus harrisit Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 87, part (The Dalles Oregon). Picus harrisii Cooper, Orn. Calif., 1870, 375, part (summit of Sierra Nevada).— Fertner, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 425 (Ft. Crook, Cali- fornia; habits). Picus harrisi ScLaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 3 (near Shasta, California).— Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 545, part (near Pyramid Lake and Carson City, Nevada). Picus ‘‘harrisi” Brtpine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 391, 393 (Calaveras Co., California, 2,400—-4,500 ft.). [Picus villosus.] Var. harrisii Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 294, part. Picus villosus . . . var. harrisi Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 298a, part.—Batrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 507, part. Picus villosus, ¢. harrisi Rrpa@way and Bripine, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 428 (Soda Springs, Murphys, and Summit Meadows, California; breeding from 3,500 ft. upward). Picus villosus, var. harrisi Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, 1874, 507, part. Picus villosus, var. harrisii Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, 456, part. Picus villosus harrisi Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 18, 15, 21, 24 (localities in Nevada); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 188, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 3600, part—Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 195 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, sum. res.).—Covrs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, 439, part. P{icus] v[illosus] harrisi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. Dryobates villosus harrisiti Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355, part.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 393c, part.— Benpire, Auk, v, 1888, 24 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—MERRILL (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 251 (Ft. Klamath). D{ryobates] villosus harrisii Riwaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. [Dendrocopus villosus.]| Subsp. 8. Dendrocopus harrisi Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 234, part (Carson City, Nevada; Ft. Crook and Lake Tahoe, California). [Picus villosus b. igh Me b’. medii Coves, Birds Northwest, 1874, 280, part (in synonymy). - [Dryobates] hyloscopus (not of Cabanis and Heine) HEINE and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 214 (Sierra Nevada). [Dryobates villosus] felonoo eae Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 252, in text, part (Ft. Klamath). Dryobates villosus hyloscopus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 9, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 393d, part.—MEr- riaM, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 114 (Mt. Shasta, California).—Brn- pIrRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 53, part—Wipmann, Auk, xxi, 1904, 68 (Yosemite Valley).—Ray, Auk, xxii, 1905, 365 (high Sierra Nevada, breeding).—SHELDON, Condor, ix, 1907, 188 (Eagle Lake, n. e. California, breeding).—Dawson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 483 (Kirkland, e. Washington). D[ryobates] villosus hyloscopus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596, part. [Dendrocopus] hyloscopus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214, part. Dryobates villosus orius OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xl, no. 1840, June 3, 1911, 597, 609 (Quincy, California; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 217 DRYOBATES VILLOSUS HYLOSCOPUS (Cabanis). CABANIS’ WOODPECEER. Similar to D. v. leucothorectis, but decidedly smaller, and under parts dull grayish or brownish white or pale drab-grayish or buffy erayish. ~ Adult male—tLength (skins), 194-221 (214); wing, 118.5-129 (122.6) ; tail, 68—78.5 (73.1); exposed culmen, 28.5-33 (30.9); tarsus, 21-22.5 (21.6); outer anterior toe, 13-14.5 (13.9).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 190-210 (202); wing, 114.5-126 (120.1); tail, 67-81.5 (75.1); exposed culmen, 26-29 (27.2); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.5); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.5).° Coast district of California and northern Lower California, north to Mendocino County (Cahto; Mount Sanhedrin), south to San Pedro Martir Mountains, Hansen’s Ranch, sixty miles north of Campo, etc.; in the interior of southern California north to Mariposa County (Bear Valley) and Mono County (White Mountains). Picus villosus (not of Linngeus) Vieors, Zool. Voy. ‘‘Blossom,’’ 1839, 23 (Monte- rey, California). Picus (Trichopicus) harristi Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1859, p. xxvi, art. Picus harristi SctaTEeR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley, Cali- fornia).—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 87, part (Petaluma, Santa Clara, Tulare Valley, Ft. Tejon, and Santa Isabel, California); Rep. U. 8. and Mex. Bound., ii, pt. 2, 1859, 5 (Santa Isabel); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 75, part.—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 1, 1859, 57, part (Tejon Pass, California) —Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Ft. Tejon).—Cooprr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 375, part (Santa Barbara and Tejon Pass). : [Picus villosus.] Var. harrisii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 294, part. a Sixteen specimens. b Eleven specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from northern Lower California..............- 121.7 73.2 30.6 21.6 13.8 Six adult males from southern California..................-..-- 124 73 31.3 21.6 14.1 FEMALES. Six adult females from Lower California. .................--.-- 117.8 73.7 27.2 20. 4 13 Five adult females from southern California...............-...- 123 77.6 2a 20.6 14.1 Besides the gradual increase in size toward the northward, indicated by the above measurements, there is a variation in color of under parts in the opposite direction, specimens from north of San Francisco Bay (in Marin, Sonoma, and Mendocino coun- ties, California) being often pale drab-grayish or buffy grayish below, thus showing a tendency toward D. v. harrisi, as should be expected from the fact that the range of the latter begins in the next county northward. 218 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Picus villosus . . . var. harrisi Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 298a, part. Picus villosus, var. harrisi BARD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 507, part.—Hrnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 258 (Ft. Tejon and Mt. Whitney, California). Picus villosus, var. harrisitti Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, 1872, 456, part. Picus villosus harrisi BrEwsteR, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 179 (Nicasio, Marin Co.; descr. young).—Rimpeway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 188, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 3606, part.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 439, part. P{icus] v[illosus] harrisi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. Dryobates villosus harristi Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 355, part.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886, no. 393c, part.— Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 41 (Bear Valley, June).— Bryant (W. E.), Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 286 (Hansen’s Ranch and San Pedro Martir Mts., Lower California, 7,000-10,000 ft.). D{ryobates] villosus harrisii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. Dryobates villosus harrisi EVERMANN, Auk, ili, 1886, 93 (Ventura Co., California, resident). [Picus villosus . . . b. harrisii] b’. medit Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 280, part (in synonymy). Dryobates hyloscopus CABANIS and HeEtNg, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June, 1863, 69 (San José, California; coll. Heine Mus.). Dryobates villosus hyloscopus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 9, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 393, part; 3d ed., 1910, 186, part—AntTHOoNY, Zoé, iv, 1893, 236 (San Pedro Martir Mts.).—Benopire, Life Hist. Birds N. Am., ii, 1895, 53, part.—GrINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Acad. Sci., 1898, 25 (Los Angeles Co., California); Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1908, 61 (San Bernardino Mts., 6,000-9,800 ft.); Auk, xxii, 1905, 383 (Mt. Pifios, Ventura Co., breeding).—MatLiiarp, Condor, ili, 1901, 122 (San Benito Co., resident).—Srone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 581 (Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co.; crit.).—JeNxKrvs, Con- dor, viii, 1906, 126 (Monterey Co.); Auk, xxiii, 1906, 167 (crit.).—OBER- HOLSER, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 597, 611 (monogr.). D[ryobates] villosus hyloscopus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596, part. Dryobates v{illosus] hyloscopus THompson, Condor, iii, 1901, 17 (San Luis Obispo Co., breeding). [Picus] hyloscopus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 185, no. 8604. [Dendrocopus| hyloscopus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214, part. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS HARRISI (Audubon). HARRIS’S WOODPECEER. Similar to D. v. hyloscopus, but under parts (including lateral rec- trices) light drab or buffy drab-gray, instead of white or nearly white, the head-stripes and stripe on back also usually more or less suffused with the same color, often uniformly light drab; average size slightly larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 210-240 (223); wing, 124-136 (127.8); tail, 73.5-84 (78.3); exposed culmen, 29-35 (81.7); tarsus, 22.5-24 (23.4); outer anterior toe, 15-16 (15.4).¢% Adult female.—Length (skins), 202-222 (212); wing, 120-128 (124); tail, 74-82.5 (76.9); exposed culmen, 26-31 (28.2); tarsus, 21-23.5 (22.1); outer anterior toe, 14-15.5 (14.8)? @ Fourteen specimens. b Twelve specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA, 219 Humid Pacific coast district, from Humboldt and Siskiyou coun- ties, northern California, through western Oregon and Washington, to British Columbia; occasional in winter as far southward as Monterey County. Picus harristi AupuBon, Birds Am., folio ed., iv, 1838, pl. 417, figs. 8, 9.— TOWNSEND, Narrative, 1839, 347. Picus harrisi AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 191 (near Fort Vancouver, Wash- ington; type now in coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.); Synopsis, 1839, 178; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 242, pl. 261.—Nurratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 687.—Bairp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 87, part (‘‘dark bellied variety”; Whitby Island, Steilacoom, Spokane R., Vancou- ver, and Shoalwater Bay, Washington; Columbia R., Fort Dalles, and St. Helens, Oregon); Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 75, part.—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R.Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 89 (n. California; Oregon).—HEERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 1, 1859, 57, part (n. California).— Cooper and Suck.ey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 159, part (w. Washington and Oregon).—MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 73; iii, 1861, pl. 20, figs. 1,2.—SunpDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 17.—Brown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidz, 1868, 47.—CoopEr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 375, part (coast near Columbia R.). P{icus] harristi Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 485.—RericHeNBAcH, Handb. Scan- sores, Picins, 1854, 364, pl. 632, figs. 4208, 4209. P{icus] harrisi BONAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138. [Picus] harrisii LicutENsteIN, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 184, no. 8593. [Trichopicus] harrisii Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, H, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8).—Goopg, Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 346 (index). Picus (Trichopicus) harrisiti Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxvii, part. [Picus villosus.] Var. harrisii Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, Oct., 1872, 194, part. Picus villosus, var. harrisii Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, part. Picus villosus . . . var. harrisi Cours, Check List, 1873, no.'298a, part. Picus villosus, var. harrisi Barrp, BREweER, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 507, part. Picus villosus harrisi Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 6, in text, 188, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 3606, part.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 439, part. P{icus] v[illosus] harrisi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 483, part. D{ryobaies] harrisi CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 68. Dryobates villosus harrisii Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355, part; Man. N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1896, 596, exclusively.— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 393c, part.—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, 42 (Brit. Columbia; crit.).—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 52—OsEr- HOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 597, 615, part (monogr.). D{ryobates] villosus harrisii Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283, part. Dryobates villosus harrisi ANTHONY, Auk, iii, 1886, 165 (Washington Co., Oregon).—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 137, part (Kalama, Washington; Vancouver I., Westminster, and Mt. Lehman, Brit. Columbia; variations of plumages.)—ANDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 7 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit.) —JENKINS, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 168 (crit.)—AmErican OrnirHoxoarsts’ Unron, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186.—Swartu, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., x, 1912, 33 (crit.). 220 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Dendrocopus villosus.] Subsp. 8. Dendrocopus harrisi Hararrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvii, 1890, 234, part (Vancouver I. and Orcas I. Brit. Columbia) [Dendrocopus] harrisi SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 214. DRYOBATES VILLOSUS SITKENSIS Swarth. SITKA HAIRY WOODPECKEER. Similar to D. v. harrisi but under parts averaging decidedly paler and more buffy (less ‘‘smoky”), sometimes nearly white; dorsal area usually white, instead of smoky grayish; nasal tufts usually strongly buffy or tawny; wing-coverts usually spotted, more or less, with white. Adult male.—tLength (skins), 225-240 (228); wing, 124-130 (126.6); tail, 73-82 (77.4); culmen, 29-33.5 (31); tarsus, 20.2-23.5 (22.1); middle toe, 15-15.5 (15.2).¢ Adult female—tLength (skins), 215-240 (222); wing, 122-128 (124.2); tail, 74-82 (79.3); culmen, 27-30 (27.8); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21.8); middle toe, 14-15.5 (14.7).® Coast district of southeastern Alaska (Sitka; Howkan; Loring; Chilcoot; Prince of Wales, Coronation, Dall, Etolin, Boca de Quadra, Wrangell, Admiralty, Chichagoff, Baranoff, and Kuiu islands). Picus villosus (not of Linneus) DatL and Bannister, Trans. Chicago Ac. Sci., i, 1869, 274 (Sitka, Alaska).—Finscu, Abh. Nat. Brem., iii, 1872, 60, (Sitka).—Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1891, 258 (Sitka). Picus villosus harrisii (not Picus harrisit Audubon) HARTLAUB, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 275 (Chilcoot, Alaska). Dryobates villosus harristti GRINNELL, Auk, xv, 1898, 127 (Sitka); Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., xv, 1909, 216 (Admiralty Islands, Alaska; crit.). Dryobates villosus harrisi OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xl, no. 1840, 1911, 615, part (Loring, Howkan, and near Killisnoo, Admiralty Island, Alaska).— SwartH, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 66 (Prince of Wales, Coro- nation, Dall, Etolin, Boca de Quadra, Wrangell, Admiralty, Chicha- goff, and Kuiu Islands, and Sitka Alaska; crit.) Dryobates villosus picoideus (not Dryobates picoideus Osgood) OBERHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xl, no. 1840, 616, part (Kasaan Bay, Prince of Wales Island, Alaska). Dryobates villosus sitkensis SwartuH, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., vii, no. 9, Oct. 9, 1911, | 315 (Etolin Island, Alaska; coll. Univ. Calif. Mus. Vert. Zool.). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS PICOIDEUS (Osgood). QUEEN CHARLOTTE WOODPECKER. Similar to D. v. harrisi, but white (or pale drab) of back more restricted and broken, more or less, by bars, spots, and streaks of black; lateral rectrices sometimes spotted or broadly barred with @ 'Ten specimens. 6 Seven specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 991 black, the sides sometimes streaked and flanks barred or transversely spotted with black. Adult female.t—Length (skins), 205-220 (215); wing, 121-127 (124); tail, 76-81 (79.2); exposed culmen, 25.5-27.5 (26.4); tarsus, 22-24 (22.6); outer anterior toe, 14.5-15.5 (14.8).° Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Dryobates picoideus Osaoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, Sept., 1901, 44 (Cum- shewa Inlet, Queen Charlotte I., Brit. Columbia; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.).— Jenkins, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 169 (crit.)—Kerrmopr, Prov. Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 49. Dryobates villosus picoideus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CoMMITTEE, Auk, xix, 1902, 319; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 186.—OBrRHOLSER, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xl, 1911, 597, 616, part (monogr.). Dryobates villosus harrist (not Picus harrist Audubon) Swarrs, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 66, part (Queen Charlotte Islands; crit.). DRYOBATES VILLOSUS ICASTUS Oberholser. CHIHUAHUA WOODPECEER. Similar to D. v. hyloscopus, but smaller and with under parts always dull white or (usually) very pale drab-grayish. Adult male—tLength (skins), 185-213 (204); wing, 117-128 (123.5); tail, 67.5-76 (71.6); exposed culmen, 25.5-30.5 (28.1); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.8); outer anterior toe, 12.5-15 (13.6).¢ Adult females—Length (skins), 187-209 (198); wing, 119-128.5 (123.3); tail, 70-82.5 (74.6); exposed culmen, 23-28 (25.5); tarsus, 18-22 (20.2); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14 (13.4).¢ @ Adult males not seen. ¢ Seventeen specimens. + Five specimens. @ Twelve specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.} ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Two adult males from southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains).} 121.7 line 28.7 22. 2 14.5 One adult male from northern Sonora..............-..-..----- 124 72.5 27 21 12.5 pissadult males irom Chihughtia.<..2. 02.2125. J3.5.055- 0822. 126.1 73 29 20.8 14.2 sbhree adult, males from Durango. . -..4 2)... 26cs-05.-2bs.2 eens 12325 70 29.2 20.7 13.5 Three adult males from Zacatecas.................-----.-.----- 122.7 71.5 26.7 20.1 13 mwoadult males from Coahuilarc.2 22 -. 22.2 20ccese scenes - eles 118.5 69.5 26.2 20.5 13.2 FEMALES. One adult female from southwestern New Mexico (Bear Phin PeMOL TH LOAN epeneee Sennen so jn ka anes Aone sae 123.5 75 27.5 20 14 Bix adult females from Chihuahua..............-..-.-.-------- 124.8 75.6 25.9 20.1 12.6 iwoadult females from iDurangol:.. =. 2.2.2 .b.s): DUDESCENLY)e <5 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 235 summer).—ANDERSON, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Sci., xvi, 1907, 274 (Iowa).— TOWNSEND and ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxiii, 1907, 376 (s. Labra- dor, s. of 56°)—Emsopy, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 172 (Hanover Co., Virginia, resi- dent).—Frrry, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 199 (Prince Albert, Saskatchewan, breed- ing).—Howe tt, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 296 (Barboursville, etc., Kentucky), 301 (Cross Mt., 3,400 ft., and Walden Ridge, e. Tennessee), 383 (St. Francis River, s. e. Missouri, breeding).—(?) Jewrerr, Condor, xiv, 1912, 192 (Sawtooth Mts., Idaho, late fall). KODIAK REFERENCES. Picus pubescens (not of Linneus) Batrp, Brewer, and Rinaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 509, part (Kodiak).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 156, part (Kodiak). DRYOBATES PUBESCENS NELSONI Oberholser. NORTHERN DOWNY WOODPECKER. Similar to D. p. medianus, but decidedly larger, white of under parts, etc., purer, and black bars on lateral rectrices usually narrower or less numerous, sometimes nearly obsolete. Adult male.—Length (skins), 147-162 (159); wing, 95-101.5 (99.1); tail, 58.5-67 (63.1); exposed culmen, 16-18 (17); tarsus, 15.5-17 (16.2); outer anterior toe, 10-11 (10.5).¢ Adult female-——Length (skins), 155-168 (161); wing, 97-101.5 (98.8); tail, 57-72 (63.3); exposed culmen, 15-16.5 (15.9); tarsus, 15-16.5 (15.7); outer anterior toe, 9.5-10.5 (10.1).° a Twenty-one specimens. b Eleven specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- en. rior toe. MALES. Nine adult males from interior Alaska..............-..-------- 99. 2 62.6 16.6 16.2 10.6 Hour adult males from ‘Mackenzie... 2.2: 22.50. sssccensese cde 98.8 63 17 16.1 10.2 mwoagult males from Athabasca: =.) .5. 52s. -ssec0e8s. Nineteen specimens, from Texas (10) and Tamaulipas (9). 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——_17 258 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. P{icus] scalaris Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 481, part. Dryobates scalaris Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355, part.— AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGIsTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 396, part.—Luioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 190 (Tom Green and Concho counties, Texas).—HAncock, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 16 (Corpus Christi, Texas).—HasBrovuck, Auk, vi, 1889, 238 (Eastland Co., Texas). Dendrocopus scalaris Harertt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 246, part, 571 (localities in Texas; Nuevo Leon; Nuevo Laredo, Soto la Marina, and Sierra Madre near Victoria, Tamaulipas)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 435, part (Nuevo Laredo, Topo Chico, and: Hacienda de las Escobas, Nuevo Leon; Sierra Madre near Victoria and Soto la Marina, Tamau- lipas; Texas). [Dendrocopus] scalaris SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 215, part. [Picus scalaris] var. scalaris BairnD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 517, part (Texas). D[ryobates] scalaris bairdi (not Picus bairdi Malherbe) Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 285, part (Texas). Dryobates scalaris bairdi BeckHaAM, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 637, 640, 664 (Bexar and Bee counties, Texas).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 129 (San Angelo, etc., Texas); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 83 (Pueblo and Huerfano counties, s. e. Colorado, resident); no. 44, 1898, 162 (St. Charles Canyon, Pueblo Co., Colorado, 1 pair breeding); Auk, xxvi, 1909, 413 (Baca Co., Colorado; Springfield, Baca Co., Colorado, April, May; Swink, Otero Co., Colorado, Oct.).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Suppl. to Check List, 1889, 22, part; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 396, part; 3d ed., 1910, 188, part.—Arrwater, Auk, ix, 1892, 235 (San Antonio, Texas, resident).— Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1892, 106 (Corpus Christi, abundant).— Benpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 63, part.—Carro.t, Auk, xvii, 1900, 344 (Refugio Co., Texas). Dryobates scalaris symplectus OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xli, June 30, 1911, 140, 155 (mouth of Nueces River, Texas; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). DRYOBATES SCALARIS BAIRDI (Malherbe). BAIRD’S WOODPECKER. Similar to D. s. scalaris but decidedly larger and much darker; black bars on back, ete., and on lateral rectrices equal to or exceeding white interspaces in width, under parts more grayish (less buffy) brownish, and forehead dark sooty instead of light smoky brownish. Adult male.——Length (skins), 167-180 (173); wing, 102-107.5 (104.4); tail, 56-62.5 (60.1); exposed culmen, 20—23.5 (22.1); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.7); outer anterior toe, 12-14 (12.7).¢ Adult female—tLength (skins), 162-175 (169); wing, 97.5-103 (101.3); tail, 57-62 (59.7); exposed culmen, 19.5-20.5 (20); tarsus, 16-17 (16.7); outer anterior toe, 12-13 (12.3). Southeastern portion of Mexican plateau, in States of Puebla (Chalchicomula; Atlixco; Puente Colorado; San Miguél Molino; Pinal, near Puebla), San Luis Potosi (Hacienda La Parada; Ahual- ulco; Moctezuma; Hacienda Angostura, Rio Verde), Hidalgo (Tula; a Seven specimens. b Six specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 259 Pachuca), Guanajuato (Silao), and Coahuila (La Ventura; Carneros; Jaral); Mexico (Valley of Mexico; Tetelco, Tlalpam; Tetelco, Xovhimilco) ? ; Picus bairdi MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 118 (Mexico;@ ex Sclater, manu- script); ili, 1861, pl. 27, figs. 7, 8.—Sciarer, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 333, part (n. Mexico); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 117 (near City of Mexico).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 196, part (northern Mexico).— Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 48 (north Mexico). (?)P[tcus] bairdit SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 19 (n. Mexico). [Picus] bairdi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8609. (?)D[ictyopipo] baird: CaBANis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 76 (n. Mexico). D{ryobates] scalaris bairdi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 285, part. Picus scalaris (not of Wagler) LawrENcE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 34 (Puente Colorado, Puebla).—(?)HeRreEra, La Naturaleza, (2) i, 1891, 179 322 (Valley of Mexico). Dendrocopus scalaris Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 246, part (Atlixco, Pinal, and San Miguel Molino, Puebla; Tetelco de Tlalpam, and Tetelco de Xochimilco, Mexico?).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 435, part (Guanajuato; plains of San Luis Potos{; Moctezuma, San Luis Potosi; Puente Colorado, Puebla; Valley of Mexico, Tetelco, and Chimalpa, Mexico). Dryobates scalaris bairdi Jour, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1894, 785 (Ahualulco, San Luis Potosi) —OBERHOLSER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xli, 1911, 140, 158 (monogr.). DRYOBATES STRICKLANDI (Malherbe). STRICKELAND’S WOODPECKER. Adult male-—Crown dark sooty brown, seal brown, or very dark sepia, fading into paler sooty brown on forehead and nasal plumes; occiput and upper nape bright poppy or vermilion red; upper’ parts dark sooty brown or seal brown, the median portion of back and whole rump, broadly barred or transversely spotted with white, the outer webs of primaries (except outermost) with quadrate spots of white, these becoming smaller and less numerous on inner (proximal) quills; upper tail-coverts and tail blackish brown or brownish black, the two lateral rectrices (on each side) mostly white, with several, usually broad, bars of black on distal portion, the third with more or less of white on distal portion, mostly on outer web; a broad supra-auricular streak of white and a broad suborbital and sub- auricular stripe of the same, originating at rictus and extending to side of neck, where involving the greater part of that area; auricular region very dark sooty brown, the malar region similar, forming a conspicuous, usually broad and uninterrupted, stripe of that color; under parts dull white, heavily streaked, spotted, and barred with very dark sooty brown, the markings mostly longitudinal on foreneck @ Type locality fixed by Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xli, 1911, 159) as State of Hidalgo, south-central Mexico, 260 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and chest, transverse on flanks and under tail-coverts, on the latter more or less cordate or broadly V-shaped; bill dusky, usually paler (more grayish or horn colored) on mandible; feet dusky (in dried skins) ; length (skins), 164-184 (174); wing, 112-117.5 (115.3); tail, 64-71.5 (67.5); culmen, 20-21 (20.6); tarsus, 19-20 (19.4); outer anterior toe, 12-13 (12.7).¢ Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but red of occiput extend- ing over more or less (sometimes greater part) of crown, and under parts with the white more brownish and markings less sharply defined. Adult female-—Similar to the adult male, but without any red on head, the entire occiput and nape being uniform dark sooty brown, like hindneck and crown; length (skins), 166-175 (170); wing, 111-118 (114.1); tail, 62-70 (66.6); culmen, 18-19.5 (18.7); tarsus, 17.5-19.5 (18.6); outer anterior toe, 11.5—-13 (12.3).¢ Southeastern Mexico, in States of Vera Cruz (Jalapa; Cofre de Perote; Las Vigas, 8,000 feet), Puebla (Chalchicomula; Mount Ori- zaba, up to 11,000 feet; San Andrés; Suapam; San Miguél Molino), Mexico (Tetelco, Xochimilco; Mount Popocatapetl; Rio Frio, Ixtac- cihuat!), and Morelos (Huitzilac). Plicus] (Leuconotopicus) stricklandi MALHERBE, Rev. Zool., Oct., 1845, 373 (“‘Mexico;” coll. —.) Picus stricklandi MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 347; Bull. Soc. d’ Hist. Nat. Moselle, 1849, 14; Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 108, part; iii, 1861, pl. 28, figs. 4, 5, 6.—SciatTer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 367 (Jalapa, Vera Cruz); Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 334 (Jalapa).—SuNnDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 20, part (Mexico).—Satvin, Cat. Strickland Coll., 1882, 387 (Mexico).— Harairt, Ibis, 1886, 112-114, in text (crit.). P{icus] stricklandi BoNAPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 137. [Picus] stricklandi SctatEerR and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99. [Phrenopicus] stricklandi BonararteE, Ateneo Italiano, li, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). T{hrenopipo] stricklandi CaBanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 71 (Jalapa). D{ryobates] stricklandi Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 286. Dryobates stricklandi Stone, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1890, 214 (base of Volcan de Orizaba, Puebla, 8,700 ft.)—Cox, Auk, xii, 1895, 357 (Volcan de Orizaba, 11,000 ft.).—CHapMaAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., x, 1898, 43 (Las Vigas, Vera Cruz, 8,000 ft.). Dendrocopus stricklandi Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 243 (Tetelco, Xochimilco, Mexico; Jalapa, and Las Vigas, near Jalapa, Vera Cruz).— Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 433 (Tetelco, and Rio Frio, Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico; San Andres, San Miguel Molino, and Suapam, Puebla; Jalapa, Cofre de Perote, and base of Volcan de Orizaba, Vera Cruz), 571 (Rio Frio, Ixtaccihuatl, Mexico). [Dendrocopus] stricklandi Sarre, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 215. Picus cancellatus (not of Wagler) Sctatser, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 308 (San Andres; Suapam). @ Five specimens, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 261 DRYOBATES ARIZONZ ARIZON (Hargitt). ARIZONA WOODPECKEER. Similar to D. stricklandi, but without any white on back or rump; brown of back, etc., lighter, and markings on foreneck, chest, and breast in form of large rounded or subcordate spots instead of streaks. Adult male in autumn and winter.—Pileum and hindneck deep sooty brown (warm sepia to dark sepia), becoming paler (more smoky brown) on forehead and nasal tufts, interrupted by a nuchal crescent of bright red (poppy red to scarlet vermilion) ; auricular region simi- lar, sometimes rather lighter and grayer brown; back, scapulars, wing-coverts, rump, and general color of remiges plain grayish brown (deep broccoli brown or drab), the last (except two outermost) marked on outer webs with rather small quadrate or triangular spots of white, except on terminal portion, the distal secondaries similarly marked, but with smaller spots; upper tail-coverts and tail similar to or darker than pileum in color, the former sometimes having a few feathers narrowly tipped with white, the two outer pairs of normal rectrices broadly barred with white on terminal portion (about five white bars, including terminal one, on outer web, fewer on inner web, these white bars sometimes broader than the dusky interspaces); inner webs of remiges (except terminal third or more of longer primaries) spotted or broadly barred with white; a narrow postocular stripe and broader rictal stripe, extending posteriorly beneath orbital and auricular regions, white, both confluent pos- teriorly with a large white area on side of neck; a broad, usually more or less broken or interrupted malar stripe of dark sooty brown or sepia (the anterior portion usually barred or spotted with whitish), continued posteriorly to lower portion of sides of neck, where much broader than anteriorly; under parts dull white, spotted, except on chin and at least upper part of throat, with dark sooty brown, the spots largest and usually roundish or sub-cordate, but sometimes guttate on chest or breast, the flanks and under tail-coverts broadly barred with dark sooty brown or dusky; bill horn color, darker toward culmen; legs and feet grayish olive or greenish gray (in dried skins). Adult male in spring and summer.—Similar to the autumn and winter plumage, but brown of upper parts paler, inclining more or less toward isabella color, and red nuchal crescent more scarlet. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but without any red on nape. Young male.—Kssentially like the autumnal or winter adult male, but red of head on crown and occiput instead of on nape, only the tips of the feathers being red, forming a large patch, more or less broken, at least anteriorly; spots on breast, etc., smaller, nearly longi- tudinal, the ground color of under parts more grayish white. 262 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Young female.—Not constantly different from the young male, but red of crown and occiput usually (?%) more restricted. Adult male.—Length (skins), 179-202 (193); wing, 114-121 (117.3); tail, 63—-70.5 (67); culmen, 26.5-28 (27.2); tarsus, 19.5-21 (20.2); outer anterior toe, 13-14 (13.6) .¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 173-190 (180); wing, 109-118 (113.2); tail, 60-68 (63.5); culmen, 23-25.5 (24.1); tarsus, 18-19.5 (18.8); outer anterior toe, 12-13.5 (12.8).° Southwestern New Mexico (Animas Mountains), southern Arizona (Huachuca Mountains; Fort Huachuca; east side San Luis Moun- tains; Santa Rita Mountains; Chiricthua Mountains; Santa Cata- lina Mountains; Dragoon Mountains; mountains of Pima and Pin4l counties), and southward through Sonora (La Chumata; near Opo- sura) and Chihuéhua (Pifios Altos; Rancheria de los Apaches; 30 miles west of Mifiaca; Colonia Garcia; Rio Verde; Temasochic; Temochic; Rio de Urique) to northwestern Durango (Cienega de las Vacas; Arroyo del Buéy; Matalotes). Picus stricklandi (not of Malherbe, 1845) MatHErRBeE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 108, part (descr. adult male), pl. 28, fig. 4—SuNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 20.—HENsHAW, Am. Sportsman, v, 1875, 328 (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona); Zool. Expl. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 389 (Chiricahua Mts., Arizona; habits).— ALLEN, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 90.—Rimaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, 219, 233; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 365.—BrerwsteEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 72 (Chiricahua Mts.); viii, 1883, 22 (Santa Rita and Chiricahua Mts.; remarks on plumages); Auk, ii, 1885, 199 (Santa Rita Mts.; descr. young male and female).—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 437. [Picus] stricklandi Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 182, no. 8560. P{icus] stricklandi Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 482. Dryobates stricklandi Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.— AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, no. 398.—Scorr, Auk, iii, 1886, 426 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona; habits). Picus arizone Harairt, Ibis, 5th ser., iv, no. 2, April, 1886, 115, in text (Santa Rita Mts., Arizona; coll. E. Hargitt). 2 Ten specimens, from Arizona. 6 Ten specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Menvadult msies|from| Arizona 2 eu oe We Se ee tee es 117.3 67 27.2 20. 2 13.6 Hour adult; malesifrom, Durango 49) ee nee ea 115 61.6 25.3 18.8 12.8 Ten adult males (D. a. fraterculus) from Jalisco (8), Sinaloa (1), ANIC ZACATOCAS (LI) ii ecu ee eee = 1 UE Retail 108. 9 60. 5 23.6 18.9 12.3 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Arizona (9) and New Mexico (1).....-- 113.2 63.5 24.1 18.8 12.8 Five adult females from Chihuahua (1) and Durango (4).....-- 112.9 64 21.8 18.1 11.9 Ten adult females (D. a. fraterculus) from Jalisco (8), Sinaloa (4) -and| 'Zacatechs! Ql) ul cess sak. creed yne ce aitetneeet store tate 108 59.5 20.8 17.9 11.9 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 263 D{ryobates] arizone Rripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 286. Dendrocopus arizone Hareairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 228 (Santa Rita Mts., Chiricahua Mts., and Pinal Co., Arizona; near Oposura, Sonora; Rio Verde, Temosachic, Temochic, and Rio de Urique, Chihuahua).—Satvin and GopMaAN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 434, part—THayrr and Banas, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xix, 1906, 19 (La Chumata, n. w. Sonora, breeding). [Dendrocopus] arizone SHARPE, Hand-list, 11, 1900, 214. Dryobates arizone AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommiTTEE, Suppl. Check List, 1889, 22; Check List, 2d ed., 1895, no. 398; 3rd ed., 1910, 188.—ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 35 (Rancheria de los Apaches, n. w. Chihua- hua).—Bernopire, Life-Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 68.—Swarru, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 11 (Huachuca Mts., s. Arizona, 4,500-8,000 ft.; habits, molt, etc.); Condor, vii, 1905, 78 (Santa Rita Mts., s. Arizona).— VisHer, Auk, xxvii, 1909, 282 (mts. of Pima Co., Arizona, in oak belt). Dryobates arizone arizone MiLtLER (W. DeW.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 166 (Matalotes, Cienega de las Vacas, and Arroyo del Buey, n. w. Durango). DRYOBATES ARIZONZ FRATERCULUS Ridgway. COLIMA WOODPECKER. Similar to D. a. arizonx, but smaller, averaging more heavily spotted beneath, and with white spots on outer webs of primaries smaller (sometimes obsolete). Adult male—Length (skins), 167-183 (175); wing, 108-112.5 (108.9); tail, 58-64 (60.5); culmen, 23-24.5 (23.6); tarsus, 18-20.5 (18.9); outer anterior toe, 12-13 (12.3).¢ Adult female.-—Length (skins), 154-171 (164); wing, 103-113.5 (108); tail, 56-68 (59.5); culmen, 20-22.5 (20.8); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.9); outer anterior toe, 11.5-12.5 (11.9).¢ Southwestern Mexico, in States of Sinaloa (Sierra de Choix), Jalisco (Jacal4; Sierra Madre; Los Masos; La Piségua; Volcan de Colima; Las Canoas; Tonila; Volcan de Nieve; Hacienda San Marcos, 5,200 feet; Sierra de Nayarit; Sierra de Bolafios), Colima (Sierra Madre; Sierra Nevada), and Zacatecas (Sierra de Valparaiso), and Territory of Tepic (Sierra de Nayarit, 8,000 feet). D{ryobates] arizone fraterculus Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, Sept. 27, 1887, 286 (Sierra Madre, Colima, s. w. Mexico; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Dryobates arizone fraterculus Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 592; 2d ed., 1896, 613. Dendrocopus arizonx (not of Hargitt, 1886) Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 228, part (Sierra de Nayarit, 8,000 ft., Tepic; Hacienda San Marcos, 5,200 ft., Jalisco)—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 434, part (Sierra de Nayarit; Volcan de Colima, Sierra de Bolajios, and Hacienda de San Marcos, Jalisco; and Sierra Nevada de Colima, Colima; Sierra de Valparaiso, Zacatecas). @Ten specimens in each sex, eight from Jalisco, one from Sinaloa, and one from Zacatecas. Removing from the females the one from Zacatecas, which is exception- ally large in length of wing, tail, and bill, the average of these measurements would be less (wing, 107.4; tail, 58.1). The adult male from Zacatecas, however, is not materially above the average in measurements. 264 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus XENOPICUS Baird. Xenopicus Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 83, in text. (Type, by monotypy, Lewconerpes albolarvatus Cassin.) Xenocraugus%@ CaBANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, July, 1863, 74. (Type, Leuconer pes albolarvatus Cassin.) Medium-sized Picine (wing about 122-131 mm.), agreeing closely with Dryobates in structural characters,’ but with relatively shorter gonys (decidedly less than twice as long as mandibular rami), and dif- fering conspicuously in coloration, which is uniform black, with head, foreneck, and proximal portion of primaries white (the adult male with a red occipito-nuchal band, as in typical Dryobates). Bill about as long as head, its outlines nearly straight in both lateral and vertical profile, its width at anterior end of nostrils about equal to its depth at same point, its tip distinctly but rather narrowly chisel-shaped; culmen straight or very faintly convex, sharply ridged; gonys nearly one and a half times as long as mandibular rami, nearly straight, rather indistinctly ridged; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, running out to edge of maxilla anterior to one-third the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nos- tril longitudinally elliptical or linear, nearer to tomium than to culmen, covered by a conspicuous antrorse tuft of small, hair-like, prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex and chin antrorse, hair-like. Orbital region partly naked, but eye margined behind and below (except anteriorly) with minute feathers. Wing rather large and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by slightly more than one-fourth the length of wing; seventh, or sixth and sey- enth, primaries longest, the ninth shorter than fourth, the tenth (outermost) about one-third as long as ninth, or slightly less. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices moderately broad, the middle pair moderately decurved and rather gradually contracted terminally, the subacuminate tip rather short and broad. Tarsus slightly shorter than outer hind toe with claw, decidedly longer than outer front toe with claw. Coloration.—Uniform black, with head, foreneck, and proximal portion of primaries white; adult male with a red occipto-nuchal band. Range.—Pacific coast mountains of North America, from British Columbia to southern California. (Monotypic.) a“Von &éoc, fremd, sonderbar und xavyéc, Specht.’’ (Cabanis and Heine.) b There is, apparently, evidence to the effect that the tongue of Xenopicus is con- siderably less extensile than that of Dryobates; but the evidence is somewhat conflict- ing and requires further investigation. (See Ridgway, Orn. Fortieth Parallel, 1877, 548; Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 6, and Merrill, Auk, v, 1888, 254. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 265 XENOPICUS ALBOLARVATUS ALBOLARVATUS (Cassin). WHITE-HEADED WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Head, all round (except posterior occiput and upper nape, and a postocular streak), together with foreneck, plain white, the nasal tufts more or less tinged with brownish; an occipito-nuchal band of bright poppy red; rest of plumage uniform, slightly glossy, black, duller black on wings, the primaries extensively white on proximal half (more or less) of both webs, this white extending much farther on outer than on inner web; bill slate-blackish; iris brownish red or dull carmine; legs and feet grayish olive or olive-grayish (in life); length (skins), 205-236 (216); wing, 124-131 (127.9); tail, 74-85 (80.9); culmen, 27—30.5 (28.1); depth of bill at base, 7-8 (7.6); tarsus, 21-23 (21.9); outer anterior toe, 13.5-15 (14.2). Adult female.—Sunilar to the adult male, but without any red on occiput or nape; length (skins), 190-215 (208); wing, 124-130.5 (126.9); tail, 75.5-90 (82.3); culmen, 24-27 (25.3); depth of bill at base, 6.5-8 (7.1); tarsus, 20-23 (21.2); outer anterior toe, 13.5-14.5 (13.9).¢ Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but the black much duller, especially on underparts, where, as well as on hindneck, the feathers are sometimes indistinctly and narrowly margined at tip with grayish, the hindneck sometimes indistinctly spotted with whitish, a Fourteen specimens. Ex- | Depth Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | of bill |Tarsus. | ante- culmen.| at base. rior toe. MALES. Five adult males from Oregon...................------ 129.7 82.7 28. 7 7.8 22 14.6 Six adult males from northern California.............- 127.5 79. 4 28 7.4 21.9 14 Three adult males from western Nevada.............-- 125.5 79. 3 27.5 Teal 21.8 14 One adult male (X. a. gravirostris) from Wilsons Peak, BAP AbTION MOUNTAINS. 65-22 scce soon nee oe eo ko coe LZoK Meee stots 29. 5 8 23. 5 14 Five adult males (X. a. gravirostris) from San Ber- PATOINOPM DUN CALNSS fe sae At eee cece eee 128. 4 80. 8 29.5 8.5 22.6 14.2 Four adult males (X. a. gravirostris) from San Jacinto BRS riteMtiNs cis aetes Won Se IN BF RW eM 127.1 80. 8 30.1 8.1 22.2 14.5 FEMALES. One adult female from Washington..................-- 130 90 26.5 6.5 21 14 Two adult females from Oregon...............-----.-- 129 84.5 25.7 7.5 22. 2 14.2 Ten adult females from northern California............ 126. 3 81.3 25. 3 we2 20. 8 13.8 One adult female from western Nevada..............-- 126 81 24.5 6.5 21 14 One adult female (X. a. gravirostris) from Cuymaca Mountain, San Diego County......................-- 129. 5 86.5 28 8 23 14.5 Seven adult females (X. a. gravirostris) from San Ber- BHO MOU (INS! ee etee ooo. coc ec - seacacsecces 125. 6 79.5 27.1 7.9 21.7 14 Two adult females (X. a. gravirostris) from San Jacinto MOET ELI 2ra eer oe eee ces. ee son Le Ss 127 80. 2 28. 2 8.2 21.7 14 LS 266 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and red of head more extended, covering more or less of crown, but more broken, sometimes paler. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but head without any red or with only a few red feathers on median portion of occiput.% Cascade and Sierra Nevada Mountains, from southern British Columbia (Similkameen) southward through Washington, Oregon, and California to Tején Mountains (Kern County); east to western Idaho (Fort Sherman; Grangeville, near Mount Idaho) and western Nevada (east slope of Sierra Nevada). Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, Oct., 1850, 106 (Oregon Canyon, near Georgetown, 12 miles from Sutter’s Mill, Eldorado Co., California; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.). [Leuconerpes] albolarvatus BoNAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 125 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 10). Melanerpes albolarvatus Cassin, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, pt. ii, Jan., 1853, 257, pl. 22.—Barrp, in Rep. Stansbury’s Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1853, 333 (California)—HrrrMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 59 (Sutter’s Mill, California)—-Newperry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 91 (Cascade Mts., Oregon).—Bripa@es, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 3 (Trinity Valley, California) —Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 117. [ Melanerpes] albolarvatus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 201, no. 8821. Picus (Xenopicus) albolarvatus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. XXviil. Picus albolarvatus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 96; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 81.—CoorEr and Suckuey, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., xii, pt. ii, 1860, 160 (Spokane R., Oregon).—Cassrn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 202.—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 112 (Ft. Colville, Washington); Intellect. Observer, ix, 1866, 331-333, colored plate.—FrmNrr, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1864 (1865), 425 (bet. Ft. Crook and Shasta Butte, California; habits)—SunpDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 29.—Coorsr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 382.—Couzks, Check List, 1873, no. 295.—Bairp, Brewer, and Rmeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 526, pl. 50, figs. 7, 8—HensHaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 259 (Tejon Mts., Mt. Whitney, and Walker Basin, California, breeding).— Ripeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 547 (Sierra Nevada, near Carson City).— Benprre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 129 (Blue Mts., Oregon; descr. eggs).—BeLpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1879, 393, 428 (Calaveras Big Trees, Murphys, Summit Meadows, and Soda Springs, California).—BREWER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 56 (Placer Co., California; descr. nest and eggs). [Picus] albolarvatus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192. Xenopicus albolarvatus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, 221; iv, 186%, pl. 101, figs. 3, 4—Exuiot, New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., i, 1869, pl. [24] and text.—Ripeway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., ili, 1880, 6, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 366.—Covgs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 442.—AmERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 399; 3d @ Tn the series of young birds are three whose sex was determined by the collector as male, that correspond in small amount of red on the head to the young female, as described above, and one marked female which is like normal young males; but I suspect that the determination of sex is erroneous. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 267 ed., 1910, 189.—Benprre, Auk, v, 1888, 240 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, breeding); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 70.—Merrutt (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 253 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, habits); xiv, 1897, 354 (Ft. Sherman, n. Idaho, resident).— Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 253, 254 (remarks on plumages, etc.).—HaArgaIrT, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 284.—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 97 (Grangeville, near Mt. Idaho, w. Idaho, breeding; Blue Mts., e. Oregon, breeding).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (Cas- cade Mts.; Similkameen).—Fisner (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 48 (higher parts of Sierra Nevada).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 174 (Okanogan Co., Washington, breeding at 3,000 ft.) --ANDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 8 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit.).—Ray, Auk, xx, 1903, 183 (Lake Valley, centr. Sierra Nevada, 6,500 ft.; habits).— Jewett, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 6 (Baker Co., Oregon, com. res.).—KERMODE, Prov. Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 49 (Similkameen Valley, e. of Cascade Mts.).— VisHer, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 282 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, 7,000 ft., 1 spec., May 26).—Brooxs, Auk, xxix, 1912, 252 (Similkameen Valley and near Okanogan Landing, Brit. Columbia; 2 specs.). X [enopicus] albolarvatus Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 484.—Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 286. [Xenopicus] albolarvatus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217. X [enocraugus| albolarvatus CABANIS and HEtnz, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 74. [Xenocraugus] albolarvatus Heine and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215 (Forest Hill, California). Xenopicus albolarvatus albolarvatus GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 8, Aug. 30, 1912, 14. XENOPICUS ALBOLARVATUS GRAVIROSTRIS (Grinnell). GRINNELL’S WOODPECEER. Similar to X. a. albolarvatus, but bill decidedly larger. Adult male.—tLength (skins), 207-230 (220); wing, 122-130 (127.2); tail, 75-84.5 (80.8); culmen, 28-32 (29.7); depth of bill at base, 7.5-9 (8.3); tarsus, 22-23.5 (22.6); outer anterior toe, 14-15 (14.3).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 208-215 (214); wing, 124-129.5 (126.3); tail, 77.5-84 (80.3); culmen, 26-29 (27.4); depth of bill at base, 7.5-8 (7.9); tarsus, 21-23 (21.8); outer anterior toe, 13-15 (14).¢ San Gabriél, San Jacinto, San Bernardino, and Cuymaca Moun- tains, southern California. Xenopicus albolarvatus (not Leuconerpes albolarvatus Cassin) Morcom, Bull. Ridgw. Orn. Club, no. 2, 1887, 41 (Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co., s. California) —GRINNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 25 (Los Angeles Co., California; resident in pine belt). Xenopicus gravirostris GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iv, July, 1902, 89 (Camp Chiles, Sierra San Gabriel, Los Angeles Co., California; coll. J. Grinnell).—Ray, Auk, xxiii, 1906, 414 (bet. Ft. Tejon and Lebec, s. California). Xenopicus albolarvatus gravirostris GRINNELL (J.), Auk, xxii, 1905, 383 (Mt. Pifios, above 6,500 ft.; crit.); Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1908, 62 (San Bernardino Mts., s. California, 6,500-9,000 ft.; crit.). @ Ten specimens. 268 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus PHRENOPICUS Bonaparte. Phrenopicus BoNaParte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). (Type, as fixed by Gray, 1855, Picus borealis Vieillot.) Pyroupicus MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., Introduction, 1861, p. lili. (Type, Picus borealis Vieillot.) Threnopipo CABANIS and Hering, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June 20, 1863, 70. (Type, Picus borealis Vieillot.) Similar to Dryobates, but differing in relatively much longer and more pointed wing (longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-third the length of wing, the ninth primary nearly as long as fifth), much smaller tenth (outermost) primary (only one-fourth, instead of one-third, as long as ninth), and relatively much smaller bill (culmen shorter than outer hind toe with claw but prefrontal plumes covering less than basal third of maxilla), the adult male with a longitudinal streak of red on each side of occiput. Bill shorter than head, rather compressed for anterior half, dis- tinctly but narrowly chisel-shaped at tip, its width at anterior end of nostrils about equal to its depth at same point; culmen straight or very faintly convex, sharply ridged; gonys less than twice as long as mandibular rami, straight, distinctly ridged; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, running out to edge of maxilla about one-third the distance from tip to base of tomium. Nostril longitudinally elliptical, nearer to tomium than to culmen, com- pletely covered by the conspicuous antrorse tuft of hair-like, bristle- pointed, prefrontal feathers. Feathers of malar apex and chin antrorse, with slender bristle-like tips. Orbital region mostly feath- ered, including margin of eyelids. Wing long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by more than one-third the length of wing; sixth, seventh, and eighth primaries longest, the ninth nearly as long as fifth, the tenth (outermost) one-fourth as long as ninth or slightly less. Tail nearly two-thirds as long as wing, the rectrices relatively rather narrow, the middle pair strongly decurved and gradually contracted terminally. Tarsus about as long as culmen, about as long as outer hind toe with claw, the latter decidedly longer than the outer front toe and claw. Coloration.—Above black, the back and wings barred and spotted with white; outer rectrices white spotted or barred with black; auricular and suborbital regions and under parts white, the latter spotted and streaked with black laterally; a black malar stripe; adult male with a narrow concealed streak of red along each side of occiput. Range.—Southeastern United States. (Monotypic.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 269 PHRENOPICUS BOREALIS (Vieillot). RED COCKADED WOODPECEER. Adult male.—Pileum, hindneck, loral and rictal regions, and broad malar stripe, extending posteriorly to sides of neck, where wider than anteriorly, glossy blue-black; nasal tufts dull whitish; suborbital and auricular regions white, forming a large patch or area which extends posteriorly onto sides of neck and anteriorly sends a narrow branch to above middle of eye; a streak of bright red (poppy red or scarlet- vermilion), mostly concealed, along each edge of occiput, immediately above the white auricular area; extreme upper back sooty black, usually with concealed spots or streaks of whitish; rest of back, together with scapulars, broadly barred with sooty black and white, the two colors approximately equal in extent; upper rump also barred with black and white, but less regularly or distinctly; lower rump, upper tail-coverts, and four middle rectrices black; two outer normal rectrices white (usually more or less stained), with basal portion of inner web black, the white portion of inner web with three broad bars or transverse spots of dull black, the distal of which reap- pears on outer web; third normal rectrix with whole, or nearly all, of inner web black, also the basal half, approximately, of outer web, the line of demarkation longitudinally oblique; * wings sooty black, the middle and posterior lesser coverts variously spotted with white, the greater coverts with two transverse rows of white spots, the secondaries crossed by four (exposed) narrow bands or broad bars of white; outer webs of primaries (except two outermost) with sub- quadrate spots of white; inner webs of remiges (except terminal half, more or less, of longer primaries) with large spots of white; underparts white, the sides of chest longitudinally spotted or broadly streaked with deep black, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts with smaller spots and streaks of dusky; bill, blackish; iris, brown; legs and feet dusky greenish olive in dried skins. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but without any red streak on sides of occiput. Young male.—Kssentially like adult female, but a large spot of bright red or orange-red in center of crown, forehead narrowly streaked with white, general ‘‘pattern” of coloration less sharply defined, and underparts duller white, with markings dusky or dark sooty brown or brownish black instead of deep black. Young female.—Similar to young male, but without any red on crown. @ Usually there is a more or less distinct dusky spot near tip of outer web, and often the terminal portion of outer web of the fourth normal rectrix has more or less of white edging or spotuing. 270 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Adult male.—ULength (skins), 181-203 (192); wing, 94.5-126 (118.7); tail, 69.5-81 (75.5); culmen, 20-23 (21.4); tarsus, 19-21 (20.2); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14.5 (13.6).¢ Adult female——Length (skins), 174-203 (192); wing, 114-126 (118.9); tail, 70-81 (75.5); culmen, 19-22 (20.3); tarsus, 19-21 (19.9); outer anterior toe, 12.5-14 (13.3).° Pine forests of Lower Austral Zone of eastern United States, from Florida to eastern Texas (Bowie, Harris, Galveston, Fort Bend, Tyler, Jasper, Marion, and Hardin counties) ; north to central Virginia (Albe- marle County), eastern Tennessee (Morgan, Roane, and Scott counties; Cumberland Plateau), western Kentucky (Fulton County), and south- eastern Missouri (Shannon and Carter counties, breeding) ; casually to New Jersey (Hoboken) and eastern Pennsylvania (Delaware County). Picus borealis VieLuor, Ois. Am. Sept., li, 1807, 66, pl. 122 (‘‘Dans le nord des Etats-Unis”); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 69.—STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1817, 174.—Jarp1neE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., i, 1832, 251, pl. 15, fig. 1.—Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 96; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 80.—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 203.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 50.—AxitEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., « Twenty-one specimens. b Seventeen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Neniadulbmalestrom MLOTIGS : cle ajcicher aden ouceencmeescsenes = 114. 4 74.4 21.6 20. 2 13.3 Onevadulimaleirom (Georgia. Sas -ne oocnes see wieceneeeose ss 123 79.5 22 20 14 Two adult males from South Carolina................-..---.-- 122.5 76. 2 20.5 20. 2 14 Q@ne'aditilt male from Mississippi: .:- 5... 05 .< ccc eccccccecccuscs 124.5 78.5 21 20 14.5 Oneiadult male from Louisiana: $... 5. Jccoe. secs ccececewesesses 120.5 73 20 20. 5 1835 Two adult males from Tennessee... .2-...c.cencecccsecccncsca- 124 75. 8 21 19.5 13. 5 eur, adult males trom Texas. foc. .o osc ceacecocces bec eceersssce 122 73 20 20. 5 13.7 FEMALES. Eight adult females from Florida..............-..-----.-se---- 116. 4 74. 8 20. 4 19.9 13.1 One adult female from, Georgiauconncccosesceesec aces sasisiccace 120 74 20 19 14 Two adult females from South Carolina..................--.--- 122 79.2 20. 2 19.5 13 One adult female from North Carolina.......................-- 118.5 76 20 19 12.5 One adult female from Mississippi...............-.--.--.------ 119 73 20.5 19.5 13.5 One adult female from Tennessee......-..-.2. 2-02. -cecceeeeee- 123 72 19 20. 5 13.5 ‘Two aGult females from "LOXass 2 2255 e222 8 sorcinwseeneseeeenee 119. 7 77.7 21.2 20. 5 14 One adult female from Indian Territory................------- 126 75.5 20 20 13.5 Florida specimens have decidedly shorter wings than those from other localities, but other measurements do not differ, and I can detect no color differences. Com- parative measurements are as follows: Adult males. Ten from Florida: Wing, 94.5-119 (averaging 114.4). Eleven from other States: Wing, 120.5-126 (averaging 122.6). Adult females. Eight from Florida: Wing, 114.5-120 (averaging 116.4). Nine from other States: Wing, 118.5-126 (averaging 121.1). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. Z7t li, 1871, 305 (e. Florida).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 296; 2d ed., 1882, no. 433.—Barrp, Brewer, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 524, pl. 49, fig. 8—Maynarp, Birds E. N. Am., 1879, 244, pl. 19.—Brown (N. C.), Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 11 (Coosada, Alabama; notes).— NEHRING, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 170 (Harris, Galveston, and Ft. Bend counties, e. Texas).—Brrer, Proc. Louisiana Soc. Nat. for 1897-99 (1900), 102 (Louisiana). [Picus] borealis LAwRENcE, Ann. Lye. N. Y., viii, 1866, 291 (Hoboken, New Jersey; accidental).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8613.—CougEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 192. Plicus| borealis Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 371, footnote; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [31].—Covurs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 481. Tlhrenopipo] borealis CaBANIS and Heinz, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 70 (Georgia). Dryobates borealis Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 395; 3d ed., 1910, 188.—Fox, Auk, iii, 1886, 319 (Roane Co., e. Ten- nessee).—Cookg, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 128 (Newport, Arkansas; Hous- ton, Texas).—Scorrt, Auk, vi, 1889, 251 (Tarpon Springs, Florida).—Pinpar, Auk, vi, 1889, 313 (Fulton Co., Kentucky, rare).—Rives, Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc., Doc. vii, 1890, 65 (Albemarle Co., Virginia).—Sroneg, Birds E. Penn. and New Jers., 1894, 94 (Delaware Co. and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Hoboken, New Jersey, accidental).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 483 (Cumberland Plateau, Morgan and Scott counties, e. Tennessee).— BENvIrRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 61.—Wooprurr, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 349 (Shannon and Carter counties, Missouri, breeding); xxv, 1908, 200 (Shannon and Carter counties, common).—Brat, Bull. 37, U. S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 23 (fo0d).—Werrmorg, Auk, xxix, 1912, 112, in text (Mena, Arkansas, Dec.). D{ryobates] borealis Ripeway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 283. Dendrocopus borealis Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 251 (Aiken, South Carolina; localities in Florida), 571 (descr. young male). [Dendrocopus] borealis SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 215. Picus querulus Wison, Am. Orn., ii, 1810, 103, pl. 15, fig. 1 (North Carolina, South Carolina, or Georgia; coll. Peale Mus. or Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.) — Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. (Synopsis Birds U. S8.), 1826, 46.—NUvTTALL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 577.—AuDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 12, pl. 389, figs. 1, 2; Synopsis, 1839, 180; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 254, pl. 264.—Woonuovsg, in Rep. Sitgreaves’ Expl. Zufiiand Colorado R., 1853, 89 (Indian Territory; e. Texas) —MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 134; ili, 1861, pl. 31, figs. 4, 5, 6.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 203.—SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 21.—Ripeway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189: Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 362. Plicus] querulus Bonaparte, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 370; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826, [31].—Waeter, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 21; Isis, 1829, 509.—BonaparteE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 137. [Phrenopicus] querulus Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, li, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). [Threnopipo] querulus Here and REIcHENOW, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 214 (South Carolina; Georgia). Plicus] vieillotii Waaurr, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 20 (new name for Picus borealis Vieillot=adult male). Plicus] leucotis Ilfiger] LICHTENSTEIN, Verz. Doubl., 1823, 12 (new name ‘for P. querulus Wilson). Picus leucotis BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39. [Picus] leucotis LicuTEnstEIn, Nom. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75. 272 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Genus SPHYRAPICUS Baird. Pilumnus (not of Leach, 1816) Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., May, 1854, 8). (Type, Picus thyroideus Cassin.) Sphyrapicus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 101. (Type, by orig. designation, Picus varius Linnzeus.) Sphyropicus (emendation) SctaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236.—E ior, New and Unfig. Birds N. Am., i, pt. ii, 1866, pl. 25. Cladoscopus® (not of Reichenbach, 1851) Capanis and HErng, Mus. Hein., iv. heft 2, June, 1863,50,80. (New name for Sphyrapicus, on grounds of purism. ) Campoborus CaBANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, June, 1863, 80. (Type Picus thyroideus Cassin.) Medium-sized Picine (wing 118-143 mm.), with outer hind toe longer than outer front toe,’ gonys nearly to more than three times as long as mandibular rami, supranasal ridge running out to edge of maxilla at or posterior to middle, tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw, middle rectrices slenderly and abruptly acuminate and slightly (if at all) decurved terminally, and young very different in coloration from adults. Bill about as long as head or slightly shorter, broad and rather depressed basally, compressed anteriorly, the tip distinctly but rather narrowly chisel-shaped, its width at anterior end of nostrils decidedly greater than its depth at same point; culmen straight or very nearly so, distinctly ridged; gonys nearly to more than three times as long as mandibular rami, straight, or very faintly concave terminally and convex basally, rather distinctly ridged; supranasal ridge and pre- nasal groove very distinct, running out to tomial edge of maxilla at or slightly posterior to middle. Nostril narrow or linear, obtusely pointed, decidedly nearer to tomium than to culmen, mostly if not wholly covered by a conspicuous antrorse prefrontal tuft of hair-like feathers. Malar apex without a distinct antrorse tuft, but the feathers on extreme anterior portion, likewise those of the margin of chin, directed forward and distinctly bristle-like. Orbits mostly feathered, including margin of eyelids, except anteriorly. Wing long and pointed, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by one- third the length of wing; seventh and eighth primaries longest, ninth equal to or slightly longer than fifth, tenth (outermost) about one- fourth as long as ninth. Tail less than two-thirds as long as wing, the middle rectrices slightly, if at all, decurved terminally, where abruptly and slenderly acuminate. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe with claw; outer hind toe very slightly longer than outer front toe; tarsi and toes slender, and claws only moderately large. Tongue scarcely extensile and otherwise peculiar; the apo-hyal and cerato-hyal ele- ments of the hyoid not reaching backward much beyond the tympano- maxillary articulation, the basi-hyals short and peculiarly shaped.° a‘ Ki4doc¢ (Zweig) und oxoréw (spihen).’’ (Cabanis and Heine.) 6 The difference in length very slight, however. c See Coues, Proc. Ac. Sci. Phila., 1866, 52, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 278 Coloration Abdomen immaculate yellow or whitish; upper tail- coverts at least partly white; middle and greater wing-coverts white, or else whole wing (as well as back) barred with black and pale brown or brownish white; chest black or barred with black, or else red (the head and neck also red). Young very different from adults in coloration. Range.—North America in general. (Three or four species.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES (?) OF SPHYRAPICUS. a. Middle wing-coverts and outer web of greater coverts white, forming a conspicuous longitudinal patch on wing. b. Sides of throat and lower throat red or white, like rest of throat; back conspicu- ously variegated with whitish; sides of chest yellowish, red, or brcwnish. c. Chest uniform glossy black (the, feathers narrowly margined with whitish or pale yellowish in first winter plumage). d. Chin and throat wholly red. e. Nape whitish; red of throat separated from white subauricular stripe by pos- terior extension of black malar stripe; back with more white or pale brownish; wing averaging 124.1, tail 72.5. (Hastern North America; south in winter to Cuba, Jamaica, Costa Rica, etc.) Sphyrapicus varius varius, adult male (p. 274). ee. Nape red; red of throat extending laterally to white subauricular stripe; back with less white; wing averaging 127.5, tail 76.5. (Rocky Moun- tains to Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, south in winter to north- western Mexico.)....Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, adult male (p. 279). dd. Chin and throat at least partly white. e. Chin and throat wholly white; pileum often uniform glossy black; wing averaging 124.3, tail 71.7. Sphyrapicus varius varius, adult female (p. 275). ee. Chin white, but at least lower throat (sometimes whole throat) red; pileum always red; wing averaging 128.1, tail 74.4. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, adult female (p. 279). ec. Chest not black. ‘ d. Chest red, like head and neck. e. Smaller, with red portions of plumage averaging lighter and duller; more white on back; male averaging, wing 123.1, tail 74.6; female, wing 122.8, tail 75.1. (Southern California to eastern Oregon.) Sphyrapicus ruber ruber, adults (p. 282). ee. Larger, with red portions of plumage averaging darker and brighter; less white on back; male averaging, wing 128.6, tail 78.9; female, wing 130.5, tail 81.5. (Western Oregon to southern Alaska.) Sphyrapicus ruber notkensis, adults (p. 284). dd. Chest dull grayish brown or brownish gray, more or less distinctly barred or lunulated with darker. e. Back light yellowish brown, variegated with black; sides of head with a distinct supra-auricular and a conspicuous suborbital and sub-auricular stripe of whitish; throat dull whitish; abdomen distinctly yellowish. Sphyrapicus varius varius, young (p. 275). ee. Back black or dark sooty, variegated with whitish; sides of head without distinct stripes; throat sooty brown or grayish, nearly concolor with chest. J. Head and chest without reddish suffusion. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis, young (p. 279). 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——-18 274 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. jf. Head and chest with a reddish suffusion.¢ Sphyrapicus ruber (and subspecies), young (pp. 282). bb. Sides of throat and lower throat black; sides of chest black. c. Chest, ete., glossy greenish blue-black; throat-stripe red; abdominal area bright yellow. (Western North America, south to northern Mexico in water oe Se eas Sphyrapicus thyroideus, adult male (p. 286). ec. Chest, etc., dull black; throat-stripe whitish; abdominal area pale yellow or yellowish white.............. Sphyrapicus thyroideus, young male (p. 286). aa. Middle and greater wing-coverts black barred with pale grayish brown or dull brownish white. .Sphyrapicus thyroideus, adult, and young, female (pp. 286, 287). _SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS VARIUS (Linnzus). SAPSUCKEER. Adult male.—Forehead and crown bright poppy red or crimson, bordered posteriorly by an occipital crescent of glossy blue-black, extending laterally to above middle of eye; nape (at least laterally) white or brownish white, rarely tinged with red; back and scapulars black faintly glossed with greenish blue, broken by heavy spotting of white or brownish white, the white prevailing on sides of back, the black predominating on median portion; rump and upper tail-coverts mostly black laterally, mostly white (usually immaculate) medially; tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices white with several larger or smaller oblique spots or bars of black, the lateral rectrices margined terminally with white (except in abraded plumage); wings black, the exposed portion of middle coverts and outer web of greater coverts (except inner or proximal ones) white, forming a conspicuous longitudinal patch, the outer webs of primaries and distal portion of secondaries with large elongated spots of white, the inner secondaries (tertials) with much white on distal portion; a broad and sharply defined band of white originating at nasal tufts and extending between orbital and malar regions to sides of neck; a narrower postocular stripe of white originating above posterior portion of eye and extending thence to nape; a malar stripe of black, becoming narrower posteriorly, where confluent with a large jugular patch of uniform glossy blue-black, having a strongly con- vex or rounded posterior outline; chin and throat bright poppy red, the feathers white beneath surface; median under parts and portions adjacent to posterior and lateral edges of the black jugular area, pale yellow (primrose to nearly sulphur yellow); sides and flanks dull white or brownish white (usually more brownish anteriorly), broken by V-shaped markings of blackish; under tail-coverts white, sometimes with a few shaft-streaks or other markings of blackish; bill brownish black or blackish brown; iris brown; legs and feet grayish olive-green or greenish gray (in life). @ This character possibly not constant, in which case the young of S. ruber and S. nuchalis would not always be distinguishable. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 275 Adult male vn autumn and winter—Similar to the spring and summer plumage, but the lighter-colored markings of back and scapulars and color of nape light yellowish olive or light buffy yel- lowish brown instead of white, yellow of under parts deeper, and sides light brownish instead of whitish; bill more brownish. Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but chin and throat white instead of red, and frequently with red of pileum reduced in extent, often altogether wanting, the whole forehead, crown, and occiput sometimes uniform glossy black, sometimes with small whitish streaks or sagittate spots. (Seasonal variations same as in adult male.) Young (sexes alike).—Wings and tail as in autumnal adults, but otherwise very different; pileum sooty brown or sepia, each feather with a more or less distinct small terminal or subterminal spot of paler; auricular region and malar stripe brownish (instead of black), the former with narrow shaft-streaks of dull whitish; chin and upper throat dull white or pale buffy brownish; lower throat, foreneck, and chest pale brown, broken by crescentic bars or lunules of dusky; otherwise as in autumnal adults but sides and flanks more brownish. (The red of the adult piumage appears in scattered feathers on forehead and crown before any black feathers are ac- quired on chest or malar region, and also on the throat in the case of young males.) Adult male.—Length (skins), i89-206 (198); wing, 120-130 (124.1); tail, 67-76 (72.5); culmen, 21.5-25.5 (23.4); tarsus, 19-22 (20.3); outer anterior toe, 14-16 (14.7).¢% Adult female.—Length (skins), 182-206 (192); wing, 121-128 (124.3); tail, 68-75 (71.7); culmen, 22-24 (22.7); tarsus, 18.5-20 (19.4); outer anterior toe, 13.5-15.5 (14.4).¢ Eastern North America, breeding from northern portion of Caro- linian life-zone in northern Missouri, northern Indiana, northern Ohio, Massachusetts (mountains of Berkshire County), etc., north to Mackenzie (Fort Providence; Fort Simpson; Fort Smith; Fort Rae; Fort Resolution; Fort Liard; Nehawney Mountains, 100 miles north- west of Fort Simpson; Big Island, Great Slave Lake), central Kee- watin, central Quebec, and Cape Breton Island, west to Alberta (Fort McHenry, Athabasca River), and southward on Allegheny Mountains to North Carolina; wintering from Pennsylvania, Ohio Valley, etc., southward (occasionally farther northward); migrating southward over greater part of Mexico, in States of Tamaulipas (Sierra Madre, near Victoria), San Luis Potosi (Soledad), Nuevo Leén (Rodriguez; Monteréy; Cerro de la Silla), Coahuila (Sierra de Guadalupe), Guanajuato, Hidalgo (Real del Monte; El Chico), @ Ten specimens. 276 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Mexico (Temisciltepec; Coapa; Ixtapalapa; Mexicalcingo; Hacienda Kslava; Culhuacan; Coajimalpa; Chimalpa; Tetelco), Jalisco (Volcan de Colima; Zapotlin; La Barca), Colima (Plains of Colima; Colima), Michoacén(Patamban), Morelos(Huitzilac),Guerrero(mountainsnear Chilpancingo), Oaxaca (La Parada; Llano Verde; Villa Alta; Totdnte- pec; Toniaguia; Santa Efigénia), Vera Cruz (Miradér; Orizaba; Jalapa; Cérdova; Coatepec; Cofre de Perote), Puebla (Atlixco; Huexotitla), Chiapas (Gineta Mountains) and Yucatan (Mérida), and southward through Guatemala (Cobén; Tecpém; Lake Atitlan; Los Amates; Duefias; San Gerénimo; Tolimaén; Volcan de Agua; Volean de Fuego), Honduras (Siquatepec) and Nicaragua (San Rafaél del Norte) to Costa Rica (Coliblanco); also in winter to Bahamas (Andros, Inégua, New Providence, Bimini, Caicos, and Rum Cay islands), Cuba (near Trinidad), Isle of Pines, Little Cay- man, Jamaica, St. Croix, St. Andrews and Old Providence islands in Caribbean Sea, and in Bermudas; accidental in southern Green- land (Julianshaab, 1 spec., July, 1845), and casual in eastern Wyo- ming and eastern Colorado (El Paso County). [Picus] varius Linna&us, Syst. Nat., ed. 12, i, 1766, 176 (based on The Yellow- belly’d Woodpecker Catesby, Nat. Hist. Carolina, i, 21, pl. 21; Pie varié de la Caroline Brisson, Orn., iv, 62).—Gmertin, Syst. Nat., i, pt. i, 1788, 438.— Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 232.—SctaterR, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 367 (Jalapa, Mexico).—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8617. Picus varius Vremiot, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 63, pls. 118, 119; Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 80, 94.—Witson, Am. Orn., i, 1808, 147, pl. 9, fig. 2.—Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i(Synop. Birds U. §.), 1826, 45; Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39.—Nurtratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 574; 2d ed., 1840, 680.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 519, pl. 190; v, 1839, 537; Synopsis, 1839, 182; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 263, pl. 267.—D’Orpieny, in La Sagra’s Hist. Fis., etc., Cuba, Orn., 1839, 108; French ed., p. 141.—Gosss, Birds Jamaica, 1847, 270.—JarpDINE, Contr. Orn., 1848, 83 (Bermuda); 1850, 8 (Bermuda).—LremBryeg, Aves de la Isla de Cuba, 1850, 131.—RrtnHarpt, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854, 430, 440 (Green- land); Ibis, 1861, 8 (Julianshaab, s. Greenland, 1 spec., July, 1845).— CaBANIS, Journ. fiir Orn., 1856, 102 (Cuba).—Sciatger, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1856, 308 (Cérdova, Vera Cruz); 1858, 305 (La Parada, Oaxaca); 1859, 388 (Llano Verde and Toténtepec, Oaxaca).—Maxrmitian, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 417 (descr. tongue).—WrLuis, Ann. Rep. Smithson. Inst., 1859, 287 (Bermuda).—Martens, Journ. fiir Orn., 1859, 215 (Bermuda).—Bryanrt, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., vii, 1859, 106 (Andros I., Bahamas); 1866, 65 (Baha- mas).—Taytor, Ibis, 1860, 119 (pine reg. of Siqudtepec, Honduras).— Newton, Ibis, 1860, 308 (St. Croix).—REINHARDT, Ibis, 1861, 8 (Julianshaab, Greenland, 1 spec., July, 1845).—Gunpuacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 415 (Cuba).—ALBREcaT, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 51 (Bahamas); 1862, 202 (Ja- maica).—Marcu, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 284 (Jamaica).—SuNnDE- VALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 33. Plicus] varius BONNATERRE and ViertLot, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1811.—Bona- PARTE, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., iii, pt. ii, 1824, 370; Obs. Wilson’s Am. Orn., 1826 [30]; Consp. Av., i, 1850, 138.—WaeLER, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 2 sp. 16; Isis, 1829, 509.—Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1846, 435.—MAXIMILIAN, Journ. fiir Orn., 1858, 417. ; Picus (Dendrocopus) varius Swarnson’ Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 309. Pilumnus varius Bonapartr, Anteneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Voluc. a Zygod., 1854, 8.) Sphyrapicus varius Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, p. xxviii, 103.— MALHERBE, Mon. Pic., i, 1862, 157; iv, 1862, pl. 37, figs. 2, 3, 4.—BLAKISTON, Ibis, 1862, 3 (Grand Rapids of and Forks of Saskatchewan).—Dresser, Ibis, 1865, 468 (San Antonio, Texas, resident, breeding).—Covzs, Check List, 1873, no. 302; 2d ed., 1882, no. 446.—Tripre, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. EL. a 1872, 233 (Decatur and Mahaska counties, s. Iowa, breeding).—GunpbLacu, Journ. fiir Orn., 1874, 150 (Cuba); Orn. Cubana, 1876, 273; ed. 1895, 139.— Cougs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 285; Bull. U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Surv. Terr., iv, 1878, 616 (Pembina and Souris R., North Dakota, breeding).— BrREwstTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, i, 1876, 63 (biography); iii, 1878, 180 (descr. young); Auk, iii, 1886, 104 (mts. of w. North Carolina, breed- ing).—LawrENncr, Mem. Bost. Soc. N. H., ii, 1874, 294 (Plains of Colima); Bull. U. 8. Nat. Mus., no. 4, 1876, 35 (Santa Efigenia, Oaxaca; Gineta Mts., Chiapas).—Maywnarp, Birds Florida, 1878, 223, pl. 18.—Mzr- RIAM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 1 (Lewis Co., New York; habits); Auk, i, 1884, 295 (Point de Monts, Quebec).—Ripaway, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 369; Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 380.—Cory, Birds Bahama Is., 1880, 121 (New Providence I.); Auk, iii, 1886, 375; iv, 1887, 181 (St. Andrews I., Caribbean Sea); viii, 1891, 294 (New Providence I.), 296 (Biminis Islds.), 297 (Caicos Islds.; Inagua); Birds West Ind., 1889, 170; Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 104.—Rep, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., no. 25, 1884, 212 (Bermudas, April, Nov., Dec.).—BicKNELL, Auk, ii, 1885, 258 (notes).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 402.— ALLEN (J. A.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 247 (Massachu- setts, a few breeding).—Ra.pn and Baga, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 123 (Oneida Co., New York, breeding).—Frrrari-Perez, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., ix, 1886, 159 (Huexotitla, Puebla) .—Benpirg, Auk, v, 1888, 225 (deser. » nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 82.—Kryes and WILLIAMS, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Sci., v, 1888, (20) (Des Moines, Iowa City, etc., breed- ing).—Bereroxp, List Birds Buffalo, New York, 1889, 12 (breeding).— Scorr, Auk, vii, 1890, 310 (Dry Tortugas, Florida); ix, 1892, 374 (Jamaica, Jan.).—Ciarxk (W. E.), Auk, vii, 1890, 322 (Ft. Churchill) —Norrnrop, Auk, viii, 1891, 75 (Andros I., Bahamas, Feb.).—Stonz, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1891, 435 (Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—McBring, Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci., 1891 (1892), 167 (Waterloo, De Kalb Co., n. e. Indiana, breed- ing).—CuapmMan, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iv, 1892, 301 (near Trinidad, s. Cuba).—Ruoaps, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1895, 483 (Roan Mt., Tennessee, 4,000 it.; breeding?).—Bamy, Auk, xiii, 1896, 293 (Elk Co., Pennsylvania, breeding).—Jonrs, Wilson Bull., no. 16, 1897, 61 (Oberlin, Ohio, breeding).— Butter, Birds Indiana, 1897, 834 (Carroll, Laporte, Starke, De Kalb, and Porter counties, n. Indiana, breeding).—Cooxg, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 83 (El Paso Co., Colorado; 1 spec.).—Bonnore, Ibis, 1899, 516 (New Providence, Bahamas); 1903, 295 (New Providence, Feb., March).— Faxon and Horrman, Birds Berkshire Co., Mass., 1900, 36 (very rare summer resid.).—PRrEBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 112 (Ft. Churchill; Moose Factory); no. 27, 1908, 384 (north to Great Slave Lake and Ft. Simpson ).— Errrie, Auk, xxi, 1904, 241 (Allegheny and Garrett counties, w. Maryland, higher parts; breeding?).—Morris, Wilson Bull., no. 51, 1905, 56 (habits in winter)—Swa.es and TAVERNER, Wilson Bull., no. 55, 1906, 65 (Lake 278 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Muskoka, Ontario, breeding).—DEARBoRN, Pub. 125, Field Mus. N. H., 1907, 72 (Tecpam, Lake Atitlan, and Los Amates, Guatemala, 6,000-9,500 ft.).—Fiemine, Auk, xxiv, 1907, 76 (Toronto, Ontario, breeding).—Woop- RUFF, Bull. vi, Chicago Ac. Sci., 1907, 110 (Chicago area; transient).— ANnpERSON, Proc. Davenp. Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 275 (Iowa, breeding n. of 42°) Nasu, Vertebr. Fauna Ont., 1908, Birds, p. 50 (summer resid.).— Brooks (E. A.), Auk, xxv, 1908, 235 (near Pickens, Randolph Co., West Virginia, breeding in spruce belt); xvi, 1909, 84 (Randolph Co., West Virginia, breeding at 4,000 ft.).—Stansmi, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 395 (centr. Alberta, breeding).—Frrry, Pub. 146, Field Mus. N. H., Orn. Ser., i, no. 6, 1910, 266 (Coliblanco, Costa Rica).—Brat, Bull. 37, U. 8. Biol. Surv., 1911, 27, pl. 2 (food). [Sphyrapicus| varius GUNDLACH, Journ. fiir Orn., 1861, 334 (Cuba); Repert. Fisico- Nat. Cuba, i, 1866, 294.—Cougs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 195.—Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 20 (Bahamas). S[phyrapicus] varius Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 288. [Sphyrapicus varius] Woop, Wilson Bull., no. 51, 1905, 57 (Wayne Co., Michigan, breeding habits). Sphyropicus varius SctateR and Satvin, Ibis, 1859, 136, 236 (Guatemala).— SctaTerR, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 335 (Orizaba, Vera Cruz); Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1864, 117 (near City of Mexico).—BuaxisTon, Ibis, 1863, 52 (Sas- katchewan).—BryYANtT, Proc. Boston Soc. N. H., 1865, 91 (anat.tongue).—Law- RENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ix, 1869, 205 (Merida, Yucatan).—Ripeway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 177 (Colorado); Auk, viii, 1891, 338 (Rum Cay, Bahamas, March).—Barirp, Brewer, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, pl. 51, figs. 1, 2; iii, 1874, 521 (El Paso Co., Colorado; 1 spec.).—Nrwron, Man. N.H. Greenl., 1875, 97 (2 specs.; July, 1845, and 1858).—Covss, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 446.—Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 188 (Costa Rica; etc., etc.).—SALvIn and GopmaNn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, i, 1895, 427.—Banas, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 146 (Ceiba, Honduras).— LoweE, Ibis, 1911, 150 (Little Cayman). [Sphyropicus| varius ScLaTER and Satvin, Nom. Av. Neotr., 1873, 99.—SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 212. ° S[phyropicus| varius Newton (A. and E.), Handb. Jamaica, 1881, 109.—CouEs, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 486. Sphyropicus varius, var. varius Ripeway, Am. Journ. Arts and Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 40.—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 539. [Sphyrapicus varius] a. varius Couss, Birds Northwest, 1874, 285. Sphyrapicus varius varius GoopE, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., no. 20, 1883, 343.— Banas and Zaprey, Am. Nat., xxxix, 1905, 206 (Isle of Pines, Cuba, April).— AMERICAN OrNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 190.—Topp, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 421 (New Providence, Great Inagua, and Watling islands, Bahamas).—WorTHINGTON, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vii, 1911, 454 (Bahamas). C{ladoscopus] varius CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 80. [Cladoscopus| varius Herne and RretcHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215. Dyctiopicus varius BoucarD, Liste Ois. récol. Guat., 1878, 27. Picus atrothorax Lesson, Traité d’Orn., 1831, 229 (locality unknown;=young; see Pucheran Rev. et Mag. de Zool., 2d ser., vii, 1855, 21, 22). [Cladoscopus varius] var. atricapilla CaBANIS and Hetnez, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 82 (Cuba; nomen nudum).—HEINE and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215 (Cuba). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 279 SPHYRAPICUS VARIUS NUCHALIS Baird. RED-NAPED SAPSUCKER Similar to S. v. varius, but with much less white on back, this forming two definite but broken stripes, converging posteriorly; nape always with more or less of red, under parts less strongly tinged with yellow, and wing and tail averaging decidedly longer; adult male with red of throat more extended, both laterally and posteriorly, covering malar region (except anterior portion), where meeting white sub-auricular stripe; adult female with at least lower half of throat red (sometimes whole throat red, only the chin being white); young much darker above than corresponding stage of S. v. varius, the pileum uniform dark sooty slate, white markings on back less brownish, and under parts much less yellowish, the chest and fore- neck brownish gray or grayish brown (instead of buffy brown), and usually less distinctly barred or lunulated with dusky. Adult male—tLength (skins), 179-216 (197); wing, 121-130 (127.5); tail, 67.5-77.5 (76.5); culmen, 21-26 (23.3); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20.4); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16 (15.2).® Adult female——Length (skins), 187-210 (195); wing, 126-132 (128.1); tail, 71-79 (74.4); culmen, 20-24.5 (23); tarsus, 19-20.5 (19.9); outer anterior toe, 14.5-16 (15.1).¢ Western North America, chiefly east of Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges; north to central British Columbia (Vernon; Buonaparte; @QOn account of the conspicuous difference in coloration of the young, definite difference in color pattern of back, head, and neck in adults, and comparative rarity of intermediate specimens (which are far less common, relatively, than in the case of Colaptes), I believe that it would be better to consider this form as specifi- cally distinct from S. varius. It is true that specimens do occur that are interme- diate between S. nuchalis and S. varius, as well as between the former and S. ruber; but they may be (and I believe are) hybrids; certainly there is no more reason for not considering them as such than in the case of Colaptes; and if S. nuchalis is to be considered as merely a subspecies of S. varius then, most certainly, must S. ruber also. 6 Twenty specimens. ¢ Twelve specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.) ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Twelve adult males from Rocky Mountain district............ 127.8 78 23. 2 20. 4 15.1 Eight adult males from California (4), Lower California (1), and British Columbia (8)...............-- sade Besta ae tee aa 127.1 73 23. 6 20. 4 15. 4 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Rocky Mountain district.............. 128.3 74.3 22.8 19.9 15.1 Two adult females from Oregon (1) and British Columbia (1)..| 127 74.5 24.3 20 15.5 280 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Ducks; Ashcroft) and Alberta; breeding southward to extreme western Texas (Fort Davis), New Mexico (Zufi Mountains; Hondo Canyon; Culebra Mountain; San Miguél County) and Arizona (Fort Whipple), west to eastern Oregon (Warner Mountains; Blue Moun- tains) and northeastern California (Hayden Hill, Lassen County), east to Montana (Thompson Pass; St. Marys Lake; Weeksville; Flathead Lake; Columbia Falls; Big Horn Mountains), Wyoming (Bear Lodge; Sherman), western Kansas (near Wallace), ete.; in migration southward over northwestern Mexico, in States of Chi- hudhua (Colonia Garcia; Colonia Pacheco; Chihuadhua City; 30 miles west of Mifiaca; Bustillos; Casa Colorado; Reftigio; Temasochic; Guerrero), Sonora (Rancheria de los Apaches; El Pinita; El Puerto; Las Cuervas; Rio Bavispe), Durango (Cienega de las Vacas), Jalisco (Sierra de Bolafios), Coahuila (Rio Sabinas), and Lower California (Laguna; Rio San Pedro; Santa Rosarita), casually to Guatemala (Panajachel); sporadically westward during migration to western Washington (mountains near Bellingham Bay), and California west of Sierra Nevada (Alhambra, February; Baird, Shasta County, November; San Gerénimo, Marin County, 3 specimens; Palo Alto, Santa Clara County, February; Los Angeles County, winter; San Clemente Island). Picus varius (not of Linnzus) Barrp, in Stansbury’s Surv. Gt. Salt Lake, 1852, 326 (New Mexico).—HrERMANN, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, no. 2, 1859, 58 (Ft. Yuma). Sphyrapicus varius (not of Baird) Matyerse, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 161, part. (?)Sphyropicus varius Brown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).—Ho.pEn, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xv, 1872, 207 (Sherman, Wyoming, breeding). : [Sphyrapicus varius] Variety nuchalis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 103, in text (Mimbres River, New Mexico; coll. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila.). Sphyrapicus nuchalis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxviii, 921 (descr. specimens from Ft. Bridger and Laramie Peak, Wyoming; Ft. Thorn, New Mexico); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 35, figs. 1, 2; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 86.—Cooper, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ii, 1863, 122 (Ft. Mojave).— Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 204 (crit.).—Covgs, Ibis, 1865, 162 (Ft. Whipple, Arizona); Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 53 (Ft. Whipple, resident; crit.)—Rieway, Field and Forest, i, 1877, 209 (Colo- rado); Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 549 (Carson City, upper Humboldt Valley, and Thousand Spring Valley, Nevada; Parley’s Park, Utah). Sphyropicus nuchalis Barrp, Ibis, 1867, 270.—Coorrr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 390 (Ft. Mojave and Ft. Yuma; Rocky Mts., lat. 48°).—Barrp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 51, figs. 3, 4—BrnpirE, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xix, 1877, 129 (Blue Mits., Oregon, breeding; descr. nest).— Harairtr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 569 (Sierra Bolafios, Jalisco; etc.).—SALvIN and GopmaN, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 429 (localities in Chihuahua; Sierra de Bolafios, Jalisco; Panajachel, Guatemala). [Sphyrapicus varius.] Var. nuchalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 195. Sphyropicus varius, var. nuchalis Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., v, Jan., 1873, 40; Bull. Essex Inst., v, 1873, 173 (Wahsatch Mts., Utah, 7,000-9,000 ft.).— BarrD, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 542. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 281 Sphyrapicus varius, . . . var. nuchalis Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 302a. Sphyrapicus varius, var. nuchalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 185 (Colorado).—ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 158 (South Park, Colorado), 180 (mts. of Colorado, 7,000—12,000 ft.); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xvii, 1874, 63 (Musselshell R., Montana).—Hrnsuaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 392 (Gila R. and Mt. Graham, Arizona; Toquerville and Virgin City, Utah; Ft. Garland and Navajo Creek, Colorado).—Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 95 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding). S[phyrapicus] varius nuchalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 174 (Rocky Mts.); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 288. Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vii, Jan., 1875, 22, 24, 34 (localities in Nevada and Utah); Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 369a.—DreEw, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 141 (San Juan Co., Colorado, breeding).—Merrm, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 206 (Ft. Shaw and Bighorn Mts., Montana; descr. nest and eggs).—Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 447.—Brtpine, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vi, 1883, 349 (Laguna, Lower California)—Goss, Auk, i, 1884, 100 (s. fork Smoky Hill R., near Wallace, w. Kansas, breeding); Auk, iii. 1886, 114 (near Wallace, w. Kansas).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado, breeding at 4,000-7,000 ft.).—Scorr, Auk, ili, 1886, 427 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 402a; 3d ed., 1910, 190.—TownseEnpb (C. H.), Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., x, 1887, 205 (Baird, Shasta Co., n. California, 1 spec., Nov. 13).—Cooxe, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 130 (Ft. Davis, w. Texas; etc.); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 83 (Colorado, breeding up to 12,000 ft., but mostly at 8,000-9,000 ft.) —Brnpire, Auk, v, 1888, 226 (geog. range, habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 88.—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 92 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona, Sept.).—CHapMaN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (int. Brit. Columbia).—Fanniy, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (e. side Cascade range).— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 35 (n. e. Sonora and n. w. Chihuahua; crit.).—Mamutarp, Auk, xv, 1898, 196 (San Geronimo, Marin Co., California, 3 specs.).—Mrrcueti, Auk, xv, 1898, 308 (San Miguel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 9,000-12,000 ft.) —GnrinNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 25 (Los Angeles Co., California, winter visitant in foothills); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 38 (California range).—VAN DENBuRG, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., xxxviii, 1899, 162 (Palo Alto, Santa Clara Co., California, 1 spec., Feb.; crit.) —Swartu, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 4, 1904, 12 (Huachuca Mts., Arizona, Feb.—April).— Mrmer (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xxii, 1906, 166 (Cienega de las Vacas, n. w. Durango, March 31).—Epson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 434 (mts. near Bellingham Bay, Washington, 1 spec.).—IseLy, Auk, xxix, 1912, 35 (Sedge- wick Co., Kansas, Dec., Feb.). S[phyrapicus] v[arius] nuchalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 486. [Sphyrapicus varius] b. nuchalis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 286 (synonymy; Wind R. Mts.; Popoogie Creek; Laramie). [Sphyropicus varius.] Subsp. a. Sphyropicus nuchalis Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xvili, 1890, 192 (Temosachic, Guerrero, Casa Colorado and Refugio, Chihuahua; Brit. Columbia; etc.). C{ladoscopus] nuchalis CaBANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 82. Plicus] varius occidentalis SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 34 (new name for Sphyrapicus nuchalis Baird). 282 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. SPHYRAPICUS RUBER RUBER (Gmelin). RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER. Adult male in spring and summer.—Head, neck, and chest, bright red (nearest poppy red) superficially, (the feathers dusky grayish beneath surface); nasal tufts and anterior and lower portion of loral region dull yellowish white or pale dull buffy, the posterior portion of loral region (next to eye) black, this sometimes continued, narrowly, along edge of forehead; red of suborbital region lighter than that of malar region, the latter blackish at anterior end; rest of under parts very pale straw yellow or yellowish white, the breast more or less washed or overlaid with bright red, the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts less yellowish white, broken by mostly V-shaped or hastate markings of dusky grayish; general color of upper parts (except head and neck) black, broken by a double series (converging posteriorly) of white spots down middle of back, a longitudinal white patch on wing-coverts (involving most of middle coverts and outer webs of distal greater coverts) and white spots on outer web of primaries and at tip of proximal secondaries, the inner web and tip of upper tail-coverts also white, and inner web of middle pair of rectrices with oblique, quadrate spots of white; bill brownish black or blackish brown; iris brown; legs and feet grayish; length (skins), 176-208 (194); wing, 118-127.5 (123.1); tail, 71.5-77 (74.6); culmen, 23-25.5 (24.2); tarsus, 20-22 (20.7); outer anterior toe, 14-16 (15.2) .% Adult male in autumn and winter—Similar to the adult male in spring and summer, but the red duller, more vinous (sometimes approaching lake red or light burnt carmine), under parts of body more decidedly yellowish, spots on back brownish white or pale brownish, and bill horn brownish instead of nearly black. Adult female——Similar to the adult male and not always distin- guishable, but usually (2?) with the breast less strongly washed with red; length (skins), 186-206 (195); wing, 120-125.5 (122.8); tail, 71-79 (75.1); culmen, 22-25 (23.8); tarsus, 19-21 (20.1); outer ante- rior toe, 14.5-15.5 (15). Young (both sexes) —Wings, tail, and back essentially as in adults; pileum, nape, auricular region, and malar region sooty blackish or dark grayish sooty, the forehead and crown usually tinged, more or less strongly, with dull red, sometimes decidedly dull red (malar region also sometimes dull reddish); suborbital stripe white (some- times tinged with red); chin, throat, and chest dull grayish (the first two sometimes partly intermixed with dull whitish), usually more or less distinctly barred with darker but sometimes immaculate, often tinged (in part at least) with reddish; sides grayish, usually a Ten specimens. a eal tO NP taal in we Se A ee ee a - BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 283 indistinctly barred with darker, the flanks broadly and rather dis- tinctly barred with dull gray and white; under tail-coverts white, more or less broken by variable markings of dusky grayish; abdomen dull pale yellowish or dull yellowish white. California; breeding in Transition Zone from northern California to mountains of southern California, east to south-central Oregon (Fort Klamath), and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada; south in winter to northern Lower California (Ensenada; Rosario). [Picus} ruber GMELIN, Syst. Nat., i, pt. 1, 1788, 429 (based on Red breasted Wood- pecker Latham, Syn.i, pt. 2, p. 562, no. 9)—Latuam, Index Orn., i, 1790, 228.—Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8616, part. Picus ruber SrepHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 160.—Vicors, Zool. Voy. ““Blossom,’’ 1839, 23 (Monterey, California).—AupuBow, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 179, part, pl. 416, figs. 9, 10; Synopsis, 1839, 181, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 261, part, pl. 266——NurrauL, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 681—Herrmann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1853, 270 (California); Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. vi, 1859, 57 (mts. of Cali- fornia).—MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 132, part; iii, 1861, pl. 31, figs. 1, 2.—SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 32, part (California) —Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 51. P{icus] ruber WacuER, Sys. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 15. Melanerpes ruber BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39, part—GamBEL, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, 56 (California) —Sc.iater, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 127 (San José Valley, California); M{elanerpes| ruber SctaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 2. | Melanerpes| ruber BoNaPARTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 115, part. [Pilumnus] ruber BONAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zy- god., 1854, 8), part. Sphyrapicus ruber Batrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxviii, 104, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 87, part.—Couzs, Check List, 1873, no. 303?, part—HeEnsuaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1877, 1319 (e. slope Sierra Nevada).—Ripeway, Oxn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 549 (w. slope Sierra Nevada).—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 403, part.—Cooprr, Auk, iv, 1887, 91 (Saticoy, California, Nov.).— Benvire, Auk, v, 1888, 229, part (geog. range; habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 92, part.—Mrrritt and Brewster, Auk, v, 1888, 255 (Ft. Kla- math, 8. e. Oregon).—BrYAntT, Proc. Calif. Ac. Sci., ser. 2, 1889, 286 (Ensenada, Lower California).—FisHEr (A. K.), North Am. Fauna, no. 7, 1893, 48 (Tején Pass, s. California, July; s. Sierra Nevada, Aug., Sept.).—GrInNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 25 (Los Angeles Co., California, Oct.— March).—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 114 (Mt. Shasta).— Van DensBurG, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., xxxviii, 1899, 163 (Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California, Nov., Dec.).—Sronez, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1904, 581 (Mt. Sanhedrin, Mendocino Co., California; crit.) —THayrer and Bangs, Condor, ix, 1907, 136 (Rosario, Lower California, Nov.).—Brau, Bull. 34, U.S. Biol. Surv., 1910, 21 (food); Bull. 37, 1911, 31 (food). [Sphyrapicus] ruber Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 195, part. S[phyrapicus] ruber Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Sphyropicus ruber Xantus, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1859, 190 (Ft. Tején, California).—Coorrer, Orn. Cal., 1870, 392, part—Barrp, Brewer, and Riwweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 51, fig. 6 (California).—Harairr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 194, part. 284 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. [Sphyropicus] ruber SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 212, part. C[{ladoscopus] ruber CaBANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, 1863, heit 2,582 (California). [Cladoscopus] ruber Heine and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215 (California). Sphyrapicus ruber ruber (not of Grinnell, 1909) AmERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 191.—WiterT, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, 56 (Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., breeding). Sphyropicus varius var. ruber Ripaway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, footnote, part; v, Jan., 1873, 40, footnote, part.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 544, part—Hrnsnaw, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1876, 259 (Tején Mts. and near Kernville, s. Cali- fornia, breeding). Sphyrapicus varius ruber Ripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., vi, Oct., 1874, 173, 174 (Sierra Nevada); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 369, part. Sphyropicus varius ruber Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 448, part.—Mrarns, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 195 (Ft. Klamath, s. e. Oregon). S[phyropicus] v[arius] ruber Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed, 1884, 486, part. [Sphyrapicus varius] c. ruber CovuEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 286, part (synonymy and range). Sphyropicus varius, 8. ruber Rrpaway, in Belding, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, March 21, 1879, 429 (Murphys and Big Trees, Calaveras Co., California). Sphyrapicus varius daggetti GRINNELL, Condor, iii, Jan., 1901, 12 (Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., California; coll. F. 8. Daggett); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 38 (range); Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1908, 63 (San Bernardino Mts., 7,000-8,500 ft.; habits; crit.).\—Kertioae, Condor, xiii, 1911, 119 (Trinity and Shasta counties, California, in summer). Sphyrapicus varius nuchalis (not S. nuchalis Baird) Linton, Condor, x, 1908, 84 (San Clemente I., California, 1 spec., Oct. 11; see Willett, Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 7, 1912, 56). SPHYRAPICUS RUBER NOTKENSIS (Suckow). NORTHERN RED-BREASTED SAPSUCKER. Similar to S. r. ruber, but slightly larger and with coloration darker and brighter; the red of head, neck, and chest averaging brighter, and whitish spots on back usually smaller (sometimes obsolete). Adult male—Length (skins), 187-217 (203); wing, 123.5-133.5 (128.6); tail, 72-81.5 (78.9); culmen, 24-27 (25.3); tarsus, 20-22 (21.1); outer anterior toe, 15-16.5 (15.7).¢ Adult female—Length (skins), 196-230 (209); wing, 125.5-133 (130.5); tail, 78.5-85 (81.5); culmen, 23.5-27 (24.9); tarsus, 19.5— 21.5 (20.5); outer anterior toe, 15-17 (15.7).% Northwest coast district, breeding from western Oregon (Beaver- ton; Point Grove; Portland; Washington County) ; northward through western Washington (Cowlitz; Okanogan County) and British Columbia (including islands) to southern Alaska (Wrangel; Skagway ; Kupreanof, Kuiu, Prince of Wales, Etolin, Wrangell, and Admiralty a Ten specimens. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 285 islands; Chilkat River; Chickamin River); occasicnal southward in winter as far as Monterey, California. Picus ruber notkensis Suckow, Anfangsgr. Naturg. Th., ii, i, 1800, 535 (Nootka Sound, Brit. Columbia; based on ‘‘Gook’s last voy., li, 297.’’), Sphyrapicus ruber notkensis RicuMonp, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xv, April 25, 1902, 89 (crit. nomencl.)— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION COMMITTEE, Auk, xix, 1902, 319; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 191.—Bow ss, Auk, Xxili, 1906, 144 (Puyallup Valley, Washington, resident).—Epson, Auk, xxv, 1908, 434 (Bellingham Bay, Washington, resident).—Krrmopg, Prov. Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 49 (Vancouver I.; Chilliwack). Sphyrapicus ruber nootkensis Bow zs, Condor, x, 1908, 130 (Puyallup Valley, Washington). Picus flaviventris Virm.or, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 67 (Nootka Sound); Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 95 (Nootka Sound).—Srepuens, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 161. Plicus] flaviventris BoNNATERRE and VrerLLot, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1320. Sphyrapicus ruber flaviventris Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 21, Sept., 1901, 45 (Queen Charlotte islands, Vancouver I., ete.; crit. nomencl.).—RaTu- BUN, Auk, xix, 1902, 135 (Seattle, Washington, breeding). Picus ruber (not of Gmelin) AupuBon, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 179, part, pl. 416, figs. 9, 10; Synopsis, 1839, 181, part; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 261 part, pl. 266.—Ma Here, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 132, part; iii, 1861, pl. 31, figs. 1, 2.—SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 32, part (Nootka Sound). Melanerpes ruber BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39, part. [ Melanerpes] ruber Bonaparte, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 115, part. [Pilumnus] ruber Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zy- god., 1854, 8), part. Sphyrapicus ruber Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxviii, 104, part; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 87, part.—Cougs, Check List, 1873, no. 303, part.— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 403, part.—AnTHony, Auk, ili, 1886, 165 (Washington Co., Oregon, resident).—Netson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll., Alaska, 1887, 160 (Chilcat R.).— Benpire, Auk, v, 1888, 229, part (geog. range; habits, etc.); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 92, part.—CHapMAN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., iii, 1890, 139 (coast Brit. Columbia).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (e. and w. side of Cascade range).—Dawson, Auk, xiv, 1897, 175 (Okanogan Co., Washington, 1 spec.).—Bisnor, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 78 (Skagway, Alaska). [Sphyrapicus] ruber Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 195, part. S[phyrapicus] ruber Ringway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289, part. Sphyropicus ruber SctatEer, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1859, 236 (Vancouver I.).— Brown, Ibis, 1868, 419 (Vancouver I.).—Cooper, Orn. Cal., 1870, 392, part.—Hartiavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 275 (Chilkat R., Alaska).—Har- itt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 194, part (“Behring Straits”; Ft. Rupert and Vancouver I., Brit. Columbia). [Sphyropicus] ruber SHarpr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 212, part. Sphyropicus varius var. ruber Ripeway, Am. Journ. Sci., iv, Dec., 1872, 456, footnote, part; v, Jan., 1873, 40, footnote, part.—Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 544, part. Sphyrapicus varius ruber Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189, part; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 369d, part.—Cougs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 448.—GRINNELL (J.), Condor, iii, 1901, 12 (crit.; range); Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, 1902, 38 (range).— ANDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. 286 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 8 (Siskiyou Mts., n. California; crit.) —Swarrs, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 69 (Kupreanof, Kuiu, Prince of Wales, Etolin, and Wrangell islands and Chickamin R., Alaska; crit.); x, 1912, 34 (descr. nest; crit. nomencl.).4 Sphyropicus varius ruber CovEs, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 448, part S[phyropicus] v[arius] ruber Couns, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 486, part. [Sphyrapicus varius] c. ruber CovuEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 286, part (synonymy). Sphyrapicus ruber ruber GRINNELL (J.), Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, 1909, 218 (Admiralty Is., Alaska; crit.). SPHYRAPICUS THYROIDEUS (Cassin). WILLIAMSON’S WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Greater part of head and neck, back, scapulars, chest, and sides of breast uniform glossy greenish blue-black; a white postocular or supra-auricular streak, extending to sides of nape, where considerably expanded; a white suborbital and subauricular stripe originating on and involving nasal tufts and extending to beneath end of auricular region; a median stripe of bright poppy red on lower chin and upper throat; abdomen and median portion of breast bright sulphur or canary yellow (sometimes nearly lemon yellow); sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts white, broadly striped and spotted with black, the markings more or less V-shaped on flanks and under tail-coverts; lower rump and upper tail-coverts white, the lateral portions of the former and outer webs of latter largely black; tail black; wings black, the middle coverts and outer webs of greater coverts (except inner or proximal ones) white, forming a very conspicuous large longitudinal patch on wing, the second, or third, to fifth primaries (counting from outermost) usually with a greater or less number of small white spots on outer web; bill black in summer, purplish slaty brown in winter; iris deep reddish brown; legs and feet grayish olive in life; length (skins), 190-220 (208); wing, 131.5-139 (136.8); tail, 70.5-88.5 (83.2); culmen, 23-28 (25.6); tarsus, 20.5-22.5 (21.5); outer anterior toe, 14-15 (14.5).? Young male.—Similar in pattern of coloration to the adult male, but the black everywhere much duller (that on back often broken by more or less concealed white spotting or streaking), throat-stripe white instead of red, yellow of abdomen and breast paler, and sides and flanks barred, rather than striped or spotted, with dusky. Adult female.—Very different from either adult or young male. Pileum and hindneck deep drab, the occiput and nape more or less streaked (sometimes also narrowly barred) with black; back and scapulars broadly barred with black and pale drab or, (in worn ~ a Mr. Swarth seems to have made out a good case in favor of restriction of the name _ ruber to the northern form instead of the southern one. Unfortunately it is now — too late for me to reopen the question. b Twenty specimens. ie Ie en i) a a a a li a BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 287 summer plumage) dull brownish white, the paler bars usually nar- rower than the black ones; wings (including coverts) black, barred, more or less broadly, with pale drab or dull brownish white; rump and upper tail-coverts white, spotted or barred with black on lateral portions; tail black, the middle rectrices crossed with oblique bars of white (at least on inner web), the lateral rectrices barred with white on distal portion; sides of head drab, paler (sometimes whitish) on orbital region, the malar region usually streaked or flecked with black; chin and throat plain light drab (nearly écru-drab), rarely with a median streak of.red; chest usually barred with black and pale buffy brown or pale écru-drab, with a tendency to more or less of a black patch through coalescence of the black bars on central portion, frequently with a large and well-defined patch of unbroken glossy greenish black, sometimes covering whole throat and fore- neck; sides and flanks regularly barred with black and pale écru- drab or brownish buffy; abdomen and median portion of breast immaculate yellow (primrose to nearly lemon yellow); under tail- coverts white, with V- or U-shaped bars of black; bill, etc., as in adult male; length (skins), 198-222 (209); wing, 132.5-143 (136.2); tail, 78-89 (84.1); culmen, 21.5-28.5 (24.2); tarsus, 20-22.5 (21); outer anterior toe, 14-16 (14.8).¢ Young female.—Similar to the adult female, but bars less sharply defined, chest never(?) with a black patch, yellow of abdominal area paler and duller (often dull yellowish white), and texture of plumage different. Boreal Mountain forests of western North America; north to southern British Columbia (near Fairview, Osoyos District; Simil- kameen); breeding southward to southern California (San Jacinto Mountains, Mount Whitney, etc.), southern Arizona (Santa Catalina Mountains) and central New Mexico (Zufii Mountains; Tres Piedras; Willis; Pecos Baldy; San Miguél County), east to Colorado and Wyoming (Springhill; Laramie Peak); wintering in southern Cali- fornia to western Texas (Concho, Tom Green, and Uvalde counties) @ Seventeen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- cul rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Rocky Mountain district..............-- 135. 7 82.7 24. 4 21 14.3 Ten adult males from California (6), Nevada (1), and Oregon (3).| 137.9 83. 7 26.8 22 14.7 FEMALES. Ten adult females from Rocky Mountain district.............. 135. 9 83.7 22.9 20. 9 14.7 Seven adult females from California (4), Nevada (2), and BUDE OU Gh) Se ee Bngh reteraet CELE es oe) 2 SOs ables 137A Ee ee S458) |) Ve ahag len 21e 1 14.9 288 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. and southward through Chihuéhua (Colonia Garcia; Rancheria de los Apaches; Pifios Altos; Jesis Maria; Casa Colorado; Refiigio) and Sonora (Rio Bavispe) to Jalisco (Sierra de Bolafios; Tinguindi near Guadalajara) and northern Durango (Las Bocas). Picus thyroideus Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., v, Dec., 1851, 349 (California; coll. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila.) —Hrrermann, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 2d ser., ii, 1853, 270; Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., x, pt. iv, 1859, 58 (‘‘southern mines of California”’).—SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 32.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picid., 1868, 52. [Picus] thyroideus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 186, no. 8618. [Pilumnus] thyroideus BoNAPARTE, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Voluc. Zygod., 1854, 8). C[olaptes] thyreoideus REIcHENBAcH, Handb. Scansores, Picinz, 1854, 416. Melaner pes thyroideus Cassin, Illustr. Birds Calif. Tex., etc., 1856, 201, pl. 32.— SctatTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 2. Sphyrapicus thyroideus Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, pp. xxviii, 106° Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 88 —MatHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 162; ili, 1861, pl. 37, fig. 1—Casstn, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 204.— Cougs, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 54 (Ft. Whipple; crit.); Check List, 1873, no. 304; 2d ed., 1882, no. 449; Birds Northwest, 1874, 288.—E.uor, New and Unfig. N. Am. Birds, i, 1869, pl. 25—Hzrnsuaw, Am. Nat., viii, 1874, 242 (proves identity of S. thyroideus and ‘‘S. williamsonu”); Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 90 (mts. near Ft. Garland, Colorado; crit.); 1876, 259 (Mt. Whitney, California); Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 394 (Rio Branco and mts. near Ft. Garland, Colorado; Gila R., New Mexico; Mt. Graham, Arizona); Ann. Lyc. N. Y., xi, 1874, 9 (Utah, in pine zone).— GRINNELL (G. B.) in Ludlow’s Rep. Recon., 1876, 81 (Tower Creek, Yellowstone Park).—Rimeway, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 551 (Sierra Nevada, near Carson City; Parley’s Park, Utah); Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 370; Auk, iv, 1887, 75 (Blue Canyon, California; descr. adult male with red crown).—Scorr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 95 (Twin Lakes, Colorado, breeding); Auk, iii, 1886, 427 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona).—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colorado, breeding at 5,000-10,000 ft.)—AmeEriIcAN OrniTHOoLOoaISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 404; 3d ed., 1910, 191.—Lioyp, Auk, iv, 1887, 191 (North Concho and Nueces Canyon, Uvalde Co., w. Texas, in winter).—CookgE, Bird Migr. Miss. Val., 1888, 130 (Concho, Tom Green and Uvalde counties, w. Texas); Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 84 (Colorado, breeding at 5,000-10,000 ft.).—BrnpirE, Auk, v, 1888, 235 (range; breeding habits; descr. nest and eggs); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 97.—Merritu (J. C.), Auk, v, 1888, 255 (Ft. Klamath, e. Oregon, resident)—Merriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 92 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona)—Merarns, Auk, vii, 1890, 252 (mts. of Arizona; habits, plumages, etc.).—ALtEeN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., v, 1893, 35 (Bavispee R., n. e. Sonora, Dec.; Rancheria de los Apaches, n. w. Chihuahua, Jan.; crit.) —Muircuety, Auk, xv, 1898, 308 (San Micuel Co., New Mexico, breeding at 7,000-11,000 ft.).—GnriNNELL (J.), Pub. 2, Pasadena Ac. Sci., 1898, 25 (Los Angeles Co., California, winter, in pine belt).—ANDERSON and GRINNELL, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1903, 8 (Siski- you Mts., n. California; crit.).—Mriiuer (W. De W.), Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., — xxii, 1906, 166 (Los Bocas, n. w. Durango, Feb.).—Brooxs, Auk, xxvi, 1909, 61 (near Fairview, Osoyos District, Brit. Columbia, 1 spec.).—KrrMopbE, Provincial Mus. Brit. Col., 1909, 50 (Similkameen, Brit. Columbia).—VI1sHER, Auk, xxvii, 1910, 282 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, breeding in oak belt).— Beat, Bull. 37, U.S. Biol. Surv., 1911, 32 (food).—Lacry, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 209 (Kerrville, Texas, Oct. 24, 1898). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 289 [Sphyrapicus] thyroideus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 195. S[phyrapicus| thyroideus Couxs, Ibis, 1865, 162 (Ft. Whipple, Arizona).—Rime- way, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 289. Sphyropicus thyroideus CoorER, Orn. Calif. 1870, 394.—Merrriam, Sixth An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1873, 694 (Madison R., Montana).—Bairp, BREWER, and Rineway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 547, pl. 56, fig. 6—BELDING, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 429 (Placer and Calaveras counties, Cali- fornia).—Scortt, Auk, ii, 1885, 174 (Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona).—Hareirt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 196 (Pifios Altos, Jesus Maria, Casa Colorado, and Refugio, Chihuahua, etc.), 569 (Sierra Bolafios, Jalisco).—Satvin and GopMan, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 430 (Sierra de Bolafios and Tin- guindi, near Guadalajara, Jalisco; etc.). S[phyropicus| thyroideus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 486. [Sphyropicus] thyroideus Sharpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 212. Campoborus thyroideus CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 80. C[ladoscopus] thyroideus CABANIS and HeIng, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 84. [Cladoscopus] thyroideus HEINE and ReicHENow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 215 (Forest Hill, California). Picus natalix MALHERBE, Journ. fiir Orn., 1854,°171 (Mexico; Darmstadt Mus.). C[enturus] nataliae ReIcHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picinz, 1854, 411. Picus williamsoniti NEwBERRY, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 89 (nomen nudum), pl. 34, upper fig. (Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.;=adult male with red color of throat destroyed by alcohol). Picus williamsont SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 32. Sphyrapicus williamsonit Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1358, pp. xxviii, 105 (Upper Klamath Lake, Oregon; Laramie Peak, Wyoming); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), atlas, pl. 34, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 89.—CovEs, Check List, 1873, no. 305. Sphyrapicus williamsoni MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 163; iii, 1861, pl. 36, fig. 4—Couss, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1866, 54 (Ft. Whipple, Arizona, resident).— ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 158 (South Park, Colo- rado). . S[phyrapicus] williamsoni Cougs, Ibis, 1865, 162, in text (Ft. Whipple). Sphyropicus williamsonti CooPer, Orn. Calif., 1870, 393.—Merrriam, Sixth An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1873, 694 (headwaters Madison R., Wyoming). Sphyropicus williamsont BarrD, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 545, pl. 51, fig. 5. C[ladoscopus] williamsoni CABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 82. Melaner pes williamsoni Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Capit. and Picide, 1868, 116. [ Melanerpes] williamsont Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 201, no. 8820. Melanerpes rubrigularis ScuaTER, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1858, 2, pl. 131 (Trinity Valley, n. California; coll. P. L. Sclater;=adult male); Ann. and Mag. N. H., 3d ser., i, 1858, 127. Genus PICOIDES Lacépéde. Picoides LackrEpDE, Tableau Ois., 1799, 9. (Type, as designated by Gray, 1840, Picus tridactylus Linneus.) Tridactylia STEPHENS, in Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 218. (Type, TJ. hirsuta Stephens=Picus tridactylus Linneus.) Apternus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 302. (Type, Picus (Apternus) arcticus SWAINSON.) Pipodes GuoceR, Handb. Naturg., 1842, 198. (Type, Picus tridactylus Linnzeus.) Dryocolaptes GistEL, Naturg. des Thierreichs fiir héhere Schulen, 1848, 86. (Type, Picus tridactylus Linnzus.) 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14——_19 290 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Medium-sized Picine (wing 109-134 mm.), with only one hind toe (the outer, the hallux being absent) and excessively depressed bill, the coloration much as in species of Dryobates, but adult male with a yellow crown-patch instead of red occipital or nuchal area. Bill about as long as head, extremely depressed, its width at ante- rior end of nostrils much greater than its depth at same point, regu- larly wedge-shaped in vertical profile, the tip distinctly though nar- rowly chisel-shaped; culmen straight, sharply ridged; gonys nearly to quite two and a half times as long as mandibular rami, straight, distinctly ridged; supranasal ridge and prenasal groove very distinct, about twice as far removed from culmen as from tomium, running out to the latter at a point a little posterior to the middle. Nostril longitudinally, narrowly cuneate (pointed anteriorly), much overhung by the projecting edge of the supranasal ridge, completely covered by the large antrorse prefrontal tuft of hair-like feathers. Feathers of malar apex and chin antrorse and hair-like, the latter softer and cov- ering base of gonys. Orbital region entirely feathered above and behind eye, partly naked in front and below. Wing moderate, the longest primaries exceeding secondaries by a little more than one- third the length of wing; fifth, sixth, and seventh, or sixth, seventh, and eighth, primaries longest, the ninth equal to third or intermediate between third and fourth, the tenth (outermost) about one-third as long as ninth. ‘Tail two-thirds as long as wing or slightly less, the middle rectrices slightly decurved and gradually contracted termi- nally. Tarsus decidedly longer than hind toe with claw, the latter slightly but decidedly longer than outer front toe with claw, the inner front toe nearly as long as the outer. Coloration.—Above black, the primaries spotted with white, the back sometimes barred or striped with white; sides of head black, with a white stripe from lores beneath orbital and auricular regions (sometimes with a white supra-auricular stripe also); under parts white, barred or spotted laterally with black; lateral rectrices white, with or without black spots or bars; adult males with a yellow patch on crown. Range.—Subarctic and cold-temperate portions of northern hemi- sphere, south, in nigh mountains, to New Mexico, Arizona, and China. (About eight species and subspecies.) KEY TO THE SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF PICOIDES. a. Back barred or otherwise marked with white. (Picoides americanus.) b. Rump and upper tail-coverts without white spots or bars, or else with few and small ones; back mostly black, the median portion barred or spotted with white; sides and flanks more heavily barred with black; forehead with black prevailing; white supra-auricular stripe usually obsolete. (Canadian and Hud- sonian zones, from Ungava, Labrador, Newfoundland, Maine, northern New York, etc., to Montana, Alberta, and southern Mackenzie.) Picoides americanus americanus (p. 291). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 291 bb. Rump (sometimes upper tail-coverts also) barred or spotted with white; back mostly white, this with usually a longitudinal instead of transverse disposi- tion; sides and flanks less heavily barred; forehead with whitish prevailing, or at least conspicuously spotted with white; white supra-auricular streak distinct, usually conspicuous. c. Smaller (wing averaging 116.8 in adult male, 113 in adult female); white of back more or less broken by black bars; white spots on inner web of inner- most secondaries smaller. (Hudsonian zone of Alaska and Mackenzie and southward over Hudsonian highlands of British Columbia and western ATpertas) cree ee a tee: eee Picoides americanus fasciatus (p. 295). cc. Larger (wing averaging 123.3 in adult male, 121.5 in adult female); white of back continuous, not broken (or very rarely and to slight extent) by black bars; white spots on inner web of innermost secondaries larger. (High coniferous forests of Rocky Mountains, from southern Idaho and Montana to New Mexico and Arizona.)...... Picoides americanus dorsalis (p. 297). aa. Back wholly black. (Northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and northern Minnesota to southern Ungava, central Keewatin, south- ern Mackenzie, central Yukon, and southern Alaska, west, through higher mountains of western South Dakota, Wyoming, Idaho, and Nevada, to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges.)....-.--..----- Picoides arcticus (p. 298). PICOIDES AMERICANUS AMERICANUS Brehm. THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Adult male——Crown yellow (light wax yellow or dull light gamboge to saffron); forehead black, more or less spotted with dull white, especially on posterior portion (next to yellow of crown); rest of pileum, together with loral, orbital, and auricular regions and hind- neck, uniform glossy blue-black, sometimes with an indication of a narrow postocular or supra-auricular streak of white, often with whitish spots or streaks on occiput (next to yellow of crown); rest of upper parts dull black or sooty black, the lower hindneck with more or less of white (sometimes forming a rather distinct but broken collar), back and upper rump barred or transversely spotted, along median portion, with white, the outer webs of remiges also spotted with white, except proximal secondaries, the innermost of which have white spots along edge of inner web; two lateral normal rec- trices, on each side, with distal half or more white, the third exten- sively white terminally, this white more or less stained with brownish, especially on distal portion; nasal tufts light grayish brown, finely streaked with black, this sometimes predominating on lower or ter- minal portion; a more or less distinct rictal streak or narrow stripe of white, passing beneath orbital and auricular regions; beneath this a more or less broad malar stripe of glossy black or blue-black, usually more or less broken by white tips to the feathers; under parts white, the sides and flanks broadly barred with black, the anterior portion of sides (sides of breast) with bars more irregular, sometimes broken into spots and streaks; bill grayish horn color, the mandible paler (pale yellowish gray); feet dark grayish horn color (in dried skins) ; 292 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. length (skins), 190-220 (202); wing, 110-118.5 (115); tail, 68.5-82.5 (74.5); culmen, 24-28 (26.7); tarsus, 20-21.5 (20.6); outer anterior toe, 9.5-12 (10.5).% Adult female——Similar to the adult male but without any yellow on head, the entire pileum glossy blue-black, usually more or less streaked or spotted with grayish white on forehead and crown, but sometimes immaculate; length (skins), 181-199 (190); wing, 109-116 (111.9); tail, 69.5-77 (72.9); culmen, 22.5-26.5 (24.4); tarsus, 19-20 (19.7); outer anterior toe, 9.5-10.5 (10). Canadian Zone and part of Hudsonian Zone of North America, chiefly east of Rocky Mountains; north to Labrador (Okak; Lance au Loup; Black Bay; Maklovik River; Hopedale), northern Ungava (Fort Chimo; Forks; Davis Inlet), Keewatin (Severn River; Fort Churchill), and southern Mackenzie (Fort Simpson; Fort Franklin; Fort Anderson; Great Bear Lake); west to Alberta (Smoky Trail; 15 miles west and 15 miles south of Henry House), British Columbia (Ashmola River, September 30), and eastern Idaho (west slope Bitter- root Mountains, September;° breeding southward to Anticosti Island, a Twenty-one specimens. 6 Kighteen specimens. Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Ten adult males from Maine (6), New Brunswick (1), and IN@W? VOLK (3) a= 22 = oS atoaesde a tees sees seen emneesceeseuee 113. 8 73.1 26.9 20. 7 10.6 Two adult males from Newfoundland......................-..- 116.8 73. 8 26. 8 20. 8 11.3 Nine adult males from Quebec (1), Labrador (6), and Un- SE VEY) ese etc So a Ws yf le Bo ae aR et 116 76.1| 26.4] 20.4 9.2 Ten adult males (P. a. fasciatus) from Mackenzie.............. 116.8 74.2 Zi 19.9 10. 4 Twenty adult males (P. a. fasciatus) from Alaska (18) and Miukkonherritony, (2) essere ee as. ee Eee SOLS eS 116.8 73. 4 2d 20. 3 10.5 Ten adult males (P. a. dorsalis) from Rocky Mountains of Poulin Mtatee’..- hz. 2. el) eae A ACO ela hs = BREE | 1233] 752] 289] 209] 108 FEMALES. Ten adult females from New York (1), Maine (5), and New IBTaTS WICK (4) 5-2 Soak Sa oe bre gente ee ere ene Ee oe eee 111.6 72.4 24. 4 19.7 9.9 Eight adult females from Labrador (4) and Ungava (4).......- 112.1 73.5 24.3 19.7 10 Ten adult females (P. a. fasciatus) from Mackenzie (9) and Athabasca) sav coc toon: hoe eels aes ae cra ee ee ee EE 113.1 72.8 23.6 19 9.7 Thirteen adult females (P. a. fasciatus) from Alaska..........- 113 73.6 24.1 19.6 10.1 Ten adult females (P. a. dorsalis) from Rocky Mountains of inited States sich urs lee soe ee ee kee ees ese ee ee oe 121.5 76.1 26.5 20. 6 10. 6 ¢ The occurrence in far western localities, well within the range of P. a. fasciatus, of perfectly typical examples of P. a. americanus, is very puzzling. Except those found in southern Mackenzie, however, such specimens are all fall or winter birds, and may be migrants. The specimen from the Bitterroot Mountains is even an extreme example of P. a. americanus. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 293 northern New York (Herkimer, Lewis, and Hamilton counties), northern Ontario, etc.; sporadically or irregularly southward in winter to Massachusetts, southern Ontario, northern Michigan, northern Wisconsin, northern Minnesota, etc. [Picus] tridactylus (not of Linnzus) Forster, Philos. Trans., xii, 1772, 388 (Severn R., Keewatin). Picus tridactylus Bonaparte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., ii, pt. i, 1826, 46, 437 (descr. plumages); Synop. Birds U. S., 1828, 46.—Swainson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pl. 56 (sources of Athabasca R.).—Nutratt, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, 1832, 578.—AupuBon, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 197, pl. 132; v, 1839, 538. Picus (Apternus) tridactylus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, 311 (sources of Athabasca R.).—Nvtratu, Man. Orn. U. 8. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 602. (?)Picus undulatus VirerttoT, Ois. Am. Sept., ii, 1807, 69 (based on Picus varius cayanensis Brisson, Orn., iv, 54; Pic tacheté de Cayenne Daubenton, Pl. Enl., pl. 553).—BonnaTERRE and Vreruot, Enc. Méth., iii, 1823, 1319. Tridactylia undulata STEPHENS, Shaw’s Gen. Zool., ix, 1815, 220. T[ridactylia] undulata CaBanis and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 28 (n. North America; Labrador). (?)Picus undosus CuvigR, Régne Anim., 2d ed., i, 1829, 451 (same basis as P. undulatus Vieillot). (?)Picus undatus TemMinck, Tabl. Méth., 1835-39, 63 (same basis as P. undu- latus Vieillot). Picoides variegatus VALENCIENNES, Dict. Sci. Nat., xl, 1826, 191, part. Picus hirsutus Vieruuot, Nouv. Dict. d’ Hist. Nat., xxvi, 1818, 103, part (Hudson Bay; cites Ois. Am. Sept.).—WacGLeErR, Syst. Av., 1827, Picus, sp. 132.— AupDuUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, 184; Synopsis, 1839, 183; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 268, pl. 269.—Nurratz, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., Land Birds, ed. 2, 1840, 622. Apternus hirsutus BONAPARTE, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39. [Apternus] hirsutus BoNaParTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 139; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8). A[pternus] hirsutus REICHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 361, pl. 630, figs. 4192, 4193. P{icoides] hirsutus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 434. Picoides hirsutus MALHERBE, Mém. Acad. Metz, xxx, 1849, 329.—Bartrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 98; Cat. N .Am. Birds, 1859, no. 83.— (?)BuaxisTon, Ibis, 1863, 52 (n. w. Canada).—Maynarp, Birds e. N. Am., 1879, 247. Picus hirsitus AUDUBON, Orn. Biog., v, 1839, pl. 417, figs. 3, 4. Picoides americanus BrEHM, Handb. Végel Deutschl., 1831, 195 (‘‘Amerika”).— MALHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 176; iii, 1861, pl. 39, figs. 1, 2.—ScLaTER, Cat. Am. Birds, 1862, 335.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picide, 1868, 30.—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 301; 2d ed., 1882, no. 444.—Barrp, Brewer, and Riweway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, pl. 50, fig. 2—Mer- RAM, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 200 (Lewis Co., New York, breeding; descr. nest and eggs); iv, 1879, 6 (Lewis Co., resident).—BrewstTer, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. Ht, xxii, 1883, 381 (Ellis Bay, Anticosti I., breeding).— TuRNER, Proc. U. 8S. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 242 (Labrador).—AMERICAN OrniTHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 401.— ALLEN, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., i, 1886, 247 (Massachusetts records; accidental 294 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. in winter).—RatruH and Baae, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., ili, 1886, 123 (Her- kimer and Hamilton counties, New York, rare resident).—CHADBOURNE, Auk, iv, 1887, 104 (White Mts., New Hampshire, 3960 ft.).—Tuompson, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 550 (n. e. Manitoba).—Harearrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 279 (Big Moose Lake, Moose R., Hamilton Co., and Her- kimer Co., New York; etc.).—Coox, Bull. 54, Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1893, 88 (n. peninsula and Gogebic district, Michigan, visitant)—BENDIRE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 77.—Morreu, Auk, xvi, 1899, 251 (Nova Scotia, March).—(?)Ropsiys, Auk, xvii, 1900, 173 (Beverly, Massachu- setts, Jan. 21, 1899 2)—Norron, Proc. Portland Soc. N. H., ii, 1901, 153 (Northwest R., Labrador; descr. young).—FLEemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, winter); xix, 1902, 79 (Toronto, Ontario, Nov. 16, 1901).—Presie, North Am. Fauna, no. 22, 1902, 112 (Severn R., Ft. Churchill, etc., Keewatin)—TowNnseEnp and ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxxiii, 1907, 377 (Labrador).—Roserts, in Wilcox’s Hist. Becker Co., Minn., 1907, 176 (Lake Itasca, breeding in 1902).—Nasu, Vertebr. Ontario, 1908, Birds, p. 50 (resident in northern, rare winter visitant in southern, Ontario).—(?) Swarts, Condor, xiii, 1911, 211 (Admiralty Islands, s. Alaska, resident). [Picoides] americanus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 181, no. 8537—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194, part.—Suarper, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217, part. P{icoides] americanus BrewstTeER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, viii, 1883, 122 (unusual influx into e. Massachusetts, winter of 1860-61).—Covers, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 485, part—Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 287, part. Apternus americanus Swainson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 306. Picus americanus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 15. Picoides tridactylus, var. americanus Barrp, BREWER, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 532, part. Picoides americanus . . . a. americanus CouESs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 284. Picoides americanus americanus Banes, Auk, xvii, April, 1900, 132, part (crit.).— AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Union, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 194.— (?)SwartH, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., vii, 1911, 69 (Freshwater Bay, Chicha- goff Island, Alaska; crit.)—SaunprErs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 37 (Bear Canyon, Gallatin Co., Montana); Condor, xiv, 1912, 26 (Pipestone Creek, Jefferson Co., Montana, Oct. 6, 1909). Picoides tridactylus americanus Rrpaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 6, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 368.—Merriam, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 232 (Adirondack region, New York, resident); Auk, i, 1884, 295 (Point de Monts, Quebec). [ Tridactylia] americana HEINE and ReicHenow, Nom. Mus. Hein. Orn., 1890, 213 (Canada; Labrador). Picus arcticus (not of Swainson) DEKay, Zool. New York, 1844, 190, pl. 17, fig. 36. [Picoides americanus.] Var. fasciatus Barrp, in Cooper’s Orn. Calif., 1870, 385, part. Picoides americanus fasciatus (not of Chapman, 1902) Presie, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 382, part (Ft. Anderson, Mackenzie; some specimens from Ft. Simpson; crit., etc.)—AMERICAN OrniTHOoLoGIstTs’ Unton, Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 190, part. ; @ The vernacular name ‘‘Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker” being coupled with the technical name Picoides americanus, it is uncertain whether this species or P. arcticus is meant. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 295 Picoides americanus bacatus Banas, Auk, xvii, April, 1900, 136 (Bangor, Maine; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Picoides bacatus Hower, Contr. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 15 (Pico Peak, Vermont, breeding above 2,500 ft.). [Picoides] baccatus SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217. Picoides americanus labradorius Banas, Auk, xvii, April, 1900, 138 (Okak, Labrador; coll. J. D. Sornborger). [Picoides] labradorius SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217. PICOIDES AMERICANUS FASCIATUS Baird. ALASKAN THREE-TOED WOODPECKEER. Similar to P. a. americanus, but with much more white on back, the white bars much larger and more or less coalesced along median _line, forming a more or less continuous longitudinal patch; whitish spots on forehead much larger, sometimes coalesced into a nearly uniform dull white frontal area; upper tail-coverts and lower rump barred or spotted with white;* black malar stripe narrower and usually less distinct, and black bars on sides and flanks narrower; averaging slightly larger. Adult male.—Length (skins), 188-215 (202); wing, 113-123 (116.8); tail, 69-80.5 (74.5); culmen, 24-29.5 (27.1); tarsus, 19-21.5 (20); outer anterior toe, 9-11.5 (10.5). Adult female—Length (skins), 181-205 (196); wing, 109-117 (113.1); tail, 68-77 (73); culmen, 22-26 (23.9); tarsus, 18.5-20.5 (19.3); outer anterior toe, 9-10.5 (9.9).¢ Hudsonian and Canadian zones in Alaska (St. Michaels; Russian Mission, lower Yukon; Fort Yukon; Nulato; Kowak River; Una- lakleet; mountains near Eagle; Lake Clark; Coal Creek; Glacier Mountain; Charlie Creek; Circle; head of Toklat River; Nushagak; Tliamna; Hope; Tyoonok; Seldovia; Fort Kenai; Homer; Haines; Shaktolik; Chilcoot; Portage Bay; Prince of Wales Island; Hoonah, Chichagoff Island; Kadiak), Yukon (Dawson; Macmillan River; Forty-mile; Ogilvie Range; Plateau Mountains; Fort Reliance), and western Mackenzie (Fort Simpson; Fort Liard; Fort Rae; Fort Smith; Fort Anderson; Great Bear Lake; Great Slave Lake; Lake Hardisty; Slave River), and southward through western and central Athabasca (Slave River), Assiniboia (near Grenfell, April 3), and Alberta (Jasper House; Grand Cache; Athabasca Landing; Stony River; Henry House; Banff, August; Red Deer, December), to northern Montana (St. Marys Lake, June 4; Columbia Falls, April, October; Glacier Lake, Swift Current River, October; Clarkes Fork, June 7); west to British Columbia (Saturna Island; Vancouver 2 Sometimes even the wing-coverts and middle rectrices are spotted with white. 6 Thirty specimens. ¢ Thirty-three specimens. 296 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Island; Coast Range; Fort Halkett; Caribou) and Washington (Chilowyuck Lake, August). Picoides americanus (not of Brehm) Dati and BannisTER, Trans. Chicago Ac. Scie, i, 1869, 274 (Ft. Yukon to St. Michaels, Alaska).—Covrs, Check List, 1873, no. 301, part; 2d ed., 1882, no. 444, part—Harriavs, Journ. fiir Orn., 1883, 275 (Chilcoot and Portage Bay, Alaska) —BrnpireE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 77, part. [Picoides] americanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194, part.—Snarpe, Hand- list, ii, 1900, 217, part. P{icoides] americanus Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 485, part. Picoides tridactylus, var. americanus Barrp, BREWER, and Ripaway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 532, part. Picoides tridactylus americanus Ripaway, Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 368, part. Picoides americanus . . . a. americanus CovuEs, Birds Northwest, 1874, 284, part. Picoides americanus americanus GRINNELL (J.), Condor, xi, 1909, 205 (Forty-mile, Yukon Terr.; crit.); xii, 1910, 42 (Rapids, Yukon R., and Russian Mission, lower Yukon, Alaska). [Picoides americanus.] Var. fasciatus Barrp, in Cooper’s Orn. Calif., 1870, 385, part (type from Ft. Simpson, Mackenzie; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Picoides americanus fasciatus AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ UNION CommirreE, Auk, Xviii, July, 1901, 300; Check List, 3d ed., 1910, 190, part—Cuapman, Bull. Am. Mus. N. H., xvi, 1902, 240 (Homer, Alaska, Sept.); xx, 1904, 402 (Seldovia, Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, July).—Oscoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 24, 1904, 70 (Iliamna, Lake Clark, Chalitna R., etc., Alaska Peninsula); no, 30, 1909, 39 (Circle, Glacier Mt., etc., Alaska), 61 (Ogilvie Range, Yukon Terr.), 89 (Plateau Mts., Yukon Terr.).—PreEBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 382, part (Ft. Liard, Ft. Rae, and Ft. Simpson, Mackenzie; Athabasca Landing, Alberta; crit.)—Kerrmopeg, Provincial Mus. Victoria, 1909, 49 (Vancouver I. and Coast Range, Brit. Columbia). Apternus hirsutus (not Picus hirsutus Vieillot) Finscu, Abth. Nat. Ver. Bremen, ili, 1872, 61 (Alexandrovsk, Alaska; crit.). Picus tridactylus (not of Linnzeus) Apams, Ibis, 1878, 427 (St. Michaels, Alaska). Picoides tridactylus alascensis Neyson, Auk, i, April, 1884, 165 (Nulato, Alaska; coll. U. 8. Nat. Mus.). Picoides americanus alascensis Ripaway, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., viii, no. 23, Sept. 2, 1885, 355.—AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS’ Unton, Check List, 1886, (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 401, a—Turnrr, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 166 (Nulato; Ft. Yukon).—NeEtson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 157 (Ft. Liard; Ft. Simpson; Anderson R.; Alaska in general; Kadiak).—MacrarLang, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 438 (Ft. Anderson, Mackenzie, breeding).— BEnpIRrE, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 80.—GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 1, 1900, 40 (Kowak R., n. w. Alaska, resident).—BisHop, North Am. Fauna, no. 19, 1900, 78 (Haines, Glacier, Yukon Valley, etc.).—Brooks, Auk, xvii, 1900, 106 (Cascade Mts., s. to Mt. Baker). P{icoides] americanus alascensis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 287. [Picoices americanus.] Subsp. a. Picoides alascensis Hareirr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 280 (part only?; Unalakleet, Nulato, and Shaktolik, Alaska; Ft. Reliance, Yukon Terr.; Ft. Halkett, Brit. Columbia; Ft. Simpson, Great Bear Lake, and Mackenzie R., Mackenzie). Picoides americanus dorsalis (not Picoides dorsalis Baird) TurNER, Contr. Nat. Hist. Alaska, 1886, 166 (St. Michaels; Ft. Yukon; Nushagak). BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 297 (?)Picoides americanus fumipectus GRINNELL (J.), Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., v, no. 2, Feb. 18, 1909, 217 (Hoonah, Chichagoff I., Alaska; coll. Mus. Vertebr. Zool. Univ. Calif.). (?)Picoides americanus dorsalis (not Picoides dorsalis Baird?) Neuson, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 160 (Ft. Kenai; Kodiak).—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 5, 1891, 97 (Salmon R. Mts., Idaho).—Fannin, Check List Birds Brit. Col., 1891, 28 (mts. e. of Cascade Range, n. to Cassiar).—KERMODE, Prov. Mus. Victoria, 1909, 49 (e. of Cascade Range, Brit. Columbia). PICOIDES AMERICANUS DORSALIS (Baird). ALPINE THREE-TOED WOODPECKEER. Similar to white-backed examples of P. a. fasciatus, but larger; white markings on back usually all longitudinal (very rarely with any transverse bars of black), white supra-auricular streak usually broader, forehead usually with more black and less whitish spotting, white spots or bars on inner web of innermost secondaries larger, and sides and flanks usually less heavily barred with black. Adult male—tLength (skins), 190-210 (201); wing, 120.5-128 (123.3); tail, 71-77.5 (75.2); culmen, 26-30.5 (28.9); tarsus, 20-22.5 (20.9); outer anterior toe, 10-12 (10.8).2 Adult female—Length (skins), 191-212 (198); wing, 118-129 (121.5); tail, 70-81.5 (76.1); culmen, 25-28 (26.5); tarsus, 19.5-21.5 (20.6); outer anterior toe, 10-11.5 (10.6).% Boreal forests of Rocky Mountain district, from northern Montana (Paola; east side Bitterroot Mountains; Gallatin Basin; Belt Moun- tains) and Wyoming (Lake Fork; Lower Geyser Basin; Laramie Peak; Fort Bridger), southward through higher mountains of Colorado to New Mexico (Pecos Baldy; Upper Pecos River; Zufii Mountains; Jamez Mountains; Manzano Mountains; Santa Fe Mountains; Twin- ing; Copperton; La Jara Lake; Cantonment Burgwyn; Rio Grande) and Arizona (San Francisco Mountain; White Mountains; Bakers Butte; Willow Springs; Kaibab Plateau). Picoides dorsalis Barrp, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 100 (Laramie Peak, Wyoming; coll. U.S. Nat. Mus.); ed. 1860 (Birds N. Am.), 100, atlas, pl. 85, fig. 1; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 84.—MaLHERBE, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 179.—Cassin, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 203.—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 31.—Merriam, Sixth An. Rep. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872 (1873), 694 (Lower Geyser Basin, Wyoming).—Harairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 278 (Ft. Bridger, Wyoming; Santa Fe Mts. and Rio Grande, New Mexico); Ibis, 1891, 467, in text (crit.). [Picoides] dorsalis Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 181, no. 8538.—Suarprr, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217. T[ridactylia] dorsalis CABANIS and HeErngz, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 26. Picus dorsalis SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 14. [Picoides americanus.] Var. dorsalis BarrD, in Cooper’s Orn. Calif., 1870, 386, 387 (crit.).—Couvrs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194. a Ten specimens. 298 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Picoides americanus, var. dorsalis ALLEN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., iii, 1872, 163 (Mt. Lincoln, Colorado), 180 (mts. of Colorado above 8,000 ft.).—HrnsuHaw, Zool. Exp. W. 100th Merid., 1875, 391 (mts. near Ft. Garland, South Park, Pagosa, and Rio Grande, Colorado; White Mts., Arizona, Oct.).—Scort, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 95 (Twin Lakes, Colorado). Picoides americanus . . . var. dorsalis Cours, Check List, 1873, no. 301a. [Picoides americanus.] b. dorsalis Cours, Birds Northwest, 1874, 285. Picoides tridactylus, var. dorsalis Rripaway, Bull. Essex Inst., v, Nov., 1873, 185 (Colorado), 194 (Colorado; crit.). Picoides tridactylus dorsalis Rripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, March 27, 1880, 7, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 368a.—Drew, Auk, ii, 1885, 17 (Colo- rado, breeding at 8,000-12,000 ft.)—Hrnsnaw, Auk, iii, 1886, 78 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, resident). Picoides americanus, 8. dorsalis Rrpaway, Field and Forest, i, June, 1877, 209 (Colorado). Picoides americanus dorsalis Drew, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 141 (San Juan Co., Colorado).—(?)Wmurams, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana).—Coves, Check List, 2d ed., 1882, no. 445.—AMERICAN OrnitHoLoaists’ Unton, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 4016; 3d ed., 1910, 190.—Mearns, Auk, vii, 1890, 252 (San Francisco Mt., Arizona, breeding in pine and spruce belts; habits, etc.)—Merrriam, North Am. Fauna, no. 3, 1890, 92 (San Francisco Mt., in spruce and balsam belt).— Ricumonp and Knowtton, Auk, xi, 1894, 303 (Gallatin R., s.-centr. Mon- tana, 7,200 ft., Aug.)—Brnpire, Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 80.— Cooxe, Bull. Col. Agric. Coll., no. 37, 1897, 83 (Colorado, resident, 8,000- 12,000 ft.).—Banas, Auk, xvii, 1900, 135 (crit.) —HmNDERsoN, Univ. Colo. Studies Zool., vi, 1909, 231 (mts. of Colorado, resident).—SaunpeErs, Auk, xxviii, 1911, 37 (Gallatin Co., Montana); Condor, xiv, 1912, 26 (Silver Bow and Jefferson counties, Montana).—Jrewetr, Condor, xiv, 1912, 192 (Saw- tooth Mts., Idaho, 7,500 ft., Nov.). P{icoides] a[mericanus] dorsalis Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 485. P{icoides] americanus dorsalis Ripaway, Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 287. Picoides arcticus . . . var. dorsalis HENSHAW, Rep. Orn. Spec. Wheeler’s Surv., 1874, 89 (mts. near Ft. Garland, 10,000 ft., and South Park, Colorado, June). _ Picoides arcticus dorsalis BatteY (Florence M.), Auk, xxi, 1904, 353 (upper Pecos R., New Mexico, 11,600 ft., breeding.) Picoides tridactylus, var. americanus (not Picoides americanus Brehm) Barrp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1874, 532, part. PICOIDES ARCTICUS (Swainson). BLACK-BACKED THREE-TOED WOODPECKER. Adult male.—Crown bright yellow (canary yellow or naples yellow to orange); rest of pileum, except (usually) extreme anterior portion of forehead, together with orbital, superciliary, and auricular regions, hindneck, and sides of neck, uniform glossy blue-black; rest of upper parts black, or sooty black, the scapulars and interscapulars broadly margined with glossy blue-black, the lesser wing-coverts narrowly margined with the same, the middle wing-coverts and upper tail- coverts margined with deeper black than central portion; outer webs of remiges, except inner or proximal secondaries (‘‘tertials’’) spotted with white; four middle rectrices black, the next pair mostly black, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 299 but the distal portion, more or less extensively, brownish white or pale rusty brown, usually tipped with black, the three lateral pairs (including rudimentary outer rectrices) mostly white, more or less strongly tinged terminally with brownish; nasal tufts dusky, some- times finely streaked with paler; extreme anterior portion of fore- head usually white, grayish white, or pale grayish, a broad white stripe extending thence across lores and beneath orbital and auricular regions to side of neck; malar region black or blue-black, forming a stripe which extends posteriorly across sides of neck, where usually confluent with the black neck area; under parts white, the sides and flanks broadly barred with black, the bars less regular and sometimes broken into spots or streaks on anterior portion of sides; bill slate color, the mandible usually paler, scmetimes light bluish gray or horn gray, especially toward base; iris reddish brown or chestnut; legs and feet dusky grayish (slate color or slate-gray in life); length (skins), 205-248 (220); wing, 125-134 (129.5); tail, 74-85 (77.9); culmen, 31-35 (33); tarsus, 21.5-24 (22.9); outer anterior toe, 11.5-13.5 (12.6).¢ Adult female-—Similar to the adult male, but without any yellow on crown, the entire pileum being uniform glossy blue-black; length (skins), 207-234 (221); wing, 123-133.5 (126.8); tail, 73.5-84.5 (78.8); culmen, 28.5-34.5 (30.7); tarsus, 21-23 (22); outer anterior toe, 11-13 (12.2). Young male.—Similar to the adult male, but yellow crown-patch smaller, black of upper parts duller, white of under parts duller and a Thirty-nine specimens. b Thirty-four specimens. x- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- , c en. rior toe. MALEs. Two adult males from Newfoundland........................- 125.3 82.5 32. 5 22.5 12.5 Ten adult males from New Brunswick (3), Nova Scotia (1), Matinee) ,jand New Work (i): s:som sooo. LR kee 129.5 80. 1 32.8 22.9 12.4 Ten adult males from Minnesota to Mackenzie...............-. 130. 3 80. 4 33. 8 23. 2 13 Oneindultmalefrom Alaska... ... 22.055. ddeide ewe kce -- dene! HAD yy .a|e eases 34 22.5 13 Six adult males from Montana (4) and Idaho (2)..............- 130 79.5 32.7 22.8 LON: Ten adult males from California (4), western Nevada (2), Oregon (2), and British Columbia (2)..................-.--+- 129.7 79.2 32. 6 22.5 12.2 FEMALES. One adult female from Newfoundland.....................---- 125) 5 82.5 30 22 1255 Ten adult females from New Brunswick (1), Maine (5), and ERO On keh) eee ee eee Sah uN ak eee Baa ae 126. 6 78.7 30.1 22 12.3 Ten adult females from Minnesota to Mackenzie............... 127 79. 7 31.5 22.2 12.2 Two adult females from Montana (1) and Idaho (1)............ 126 75.3 31 22 12 Ten adult females from California (2), western Nevada (1), Oregon (1), Washington (1), and British Columbia (5)....... 127 78.5 30.8 21.9 11.9 One adult female from Ungava..............-.022e0-eeeeeee eee 126.5 |. 478 29 22 12.5 300 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. tinged on chest with pale brownish gray, and bars on sides and flanks slate-black and much less sharply defined. Young female.—Similar to the young male, but yellow crown-spot much smaller (sometimes absent ?). Canadian life-zone of North America; north to central Alaska (Mechatna River; Yukon River), Yukon (Fort Reliance), southern Mackenzie (Fort Anderson; Fort Rae; Fort Providence), central Keewatin, and northern Ungava (Forks); breeding southward to Maine, New Hampshire (Franconia), Vermont (Lunenburg), north- ern New York (Lewis, Hamilton, and Herkimer counties), northern Ontario (Parry Sound; Muskoka), northern Michigan (Porcupine Mountains; Cheboygan County; Crawford County; Oscoda County), northern Minnesota (Carlton, Cass, and Becker counties), Montana (Prickly Pear Canyon between Helena and Fort Shaw; Columbia Falls), Wyoming (Black Hills), Oregon (Plymouth; Fort Klamath) and northeastern California (Honey Lake); in winter, sporadically or irregularly southward to Massachusetts (Plymouth; Lynn; Wo- burn; Winchendon; Hyde Park; Cape Cod), Connecticut (East Windsor Hill), Pennsylvania (Pocono Mountains), southern Ontario, northern Ohio, northeastern Illinois (Chicago), Wisconsin (Menomonie), east- ern Nebraska (Omaha), etc., and in Sierra Nevada to latitude 39° or farther. ' Picus (Apternus) arcticus Swarnson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pp. xxvi, 313 (eastern slope of Rocky Mts. near sources of Athabasca R.).—NutTrat1, Man. Orn. U. S. and Can., Water Birds, 1834, 603; Land Birds, 2d ed., 1840, 691. Apternus arcticus SwAINson, Classif. Birds, ii, 1837, 306.—Bonaparte, Geog. and Comp. List, 1838, 39.—Nrwserry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., vi, 1857, 91 (Cascade Mts., Oregon). [A pternus] arcticus BoNaParRTE, Consp. Av., i, 1850, 189; Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 123 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 8).—Licutenstein, Nom. Av. Mus. Berol., 1854, 75. A[pternus] arcticus REICHENBACH, Handb. Scansores, Picine, 1854, 361, pl. 630, figs. 4189, 4190, 4191. Picus arcticus Swanson, Fauna Bor.-Am., ii, 1831, pl. 57—Gioaer, Handb. Naturg. Vég. Eur., 1834, 462, footnote.—Nutra.t, Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 691.—AupuBon, Synopsis, 1839, 182; Birds Am., oct. ed., iv, 1842, 266, pl. 268.—Putnam, Proc. Essex Inst., 1856, 214 (Massachusetts).— SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 15. Plicus] arcticus Wittis, An. Rep. Smithson. Inst. for 1858 (1859), 284 (Nova Scotia, resident). Plicoides] arcticus Gray, Gen. Birds, ii, 1845, 434.—Cours, Key N. Am. Birds, 2d ed., 1884, 485.—Ripeway, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., x, 1874, 377 (n. Illinois, win- ter visitant); Man. N. Am. Birds, 1887, 287.—Nxtson, Bull. Essex Inst., vili, 1876, 115 (Chicago, Illinois, 1 spec.). Picoides arcticus Barry, Rep. Pacific R. R. Surv., ix, 1858, 98; Cat. N. Am. Birds, 1859, no. 82.—MatHersBe, Mon. Picid., i, 1861, 174; iii, 1861, pl. 39, figs. 5, 6.—BoarpMan, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., 1862, 123 (Maine).—BLaxIsTon, Ibis, 1863, 51 (Red R. Settlement, Manitoba; Mackenzie R.; w. slope Rocky — Mts.).—Lorp, Proc. Roy. Artil. Inst. Woolwich, iv, 1864, 112 (mts. Brit. — Columbia).—McItwrairu, Proc. Essex Inst., 1866, 83 (Hamilton, Ontario, 4 BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 301 winter).—TURNBULL, Birds E. Penn. and N. J., 1869, 41 (Pocono Mts., n. Pennsylvania, occasional).—Coorrr, Orn. Calif., 1870, 384 (summit of Sierra Nevada).—Covgs, Check List, 1873, no. 300; 2d ed., 1882, no. 443; Birds Northwest, 1874, 284.—Merriam, Sixth An. Rep. U. 8. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1872 (1873), 694 (Lower Geyser Basin, Wyoming); Trans. Conn. Ac. Sci., iv, 1877, 64 (Simsbury and East Winsor Hill, Connecticut, winter); Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 6 (Lewis Co., New York, resident); vii, 1882, 236 (Point de Monts, Quebec, resident); North Am. Fauna, no. 16, 1899, 115 (Mt. Shasta, California, breeding).—Bairp, Brewer, and Ripeway, Hist. N. Am. Birds, li, 1874, 530, pl. 50, fig. 1—Rip@way, Orn. 40th Parallel, 1877, 548 (Sierra Nevada, near Carson City, winter); Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., iii, 1880, 189; Nom. N. Am. Birds, 1881, no. 367;Orn. Illinois, i, 1889, 379.—Bre.pine, Proc.U. S. Nat. Mus., i, 1878, 429 (Soda Springs and Summit Meadows, Sierra Nevada, Sept.).—Roserts, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iv, 1879, 154 (Carlton Co., Minne- sota, breeding; Minneapolis, winter); An. Rep. Geol.and N. H. Surv. Minn., 1880, 163 (Grand Marais and Black Point, Minnesota, Aug.).—BRrEwsTER, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, iii, 1878, 180 (descr. young male); vi, 1881, 182 (Plym- outh, Massachusetts, Dec.); viii, 1883, 122 (Lynn, Massachusetts, abundant winter of 1860-61); Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xxii, 1883, 881 (near Gaspe and mouth of Mingan R., Gulf of St. Lawrence, summer); Auk, i, 1884, 93(Woburn, Massachusetts, Oct., 1883); v, 1888, 254 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon; crit.), 390 (Winchendon, Massachusetts, winter).—Dranez, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, v, 1880, 56 (Hyde Park, Massachusetts, winter).—Gunn, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, 1881, 119 (Cheboygan Co., Michigan, breeding).—Winu1aMs, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 62 (Belt Mts., Montana, breeding).—BatcHE.peEr, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vii, 1882, 150 (Grand Falls and Fairfield, New Brunswick).— Woop, Orn. and Oolog., ix, 1884, 62 (30 m. n. of Mackinac, Michigan).—Tur- NER, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 242 (Labrador).—AMERICAN ORNI- THoLOGistTs’ Unron, Check List, 1886 (and 2d ed., 1895), no. 400; 3d ed., 1910, 189.—Ratpu and Baae, Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., iii, 1886, 123 (Herkimer and Hamilton Counties, New York, breeding).—Srton, Auk, iii, 1886, 155 (Big Plainand Red R. Valley, w. Manitoba).—ALuEN, Bull.Am. Mus. N.H.,i, 1886, 246 (Massachusetts records).—NeE.son, Rep. Nat. Hist. Coll. Alaska, 1887, 157 (Ft. Reliance, upper Yukon).—F axon and ALLEN, Auk, v, 1888, 151(Franconia, New Hampshire, 1 spec., June).—Brnpire, Auk, v, 1888, 240 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, breeding); Life Hist. N. Am. Birds, ii, 1895, 74.—Mrrriii, Auk, v, 1888, 254 (Ft. Klamath, Oregon, breeding).—Brirrain and Cox, Auk, vi, 1889, 117 (Restigouche Valley, New Brunswick, summer).—DvutcueEr, Auk, vi, 1889, 136 (Long Island, 1 spec., winter).—Hassrouck, Auk, vii, 1890, 206 (near Syracuse and Tully, centr. New York, winter).—Hareirt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 282 (Big Moose Lake and Hamilton Co., New York, June; Menonomee, Wisconsin, Oct.; Honey Lake, California, June; etc.).— CANTWELL, Orn. and Oolog., xv, 1890, 133 (n. Minnesota, breeding).—THomp- son, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., xiii, 1890, 549 (Manitoba, resident; habits).—Mac- FARLANE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xiv, 1891, 437 (Ft. Anderson, Mackenzie, breeding).—Cook, Bull. Mich. Agric. Exp. Sta., 1893, 88 (northern peninsula of Michigan, breeding).—FiEemine, Auk, xviii, 1901, 39 (Parry Sound and Muskoka, n. Ontario, breeding).—Cary, Auk, xviii, 1901, 234 (Black Hills, Wyoming, June).—Howe, Contr. Am. Orn., ii, 1902, 15 (Lunenburg, Ver- mont, breeding).—Currier, Auk, xxi, 1904, 35 (Leech Lake, Minnesota, breeding).—Nicuots, Auk, xxi, 1904, 81 (Cape Cod, Massachusetts, 1 spec., Dec.).—Oseoop, North Am. Fauna, no. 24, 1904, 70 (Malchatna R., Alaska).— Woop and Frorninenam, Auk, xxii, 1905, 47 (Crawford Co., Michigan, July, Sept.; Oscoda Co., June)—Woop, Wilson Bull., no. 51, 1905, 50 (Les Che- 302 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. neaux I., Michigan, abundant in Oct. and Nov.).—Wriaut, Auk, xxii, 1905, 80 (Middlesex Co., Massachusetts, 1 spec., Oct., Nov.).—ApDams, Ecol. Surv. N. Mich., 1906, 115 (Porcupine Mts., Michigan, July).—ANpDERsoNn, Proc. Davenport Ac. Sci., xi, 1907, 274 (Omaha, Nebraska, 1 spec., Dec. 15; Dakota City, 1 spec.).—Wooprurr, Bull. vi, Chicago Ac. Sci., 1907, 110 (Chicago area, rare winter visitant).—ToWNSEND and ALLEN, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., Xxxili, 1907, 376 (Labrador, common resident).—PREBLE, North Am. Fauna, no. 27, 1908, 381 (north to lat. 63° on Mackenzie R.).—Nasu, Vertebr. Ont., 1908, Birds, p. 49 (n. Ontario, resident).—GRINNELL, Condor, xii, 1910, 42 (Yukon R., Alaska). [Picoides] arcticus Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 181, no. 8539.—Covugs, Key N. Am. Birds, 1872, 194.—SuHarpe, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 217. Picoides arcticus arcticus Banas, Auk, xvii, April, 1900, 129 (crit.). T{ridactylia] arctica CABANIS and Herne#, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, 1863, 27. Picus tridactylus (not of Linnzeus) Bonapartse, Am. Orn., 1, 1828, 14, pl. 14, fig. 2—Jarp1INE, ed. Wilson’s Am. Orn., iii, 1832, 423, pl. 14, fig. 2—Aupv- BON, Orn. Biog., ii, 1834, 198; v, 1839, 538, pl. 182.—NurrTa., Man. Orn. U.S. and Can., 2d ed., i, 1840, 578. Picoides arcticus tenuirostris Banas, Auk, xvii, no. 2, April, 1900, 131 (Ft. Kla- math, Oregon; coll. W. Brewster). Picoides tenuirostris GRINNELL (J.), Pacific Coast Avifauna, no. 3, June, 1902, 38 (California range).—Ray, Auk, xx, 1903, 184 (high Sierra Nevada, centr. California, breeding). [Picoides] tenuirostris SaarPe, Hand-list, 11, 1900, 217. Genus PICUMNUS Temmincek. Picumnus TemMinck, Planches Col., livr. 62, Sept., 1825, text to pl. 371. (Type, P.. cirrhatus Temminck.) Asthenurus Swatnson, Zool. Journ., iii, 1828, 353. (Type, Pipra minuta Linnzus. ) . Piculus Grorrroy Sarnt-Hiwarre, Nouv. Ann. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., ser. 3, i, 1832, 396. (Type, Pipra minuta Linneus.) Microcolaptes Bonaparte, Ateneo Italiano, ii, 1854, 126 (Consp. Volucr. Zygod., 1854, 11). (Type, Picumnus d’orbignianus Lafresnaye.) Craugiscus © CaABANIS and Herne, Mus. Hein., iv, heft 2, May, 1863,10. (Type, Picumnus cinnamomeus Wagler.) Very small Picumnine (wing about 49-55 mm.) with nostril much nearer to tomium than to culmen, gonys much longer than mandi- bular rami, outermost (tenth) primary less than half as long as ninth, inner web of middle rectrices white or pale yellow, culmen longer than outer hind toe without claw, and without whitish or dusky stripes on side of head. Bill shorter than head, much compressed, cuneate in lateral profile, pointed, or not distinctly chisel-shaped at tip, its width at anterior end of nostrils decidedly less than its depth at same point; culmen straight or slightly convex, distinctly but not sharply ridged; | gonys straight or very nearly so, ascending terminally, faintly ridged; maxilla without supranasal ridge or prenasal groove, its tomium slightly convex and deflected for basal half. Nostril very | a “Diminutivform von xpavyéc, Specht.’’ (Cabanis and Heine.) BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 303 small, longitudinally elliptical or subcuneate, much nearer to tomium than to culmen, covered by a conspicuous antrorse and semierect dense prefrontal tuft of rather short, bristly tipped feathers. Feath- ers of malar apex semiantrorse, short, but with distinct bristle-like tips, those of the chin with recurved, semiantrorse, bristle-like tips. Orbital region naked for a considerable distance around eyes, the margin of eyelids without feathers. Wing short and rounded, very concave beneath, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by much less than length of culmen; sixth and seventh or fifth, sixth and seventh primaries longest, the eighth shorter than fifth (sometimes nearly equal to third), the ninth much shorter than first, the tenth less than half as long as ninth. Tail a little more than half to three-fifths as long as wing, strongly rounded or graduated, the rectrices rather narrow, not rigid, with slender shaft and soft, rounded tip. Tarsus longer than outer hind toe without claw, the planta tarsi with a single row of large quadrate scutella; outer toes equal in length or the posterior one very slightly longer; inner front toe with its claw reaching nearly (sometimes quite) to base of claw of outer toe. Coloration.—Pileum black dotted with white (the crown partly red or orange in adult males); back and scapulars grayish brown or olive, sometimes dotted with white or barred or squamated with dusky; tail black, the inner web of middle pair of rectrices white or pale yellow; under parts whitish or yellowish barred or squamated with black Gn part, at least), or brown spotted with white or with chest and indistinct stripes on sides plain olive. Range.—Honduras to southern Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Peru. (About thirty-five species, all but one of them South American.*”) KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF PICUMNUS OLIVACEUS. a. Crown streaked with orange-red or yellowish orange. (Adult males.) b. Crown streaked with orange-red (scarlet). ce. Back, etc., more buffy or yellowish olive; chest more buffy; yellow of posterior under aes more creamy; wing averaging 55.8, tail 28.8, culmen 11.6, outer anterior toe 10.4. (Central Colombia.) Picumnus olivaceus olivaceus (extralimital).® cc. Back, etc., darker and less buffy or yellowish olive; chest less buffy; yellow of posterior under parts less creamy (more sulphur yellow); wing averag- ing 53.3, tail 28, culmen 12.3, outer anterior toe 11.2 (Eastern Nicaragua ONG.) 0 c= o gn ces aot. Seek Picumnus olivaceus dimotus (p. 307). @ The above generic description is based on P. olivaceus, P. spilogaster, P. cir- rhatus, P. minutus, P. squamulatus, P. pygmxus, and P. guttifer. 6 Plicumnus] olivaceus Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., viii, Jan., 1845, 7 (Bogoté, Colombia; coll. Massena).—Picumnus olivaceus SUNDEVALL, Consp. Picin., 1866, 104; Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 548, part (excl. syn. P. flavotinctus and specimens from Honduras).—Picumnus olivaceus olivaceus Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (geog. range). 304 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. bb. Crown streaked with yellowish orange or orange-yellow.@ c. Back, etc., much more yellowish olive; under parts more buffy; smaller (wing averaging 51.4, tail 24.6, culmen 11.1, outer anterior toe 9.5). (Eastern Panag.) 220/09 tot Jota ase lepa eres eta Picumnus olivaceus panamensis (p. 304). cc. Back, etc., much less yellowish olive; under parts less buffy; larger (wing averaging 53.1, tail 27.7, culmen 11, outer anterior toe 10.7). (Western Panama and southwestern Costa Rica.) Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus (p. 306). aa. Crown without red, orange, or orange-yellow streaks (minutely dotted with white instead). b. Ground color of pileum deep black. c. Back, etc., more buffy olive. Picumnus olivaceus olivaceus, adult female (extralimital). cc. Back, etc., more greenish olive. (Western Colombia.) Picumnus olivaceus granadensis, adult female (extralimital).® bb. Ground color of pileum sooty, sooty black, or dull black. c. Ground-color of pileum sooty black or dull black; general coloration darker and less buffy; wing and tail longer (wing 52-54, tail 26-30). d. Back, etc., clearer or more greenish olive; chest less yellowish or buffy; white dots on pileum larger. Picumnus olivaceus dimotus, adult female (p. 307). dd. Back, etc., more buffy olive; chest more buffy; white dots on pileum smaller, those on crown less numerous. Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus, adult female (p. 306). cc. Ground color of pileum dark sooty brown; general coloration paler and more buffy; wing and tail shorter (wing 50.5, tail 24). Picumnus olivaceus panamensis, adult female (p. 305). PICUMNUS OLIVACEUS PANAMENSIS Ridgway. PANAMA PICULET. Similar to P. o. granadensis,® but smaller; coloration decidedly more yellowish olive, pileum much duller black, and feathers of malar region and chin more narrowly margined with black or with these markings obsolete. Adult male.—Pileum dull black, the crown with short, narrow streaks of orpiment orange, the occiput with small circular spots or dots of white; back, scapulars, and rump plain yellowish olive, the wing-coverts similar, but darker and margined or edged with color of back or slightly paler; remiges dusky grayish brown, the secondaries broadly (but not sharply) edged with dull light buffy olive-yellowish (nearly pale wax yellow), the median portion of proximal secondaries (broadly) light grayish brown or hair brown, the primaries narrowly a T have not seen the adult male of P. o. granadensis, which belongs to this section. b Picumnus granadensis Lafresnaye, Rev. Zool., x, March, 1847, 78 (Cali, w. Ecuador; coll. De Lattre; type now in coll. Phila. Acad. Nat. Sci.); Malherbe, Mon. Picid., ii, 1862, pl. 118, fig. 3; Sundevall, Consp. Picin., 1866, 104. [Picumnus olivaceus.] Subsp. @&. Picumnus granadensis Hargitt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 549, part (excl. specimens from Panama, Chiriqui, and Ecuador).—Picumnus olivaceus granadensis Ridgway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (geog. range). I have seen only the female of this form. BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 305 edged (except distally) with pale yellowish olive; upper tail-coverts pale buffy yellow; tail dull black, the middle pair of rectrices with inner web and inner portion of outer web pale buffy yellow (pale naples yellow or straw yellow), the two outer pairs with a broad, oblique subterminal area of the same or pale yellowish buff; auricular region plain light yellowish or buffy olive, the feathers along upper margin with a guttate or cuneate streak of dull white, the general light buffy olive color fading below to pale olive-buffy on chin and throat, this passing into deeper olive-buffy or pale buffy olive (more buffy than color of auricular region) on chest and upper breast; rest of under parts light buffy yellow (nearly straw or naples yellow) rather broadly but not sharply streaked with grayish brown or olive; under wing-coverts mostly buff, the inner webs of remiges broadly edged with pale yellowish buff or buffy yellow; bill blackish ter- minally, more grayish basally; feet dusky grayish (in dried skins); length (skins), 83-85 (84); wing, 49.5-53.5 (51.4); tail, 24-25.5 (24.6); culmen, 10.5-12 (11.1); tarsus, 11.5-12.5 (12); outer anterior toe, 10-10.5 (10.4).¢ Adult female.—Similar to the adult male, but crown without orange streaks (sparsely and minutely dotted with white), the ground color dark sooty brown rather than blackish; length (skin), 76; wing, 50,5; tail, 24; culmen, 12; tarsus, 12.5; outer anterior toe, 10.5.° Young male.—Kssentially lke adults, but dark sooty of pileum passing anteriorly into light brownish gray on forehead, nape and @ Four specimens. b One specimen. Average measurements of the several forms of this species (according to material examined) are as follows: Ex- Outer Locality. Wing. | Tail. | posed | Tarsus.| ante- culmen. rior toe. MALES. Seven adult males of P. o. olivaceus (from Bogota, Colombia)..| 55.8 28.8 11.6 12. 4 10. 4 (No adult males of P. 0. granadensis seen) Four adult males of P. 0. panamensis (from eastern Panama)..| 51.4 24.6 11.1 12 10. 4 Ten adult males of P. o. flavotinctus from southwestern Costa REPRE rR Ges ne ite SSL VE yy in EEL aR 53. 1 27.7 11 12.2 10.7 Three adult males of P. 0. dimotus from Honduras (2) and PeReUBCATA CIs (yes otk ee. es tes ek ta 53.3 28 12.3 12.5 11.2 FEMALES. One adult female of P. o. olivaceus, from Bogoté..............- 54.5 | 28.5 10.5 12 9.5 Four adult females of P. 0. granadensis, from near Honda, | DY RAG AIG e op hs) OST 4 ae aR ad a a eee ee Reh Ke 54. 2 27.2 11.2 12. 2 10.5 One adult female of P. o. panamensis, from eastern Panama...| 50.5 24 2 | 12.5 10. 5 Ten adult females of P. o. flavotinctus, from southwestern OUTED LEP Ws ea ee 2 0 ee 52. 7 Zot 11 12.2 10. 4 One adult female of P. o. dimotus, from Honduras...........-. 54 27.5 11 12e5 10.5 ' 3622°—Bull. 50, pt 6—14 20 306 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. sides of occiput streaked with dull white (instead of dotted with pure white), wing-coverts distinctly margined with pale buffy olive or olive-buffy, and streaks on sides, etc., more dusky. Eastern Panama (Lion Hill and Obispo stations, Panama Railway). Picumnus granadensis (not of Lafresnaye) LAWRENCE, Ann. Lyc. N. Y., vii, 1862, 333 (Lion Hill, e. Panama), Picumnus olivaceus (not of Lafresnaye) Hararrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 548, part (in synonymy).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 452, part (Lion Hill and Obispo, e. Panama).—Banas, Proc. New Engl. Zool. Club, ii, 1900, 18 (Loma del Leon, i. e., Lion Hill, e. Panama; crit.). Picumnus olivaceus panamensis Ripaway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (Lion Hill Station, Panama; coll. U. 8S. Nat. Mus.). PICUMNUS OLIVACEUS FLAVOTINCTUS (Ridgway). VERAGUA PICULET. Similar to P. 0. panamensis but larger (except. bill), and coloration darker and duller, the color of back, etc., much less yellowish olive, under parts less buffy, and black margins to feathers of malar region and chin more distinct. Much more closely resembling P. 0. grana- densis in general coloration but pileum much duller black. Adult male—Length (skins), 82-89 (86); wing, 51-54.5 (53.1); tail, 26.5-29.5 (27.7); culmen, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 11.5-13 (12.2); outer anterior toe, 10-11 (10.7).¢ Adult female.—Length (skins), 83-89 (85); wing, 52-54 (52.7); tail, 26-30 (27.7); culmien, 10.5-11.5 (11); tarsus, 11.5-12.5 (12.2); outer anterior toe, 1011 (10.4). @ ~ Western Panama (Divala; Bugaba; Mina de Chorcha), and south- western Costa Rica (Pozo Aztl de Pirris; Pozo del Rio Grande; Buenos Aires; Boruca; Palmar; Térraba; Paso Real; El General). Picumnus flavotinctus Ripaway, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xi, sig. 34, Sept. 20, 1889, 543 (Pozo Azul de Pirris, s. w. Costa Rica; coll. U. S. Nat. Mus.). Picumnus olivaceus flavotinctus Hartert, Novit. Zool., ix, Dec. 16, 1902, 606 (crit.).—Banes Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, 1903, 147, in text; Auk, xxiv, 1907, 293 (Boruca, Paso Rel, and Pozo del Rio Grande, s. w. Costa Rica.—CarRRIKER, Ann. Carnegie Mus., vi, 1910, 594 (lowlands of s. w. Costa Rica; habits).—Ripeway, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, 1911, 34 (geog. range). Plicumnus] o[livaceus| flavotinctus Hettmayr, Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, xxiii, 1909, 67, in text. Picumnus olivaceus (not of Lafresnaye) SctaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 212 (Mina de Chorcha and Bugaba, w. Panama; crit.).—ZELE- pon, Cat. Aves de Costa Rica, 1882, 24; Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 111 (Costa Rica); Anal. Mus. Nac. Costa Rica, i, 1888, 124 (Costa Rica).— Hareairt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 548, part (in synonymy).—SALVIN and GopMANn, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 452, part (Pozo Azul de Pirris, Costa Rica; Bugaba and Mina de Chorcha, w. Panama). @ Ten specimens, from Costa Rica, BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 307 Picumorus olivaceus CHERRIE, Expl. Zool. Merid. Costa Rica, 1893, 46 (Palmar, Boruca, Térraba, and Buenos Aires, s. w. Costa Rica). _ |Picumnus olivaceus.] Subsp. a. Picumnus granadensis (not P. granadensis Lafres- naye) Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 540, part (in synonymy). Picumnus granadensis (not of Lafresnaye) Banes, Auk, xviii, 1901, 361 (Divala, w. Panama). PICUMNUS OLIVACEUS DIMOTUS (Bangs). HONDURAS PICULET. Similar to P. o. olivaceus,* but slightly smaller (especially the bill), color of back, ete., darker and less buffy olive, and chest darker and less buffy olive. Similar also to P. 0. flavotinctus, but larger (especially the bill), throat more whitish (less buffy), and adult male with streaks on crown orange-red (scarlet), as in P. 0. olivaceus, instead of yellowish orange or orange-yellow. Adult male——Length (skins), 92-94.5 (93.5); wing, 53-54 (53.3); tail, 27.5-29 (28); culmen, 12-12.5 (12.3); tarsus, 12-13 (12.5); outer anterior toe, 11-11.5 (11.2).® Adult female.—Length (skin), 93; wing, 54; tail, 27.5; culmen, 11; tarsus, 12.5; outer anterior toe, 10.5.°¢ Caribbean slope of Nicaragua (San Carlos) and Honduras (Céiba; San Pedro Sula; Julian). Picumnus olivaceus (not of Lafresnaye) SctaTer and Satvin, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1870, 837, 839 (Julian and San Pedro, Honduras).—Harerrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 548, part (Julian and San Pedro, Honduras).— RicumonpD, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., xvi, 1893, 519 (San Carlos, e. Nicaragua; crit.).—Satvin and Gopman, Biol. Centr.-Am., Aves, ii, 1895, 452 (Julian and San Pedro, Honduras). Picumnus dimotus BANGS, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., xxxix, July, 1903, 146 (Ceiba, Honduras; coll. E. A. and O. Bangs). Picumnus olivaceus dimotus Rip@way, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., xxiv, Feb. 24, 1911, 34 (geog. range). Genus NESOCTITES Hargitt. Nesoctites 4 Harerrr, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 552. (Type, Picwmnus micromegas Sundevall.) Large Picumnine (wing 68-75 mm.) with nostril much nearer to culmen than to tomium, gonys but little longer than mandibular rami, outermost primary more than half as long as ninth, no stripes on side of head, and without black, white, or pale yellow on rectrices. Bill shorter than head, much compressed anteriorly, subcuneate in lateral profile, pointed at tip, its width at anterior end of nostrils @ See p. 303. 6 Three specimens. ‘¢ One specimen. @ Nijooc, island; xtérnc, a colonist, inhabitant. (Richmond.) 308 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. slightly less than its depth at same point; culmen slightly convex, distinctly but not sharply ridged; gonys slightly longer than mandi- bular rami, straight, ascending terminally, slightly prominent basally. Nostril small, longitudinally elliptical or narrowly ovate, situated much nearer to culmen than to tomium, partly covered by an antrorse or semierect prefrontal tuft of short, stiff, feathers without elongated bristle-like tips. Rictal region with obvious but not conspicuous bristles, the feathers of malar apex and chin with rather distinct bristle-like, semiantrorse tips. Orbital region mostly feathered. Wing moderate, much rounded, very concave beneath, the longest primaries exceeding distal secondaries by about one-fifth the length of wing; sixth and seventh primaries longest, the eighth slightly shorter than fifth, the ninth shorter than first, the tenth (outer- most) more than half as long as ninth. ‘Tail slightly (but decidedly) more than half as long as wing, strongly rounded, the rectrices not rigid, moderately broad, with shaft slender and tip soft and rounded. Tarsus nearly as long as outer hind toe with claw, the planta tarsi with a single row of large quadrate scutella, these in contact on inner side with the similar but somewhat larger scutella of the acro- tarsium but on the outer side separated by a longitudinal space, undivided for the greater part but on lower portion broken into several irregular scutella; outer hind toe distinctly longer than outer front toe; inner front toe relatively short, reaching (without claw) but little beyond subterminal articulation of outer toe, its claw falling decidedly short of base of claw of outer toe. Ocloration.—Above plain olive, including tail, the crown witha yellowish patch (enclosing a smaller one of dull red in adult male); under parts pale yellowish, streaked and spotted with dusky. Range.—Island of Haiti, Greater Antilles. (Monotypic.) NESOCTITES MICROMEGAS (Sundevall). HAITIAN PICULET. Adult male.—Forehead grayish-olive, the feathers of posterior por- tion tipped with olive-yellow; rest of pileum olive-yellow, citron yellow, or dull canary yellow superficially (the feathers olive beneath surface), the posterior crown or anterior portion of occiput with a spot of brownish red (nearest madder brown, but brighter and more red- dish); rest of upper parts plain olive-green, slightly more brownish on secondaries, the hindneck sometimes tinged with yellow; superciliary region, upper portion of auricular region, and sides of neck grayish brown, the latter (also lower portion of hindneck) more or less dis- tinctly spotted with dull whitish or pale yellowish buffy; lower por- tion of auricular region streaked with whitish and brownish gray; loral and suborbital regions dull white to pale brownish buffy; malar region, chin, and throat yellowish white, the first narrowly (some- BIRDS OF NORTH AND MIDDLE AMERICA. 309 times obsoletely) barred with dusky grayish, the throat sparsely streaked or flecked with dusky grayish (sometimes nearly immacu- late), the feathers grayish basally; rest of under parts pale sulphur or primrose yellow, broken by numerous, mostly guttate, streaks of dusky, these broadest (more spot-like) on flanks and under tail- coverts; under wing-coverts and broad edging to inner webs of remiges pale cinnamon-buff; bill horn color, darker on culmen (especially toward tip), the mandible paler and more grayish, at least on basal half; feet dark grayish (in dried skins); length (skins), 122-137 (129); wing, 68-74 (70.2); tail, 37-43 (89); culmen, 15-17 (15.7); tarsus, 17-18 (17.3); outer anterior toe, 13-14 (13.4).¢ Adult female—Similar to the adult male, but without the red spot on crown; length (skins), 126-143 (134); wing, 70.5-75 (73.2); tail, . 89-43.5 (41.5); culmen, 17-18 (17.2); tarsus, 17-18.5 (17.8); outer anterior toe, 14-15.5 (14.7).% Young (both sexes).—Similar to the adult female. Island of Haiti (Jacmél and Petidnville, Haiti; Samana, La Canita, Santo Domingo, Puerto Plata, Catare, and Aguacate, Santo Domingo). | Bucco cayanensis (not of Gmelin, 1788) SALLE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234. Chloronerpes passerinus (not of Bonaparte, ex Picus passerinus Linnzeus) SALE, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1857, 234 (Santo Domingo). C[ampias] passerinus CABANIS and Hernz, Mus. Hein., iv, heft. 2, 1863, 147 (Haiti). Picus passerinus (not of Linnzeus) Draprnz, Dict. Class. d’Hist. Nat., xiii, 1828, 504 (Santo Domingo).—Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo). Picumnus micromegas SUNDEVALL, Consp. Av. Picin., 1866, 95 (Rio Janeiro, Brazil, error; coll. Stockholm Mus.; see Tristram, Ibis, 1884, 167, 168).— Bryant, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., xi, 1867, 96 (Santo Domingo).—Gray, List Birds Brit. Mus., Picidee, 1868, 28.—Pr.zeLn, Orn. Bras., 1870, 442.—Cory, Auk, iii, 1886, 373; Birds West Ind., 1889, 167.—Maynarp, Cat. Birds West Ind., 1903, 12. Plicumnus] micromegas TristRAM, Ibis, 1884, 167 (Santo Domingo; crit.). [Picumnus] micromegas Gray, Hand-list, ii, 1870, 180, no. 8530. Nesoctites micromegas Harearrt, Cat. Birds Brit. Mus., xviii, 1890, 552 (Samana, Santo Domingo).—Cory, Cat. West Ind. Birds, 1892, 12, 103, 131.—CueErRRIE, Contr. Orn. San Dom., 1896, 20 (Santo Domingo City, Catare, and Aguacate, Santo Domingo; habits). [Nesoctites] micromegas SHARPE, Hand-list, ii, 1900, 235. Picumnus lawrencii Cory, Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, vi, July, 1881, 129, pl. 1 (Haiti; coll. C. B. Cory), 153 (Jacmél and Petiénville, Haiti); Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1884, pl. [14] —ReicHENow and Scuatow, Journ. fiir Orn., 1882, 214 (reprint of orig. descr.). Picumnus lawrencei Cory, Birds Haiti and San Dom., 1884, 109.—VeErritt (A. E. and A, H.), Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1909, 360 (Sanchez and Saman4, Santo Domingo). [Picumnus] lawrencet Cory, List Birds West Ind., 1885, 19; revised ed., 1886, 19. a Ten specimens. 310 BULLETIN 50, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. Superfamily CAPITONES. THE BARBETS AND HONEY GUIDES. >Rhamphastidae CaBANIS, Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturg., 1847, pt. i, 348 (includes Ramphastides).